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1.
Rainer Thomas Paul Davidson Christian Schmidt 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,161(2):315-329
Our study of fluid and melt inclusions in quartz and feldspar from granite pegmatite from the Precambrian Rønne granite, Bornholm Island, Denmark revealed extremely alkali bicarbonate- and carbonate-rich inclusions. The solid phases (daughter crystals) are mainly nahcolite [NaHCO3], zabuyelite [Li2CO3], and in rare cases potash [K2CO3] in addition to the volatile phases CO2 and aqueous carbonate/bicarbonate solution. Rare melt inclusions contain nahcolite, dawsonite [NaAl(CO3)(OH)2], and muscovite. In addition to fluid and melt inclusions, there are primary CO2-rich vapor inclusions, which mostly contain small nahcolite crystals. The identification of potash as a naturally occurring mineral would appear to be the first recorded instance. From the appearance of high concentrations of these carbonates and bicarbonates, we suggest that the mineral-forming media were water- and alkali carbonate-rich silicate melts or highly concentrated fluids. The coexistence of silicate melt inclusions with carbonate-rich fluid and nahcolite-rich vapor inclusions indicates a melt-melt-vapor equilibrium during the crystallization of the pegmatite. These results are supported by the results of hydrothermal diamond anvil cell experiments in the pseudoternary system H2O–NaHCO3–SiO2. Additionally, we show that boundary layer effects were insignificant in the Bornholm pegmatites and are not required for the origin of primary textures in compositionally simple pegmatites at least. 相似文献
2.
Detailed melt and fluid inclusion studies in quartz hosts from the Variscan Ehrenfriedersdorf complex revealed that ongoing fractional crystallization of the highly evolved H2O-, B-, and F-rich granite magma produced a pegmatite melt, which started to separate into two immiscible phases at about 720°C, 100 MPa. With cooling and further chemical evolution, the immiscibilty field expanded. Two conjugate melts, a peraluminous one and a peralkaline one, coexisted down to temperatures of about 490°C. Additionally, high-salinity brine exsolved throughout the pegmatitic stage, along with low-density vapor. Towards lower temperatures, a hydrothermal system gradually developed. Boiling processes occurred between 450 and 400°C, increasing the salinities of hydrothermal fluids at this stage. Below, the late hydrothermal stage is dominated by low-salinity fluids. Using a combination of synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray fluorescence analysis and Raman spectroscopy, the concentration of trace elements (Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Sb, Rb, Cs, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ta, Ag, Sn, Ta, W, rare earth elements (REE), and Cu) was determined in 52 melt and 8 fluid inclusions that are representative of distinct stages from 720°C down to 380°C. Homogenization temperatures and water contents of both melt and fluid inclusions are used to estimate trapping temperatures, thus revealing the evolutionary stage during the process. Trace elements are partitioned in different proportions between the two pegmatite melts, high-salinity brines and exsolving vapors. Concentrations are strongly shifted by co ncomitant crystallization and precipitation of ore-forming minerals. For example, pegmatite melts at the initial stage (700°C) have about 1,600 ppm of Sn. Concentrations in both melts decrease towards lower temperatures due to the crystallization of cassiterite between 650 and 550°C. Tin is preferentially fractionated into the peralkaline melt by a factor of 2–3. While the last pegmatite melts are low in Sn (64 ppm at 500°C), early hydrothermal fluids become again enriched with about 800 ppm of Sn at the boiling stage. A sudden drop in late hydrothermal fluids (23 ppm of Sn at 370°C) results from precipitation of another cassiterite generation between 400 and 370°C. Zinc concentrations in peraluminous melts are low (some tens of parts per million) and are not correlated with temperature. In coexisting peralkaline melts and high-T brines, they are higher by a factor of 2–3. Zinc continuously increases in hydrothermal fluids (3,000 ppm at 400°C), where the precipitation of sphalerite starts. The main removal of Zn from the fluid system occurs at lower temperatures. Similarly, melt and fluid inclusion concentrations of many other trace elements directly reflect the crystallization and precipitation history of minerals at distinctive temperatures or temperature windows. 相似文献
3.
