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《青海气象》2020,(2)
利用无狭缝光栅摄谱仪在青海大通地区获得的闪电回击过程的时间分辨[2]光谱资料,依据谱线辨认和光谱特征分析、基于等离子体传输理论,用谱线的Stark加宽计算了电子密度,并在此基础上探讨了闪电回击过程中,放电通道的热导率以及热扩散系数随时间的演化特征。由计算得到的闪电峰值电流阶段通道温度沿径向的分布、初步分析了沿通道径向的热量传输。闪电回击初始时刻单位长度通道沿径向向外传输的热量达104J/m数量级。计算所得闪电放电通道的传输特性参数值都在合理的范围。结果分析表明:闪电通道的热量输运系数与通道温度和电子密度密切相关。回击峰值电流之后,通道温度缓慢降低,输运系数呈非线性单调衰减趋势。越靠近电流核心通道,温度梯度越大,沿径向向外传输的热量越多。 相似文献
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依据青海地区一次闪电回击过程的光谱,分析了NI 493.5 nm谱线的Stark加宽效应,得到加宽在1.5～2.5 nm左右,通道不同位置的谱线两边显示出稍有一些不对称性;结合NI 493.5 nm线Stark加宽的半经验参数,对通道不同位置的电子密度进行了定量计算,得到平均电子密度是1.657×1017 cm-2,并与各位置处用Hα谱线半宽得到的电子密度进行了比较,证实用NI 493.5 nm和Hα谱线半宽得到的电子密度基本一致,由NI谱线的Stark加宽估算闪电等离子体电子密度是一种实用可信的方法.数据分析表明:随着通道位置的升高,电子密度略呈减小趋势;电子密度与谱线半宽近似呈线性关系. 相似文献
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对2011—2012年广州高建筑物雷电观测站获取到的雷电回击磁场波形数据进行统计分析,选取14个高建筑物的27次闪电过程(均为负极性地闪,含回击过程112次),其中44%的闪电个例为单次地闪过程。采用小波软阈值去噪法和基础噪声归零法进行数据预处理,分析发现:选取的回击磁场波形均呈现多峰现象,鉴于高建筑物反射峰的影响,本文只统计初始峰值;选取数据的1次闪电回击次数的算术平均值为4.2次,高度200m以下的闪电过程(14次)算术平均回击次数5.1次,高度200m以上的闪电过程(13次)算术平均回击次数3.2次;建筑物越高对磁场峰值的增强作用越显著,击中200m以上的建筑物上雷电首次回击和继后回击磁场峰值几何平均值分别是200m以下的2.2倍和1.5倍;建筑物高度对回击过程磁场波头上升时间影响不大;继后回击过程磁场波头时间远小于首次回击,与回击电场波形特征一致。 相似文献
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为了深入认识负地闪放电过程中光辐射信号的特性, 对广州高建筑物雷电观测站所获得的回击光脉冲波形进行了分析。对观测到的88例负地闪事件中的184次回击(包括60次下行闪电首次回击、58次下行闪电继后回击、66次上行闪电继后回击)的光脉冲特征进行了统计分析, 结果表明: 下行闪电首次回击光脉冲10%~90%上升时间T1的算术平均值/中值为32.5/31.4μs, 20%~80%上升时间T2的算术平均值/中值为22.6/22.4μs, 半峰宽度T3的算术平均值/中值为131.1/117.0μs。下行闪电继后回击光脉冲T1的算术平均值/中值为30.4/27.7μs, T2的算术平均值/中值为19.5/17.6μs, T3的算术平均值/中值为153.6/142.6μs。在21例下行多回击负地闪事件中, 光脉冲回击间隔时间在12.6~368.6 ms范围之间, 算术平均值为78.7 ms, 有14%闪电事件存在继后回击光脉冲峰值大于首次回击的情况。上行闪电继后回击光脉冲T1的算术平均值/中值为27.5/24.3μs, T2的算术平均值/中值为17.0/15.7μs, T3的算术平均值/中值为132.2/124.5μs。总体上, 下行闪电首次回击的光脉冲上升时间最长、下行闪电继后回击次之、上行闪电继后回击最小; 下行闪电继后回击脉冲半峰宽度比下行闪电首次回击及上行闪电继后回击的更大。 相似文献
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《湖北气象》2017,(6)
选取福建省2013—2015年ADTD闪电定位资料,根据多回击闪电特征,借鉴多回击闪电判别指标,对闪电资料进行回击归并处理,重点统计分析同期福建多回击闪电的分布规律与特征参数。结果表明:福建省多回击闪电占比为30.58%,平均回击次数为1.49次,其中正、负极性闪电平均回击数为1.02次和1.52次,负极性多回击最多包含12次回击,而正极性多回击最多包含4次回击;正极性多回击闪电的首次回击和继后回击的平均电流强度分别为45.03 kA和26.81 kA,最大电流强度分别为163.13 kA和149.21 kA,负极性多回击闪电的首次回击和继后回击的平均电流强度分别为-11.52 kA和-9.23 kA,最大电流强度分别为-103.71 kA和-96.12 kA,首次回击的电流强度多数大于继后回击的电流强度;回击间隔时间呈准正态分布,其中间隔时间为60~90 ms的回击次数最多,其算术平均值为135.36 ms;正、负多回击次数的日峰值分别出现在17时和16时,5—9月为多回击闪电的高发期。 相似文献
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基于触发闪电技术,研究了2019年夏季8次触发闪电44次回击、5次初始连续电流脉冲（ICCP）和24次M分量对冲击接地电阻的影响,探索了冲击接地电阻随雷电流注入的动态变化规律。结果发现：闪电放电ICCP、M分量和回击过程冲击接地电阻均小于工频接地电阻,ICCP和叠加在回击回落之后连续电流上的M分量冲击接地电阻略大于回击过程,平均值分别为11.2Ω和10.8Ω。叠加在回击下降沿上的M分量冲击接地电阻平均值7.8Ω,明显小于回击过程,最小值可达2.4Ω。ICCP和M分量冲击接地电阻随电流增加而减小,回击过程与电流峰值没有明显的相关性。叠加在回击下降沿上的M分量冲击接地电阻随雷电流峰值、背景电流值的增加呈指数衰减关系,还与之前回击电流峰值成一定的反比例关系。随着闪电回击电流的注入,冲击接地电阻呈现动态变化过程,小电流在回击峰值下降后出现一个缓慢增长的过程,大电流在回击峰值下降后出现一个快速下降的过程。闪电不同物理过程火花和电感效应的作用是不同的,两者共同作用决定了土壤的电离程度,从而决定了冲击接地电阻的大小和变化。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
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The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
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Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
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Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献