Beryl crystals from the stockscheider pegmatite in the apical portion of the Li-F granite of the Orlovka Massif in the Khangilay complex, a tantalum deposit, contain an assemblage of melt and fluid inclusions containing two different and mutually immiscible silicate melts, plus an aqueous CO2-rich supercritical fluid. Pure H2O and CO2 inclusions are subordinate. Using the terminology of Thomas R, Webster JD, Heinrich W. Contrib Mineral Petrol 139:394–401 (2000) the melt inclusions can be classified as (i) water-poor type-A and (ii) water-rich type-B inclusions. Generally the primary trapped melt droplets have crystallized to several different mineral phases plus a vapor bubble. However, type-B melt inclusions which are not crystallized also occur, and at room temperature they contain four different phases: a silicate glass, a water-rich solution, and liquid and gaseous CO2. The primary fluid inclusions represent an aqueous CO2-rich supercritical fluid which contained elemental sulfur. Such fluids are extremely corrosive and reactive and were supersaturated with respect to Ta and Zn. From the phase compositions and relations we can show that the primary mineral-forming, volatile-rich melt had an extremely low density and viscosity and that melt-melt-fluid immiscibility was characteristic during the crystallization of beryl. The coexistence of different primary inclusion types in single growth zones underlines the existence of at least three mutually immiscible phases in the melt in which the large beryl crystals formed. Moreover, we show that the inclusions do not represent an anomalous boundary layer. 相似文献
4.
Fluid inclusions in the Merensky Reef quartz and later pegmatite veins crosscutting the Platreef rocks of the Bushveld Complex are studied by a suite of advanced high-precision methods. Based on the conducted studies, we identify a few types of fluids, some having been separated during the crystallization of volatile matter-rich residual melt of original basic magma, while others are derivatives of later felsic (granite) melts that formed crosscutting veins in fully devitrified ultrabasic and basic rocks. The earliest fluid is captured by quartz in symplectitic intergrowths with intercumulus plagioclase from the Merensky Reef pyroxenite occurs as a homogenous dense dry reduced gas (CH4–N2 ± CO2) mixture separated from the aluminosilicate melt at 800–900°C and 3050 bar. The following heterophase highly concentrated fluids (60–80 wt % NaCl eq.) separated at over 550°C and below 3050 bar transport a large number of metals. Major saline components of such fluids included Na, K, Fe, Ca, and Mn chlorides, Ca and Na sulphates and carbonates. According to LA ICP-MS analysis data, inclusions of these fluids contain high concentrations of Fe, Cr, K, and Na at the level of a few wt % and also significant contents of Cu, Sn, Sb, Mo, Au, Ag, Bi, and Ni in a concentration range from a few to thousands of ppm. Relatively lower-temperature (much higher than 450°C) fluids accompanying the crystallization of crosscutting quartz–feldspar pegmatite veins at the Platreef are also highly concentrated (from 70–80% to 40–14 wt % NaCl eq.), oxidized and metal-bearing. High concentrations of metals such as Na, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Pb at the level of wt % and also Ni, Co, Cu, As, Mo, Sn, Sb, and Bi (1–500 ppm) in inclusions in quartz of later pegmatite veins suggest the possible participation of magmatogene fluids related to later felsic intrusions in the redistribution of primary magmatic concentrations of metals. The oxidation of reduced heterophase fluids may be the most important geochemical barrier invoking the crystallization of solid mineral phases from heterophase fluids. 相似文献
5.
Minerals of olivine–melilite and olivine–monticellite rocks from the Krestovskiy massif contain primary silicate-salt, carbonate-salt,
and salt melt inclusions. Silicate-salt inclusions are present in perovskite I and melilite. Thermometric experiments conducted
on these inclusions at 1,230–1,250°C showed silicate–carbonate liquid immiscibility. Globules of composite carbonate-salt
melt rich in alkalies, P, S, and Cl separated in silicate melt. Carbonate salt globules in some inclusions from perovskite
II at 1,190–1,200°C separated into immiscible liquid phases of simpler composition. Carbonate-salt and salt inclusions occur
in monticellite, melilite, and garnet and homogenize at close temperatures (980–780°C). They contain alkalies, Ca, P, SO3, Cl, and CO2. According to the ratio of these components and predominance of one of them, melt inclusions are divided into 6 types: I—hyperalkaline
(CaO/(Na2O+K2O)≤1) carbonate melts; II—moderately alkaline (CaO/(Na2O+K2O)>1) carbonate melts; III—sulfate-alkaline melts; IV—phosphate-alkaline melts; V—alkali-chloridic melts, and VI—calc-carbonate
melts. Joint occurrence of all the above types and their syngenetic character were established. Some inclusions demonstrated
carbonate-salt immiscibility phenomena at 840–800°C. A conclusion in made that the origin of carbonate melts during the formation
of intrusion rocks is related to silicate–carbonate immiscibility in parental alkali-ultrabasic magma. The separated carbonate
melt had a complex alkaline composition. Under unstable conditions the melt began to decompose into simpler immiscible fractions.
Different types of carbonate-salt and salt inclusions seem to reflect the composition of these spatially isolated immiscible
fractions. Liquid carbonate-salt immiscibility took place in a wide temperature range from 1,200–1,190°C to 800°C. The occurrence
of this kind of processes under macroconditions might, most likely, cause the appearance of different types of immiscible
carbonate-salt melts and lead to the formation of different types of carbonatites: alkali-phosphatic, alkali-sulfatic, alkali-chloridic,
and, most widespread, calcitic ones. 相似文献
6.
The paper discusses the formation conditions of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia). Studies of melt and fluid inclusions have shown that, along with crystalline phases and a silicate melt, ongonitic magma contained aqueous–saline fluids of different types, fluoride melts compositionally similar to fluorite, sellaite, cryolite, chiolite, and more complex aluminum fluorides as well as silicate melts with abnormal Cs and As contents. An ongonite melt crystallized with the participation of P–Q fluids as vapor solutions, presumably NaF-containing and slightly admixed with chlorides. We studied the properties and composition of brine inclusions from Ca- and F-rich rocks on the margin of the massif. Depending on the thermophysical properties of the host rocks and ongonite melt, the duration of its crystallization has been estimated for a magma chamber of the size and shape of the Ary-Bulak massif. Magma chamber cooling has been modeled, and the density, viscosity, and Rayleigh number of the ongonite melt have been estimated from the composition of silicate glasses in melt inclusions. These data strongly suggest intense convection in the residual magma chamber lasting for centuries. We have calculated possible fluid overpressure during the crystallization and degassing of the ongonite melt in a closed magma chamber.Calcium- and fluorine-rich aphyric and porphyritic rocks on the southwestern margin of the massif might have formed by the following mechanism. Local decompression in the magma chamber quenched an oxygen-containing calcium fluoride melt accumulated at the crystallization front, and then these rocks altered during the interaction with fluids. When penetrating the marginal zone, a P–Q magmatic fluid which coexisted with the melt in the residual chamber cooled and changed its composition and properties. This caused the fluid to boil and segregate into immiscible phases: a vapor solution and a brine extremely rich in Cl, F, K, Cs, Mn, Fe, and Al. The fluoride and silicate liquids were immiscible; the silicate melts had abnormal Cs and As contents; changes in the composition and properties of the magmatic fluids caused them to boil and produce brines. All this is evidence for complex fluid–magma interaction and heterogeneous ongonitic magma during the crystallization of the Ary-Bulak rocks. These processes were favored by the low viscosity and high mobility of the F- and water-rich ongonite melt, intense melt convection in the residual chamber, and rising fluid pressure during its degassing. 相似文献
7.
Igor S. Peretyazhko Victor Ye. Zagorsky Sergey Z. Smirnov Mikhail Y. Mikhailov 《Chemical Geology》2004,210(1-4):91-111
Coexisting melt (MI), fluid-melt (FMI) and fluid (FI) inclusions in quartz from the Oktaybrskaya pegmatite, central Transbaikalia, have been studied and the thermodynamic modeling of PVTX-properties of aqueous orthoboric-acid fluids has been carried out to define the conditions of pocket formation. At room temperature, FMI in early pocket quartz and in quartz from the coarse-grained quartz–oligoclase host pegmatite contain crystalline aggregates and an orthoboric-acid fluid. The portion of FMI in inclusion assemblages decreases and the volume of fluid in inclusions increases from the early to the late growth zones in the pocket quartz. No FMI have been found in the late growth zones. Significant variations of solid/fluid ratios in the neighboring FMI result from heterogeneous entrapment of coexisting melts and fluids by a host mineral. Raman spectroscopy, SEM EDS and EMPA indicate that the crystalline aggregates in FMI are dominated by mica minerals of the boron-rich muscovite–nanpingite CsAl2[AlSi3O10](OH,F)2 series as well as lepidolite. Topaz, quartz, potassium feldspar and several unidentified minerals occur in much lower amounts. Fluid isolations in FMI and FI have similar total salinity (4–8 wt.% NaCl eq.) and H3BO3 contents (12–16 wt.%). The melt inclusions in host-pegmatite quartz homogenize at 570–600 °C. The silicate crystalline aggregates in large inclusions in pocket quartz completely melt at 615 °C. However, even after those inclusions were significantly overheated at 650±10 °C and 2.5 kbar during 24 h they remained non-homogeneous and displayed two types: (i) glass+unmelted crystals and (ii) fluid+glass. The FMI glasses contain 1.94–2.73 wt.% F, 2.51 wt.% B2O3, 3.64–5.20 wt.% Cs2O, 0.54 wt.% Li2O, 0.57 wt.% Ta2O5, 0.10 wt.% Nb2O5, 0.12 wt.% BeO. The H2O content of the glass could exceed 12 wt.%. Such compositions suggest that the residual melts of the latest magmatic stage were strongly enriched in H2O, B, F, Cs and contained elevated concentrations of Li, Be, Ta, and Nb. FMI microthermometry showed that those melts could have crystallized at 615–550 °C.
Crystallization of quartz–feldspar pegmatite matrix leads to the formation of H2O-, B- and F-enriched residual melts and associated fluids (prototypes of pockets). Fluids of different compositions and residual melts of different liquidus–solidus P–T-conditions would form pockets with various internal fluid pressures. During crystallization, those melts release more aqueous fluids resulting in a further increase of the fluid pressure in pockets. A significant overpressure and a possible pressure gradient between the neighboring pockets would induce fracturing of pockets and “fluid explosions”. The fracturing commonly results in the crushing of pocket walls, formation of new fractures connecting adjacent pockets, heterogenization and mixing of pocket fluids. Such newly formed fluids would interact with a primary pegmatite matrix along the fractures and cause autometasomatic alteration, recrystallization, leaching and formation of “primary–secondary” pockets. 相似文献
8.
XIE Yuling WANG Bogong LI Yingxu LI Guangming DONG Suiliang GUO Xiang WANG Lei 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(3):811-821
The Zhaxikang Pb-Zn-Sb polymetallic deposit is one of the most important deposits in the newly recognized southern Tibet antimony-gold metallogenic belt.Compared to the porphyry deposits in the Gangdese belt,much less researches have addressed these deposits,and the genesis of the Zhaxikang deposit is still controversial.Based on field investigation,petrographic,microthermometric,Laser Raman Microprobe（LRM） and SEM/EDS analyses of fluid,melt-fluid,melt and solid inclusions in quartz and beryl from pegmatite,this paper documents the characteristics and the evolution of primary magmatic fluid which was genetically related to greisenization,pegmatitization,and silification in the area.The results show that the primary magmatic fluids were derived from unmixing between melt and fluid and underwent a phase separation process soon after the exsolution.The primary magmatic fluids are of low salinity,high temperature,and can be approximated by the H2O-NaCl-CO2 system.The presence of Mn-Fe carbonate in melt-fluid inclusions and a Zn-bearing mineral（gahnite） trapped in beryl and in inclusions from pegmatite indicates high Mn,Fe,and Zn concentrations in the parent magma and magmatic fluids,and implies a genetic link between pegmatite and Pb-Zn-Sb mineralization.High B and F concentrations in the parent magma largely lower the solidus of the magma and lead to late fluid exsolution,thus the primary magmatic fluids related to pegmatite have much lower temperature than those in most porphyry systems.Boiling of the primary magmatic fluids leads to high-salinity and high-temperature fluids which have high capacity to transport Pb,Zn and Sb.The decrease in temperature and mixing with fluids from other sources may have caused the precipitation of Pb-Zn-Sn（Au） minerals in the distal fault systems surrounding the causative intrusion. 相似文献
9.
The evolution of a carbonated nephelinitic magma can be followed by the study of a statistically significant number of melt inclusions, entrapped in co-precipitated perovskite, nepheline and magnetite in a clinopyroxene- and nepheline-rich rock (afrikandite) from Kerimasi volcano (Tanzania). Temperatures are estimated to be 1,100°C for the early stage of the melt evolution of the magma, which formed the rock. During evolution, the magma became enriched in CaO, depleted in SiO2 and Al2O3, resulting in immiscibility at ~1,050°C and crustal pressures (0.5–1 GPa) with the formation of three fluid-saturated melts: an alkali- and MgO-bearing, CaO- and FeO-rich silicate melt; an alkali- and F-bearing, CaO- and P2O5-rich carbonate melt; and a Cu–Fe sulfide melt. The sulfide and the carbonate melt could be physically separated from their silicate parent and form a Cu–Fe–S ore and a carbonatite rock. The separated carbonate melt could initially crystallize calciocarbonatite and ultimately become alkali rich in composition and similar to natrocarbonatite, demonstrating an evolution from nephelinite to natrocarbonatite through Ca-rich carbonatite magma. The distribution of major elements between perovskite-hosted coexisting immiscible silicate and carbonate melts shows strong partitioning of Ca, P and F relative to FeT, Si, Al, Mn, Ti and Mg in the carbonate melt, suggesting that immiscibility occurred at crustal pressures and plays a significant role in explaining the dominance of calciocarbonatites (sövites) relative to dolomitic or sideritic carbonatites. Our data suggest that Cu–Fe–S compositions are characteristic of immiscible sulfide melts originating from the parental silicate melts of alkaline silicate–carbonatite complexes. 相似文献
10.
11.
流体不混溶性和流体包裹体 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
大多数流体包裹体是捕获于均匀体系,但有一部分包裹体捕获自非均匀体系(不混溶体系)。在自然界存在着许多不混溶的过程,这包括基性岩浆和酸性岩浆之间,岩浆与热液,岩浆与CO2,盐水溶液与CO2等。液体的不混溶性对于成矿作用十分重要,这方面有3个典型的例子,第一个是金矿的成矿作用与NaCl-H2O-CO2体系流体的不混溶有着重大的关系;第二个例子是斑岩铜矿;第三个例子是伟晶岩,发现在伟晶岩演化和成矿作用中存在着岩浆和热液的不混溶作用。实际上不混溶的大部分证据是从流体包裹体的研究中获得的。现在的问题是如何来确定哪些包裹体是从不混溶过程中捕获的。这种捕获于不混溶过程中的流体包裹体怎么来确定他的Th和成分。这种捕获于不混溶过程中的流体包裹体怎么与"卡脖子"拉伸作用"中捕获的包裹体和捕获自均匀体系的流体包裹体相区分。 相似文献
12.
川西甲基卡二云母花岗岩和伟晶岩内发育大量原生熔体包裹体和富晶体流体包裹体。为了查明甲基卡成矿熔体、流体性质与演化特征,运用激光拉曼光谱和扫描电镜鉴定了甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中二云母花岗岩及伟晶岩脉不同结构带内的原生熔体、流体包裹体的固相物质。分析结果表明,甲基卡二云母花岗岩石英内熔体包裹体的矿物组合为磷灰石+白云母、白云母+钠长石、白云母+石墨;伟晶岩绿柱石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为刚玉、富铝铁硅酸盐+刚玉+锂辉石、锂辉石+石英+锂绿泥石;伟晶岩锂辉石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为磷灰石、锡石、磁铁矿、石英+钠长石+锂绿泥石、萤石、富钙镁硅酸盐+富铁铝硅酸盐+富铁硅酸盐+石英;花岗岩浆熔体与伟晶岩浆熔体(流体)具有一定的差异,成矿熔体、流体成分总体呈现出碱质元素(Na、Si、Al)、挥发分(F、P、CO_2)含量增高及基性元素(Fe、Mg、Ca)降低的特征;包裹体中子矿物与主矿物的化学成分具有一定的差别,揭示出伟晶岩熔体(流体)存在局部岩浆分异作用,具不混溶性及非均匀性。因此认为,伟晶岩熔浆(流体)为岩浆分异与岩浆不混溶共同作用的产物,挥发分含量的增高(F、P、CO_2)使伟晶岩能够与稀有金属组成各类络合物或化合物,这对于稀有金属成矿起到了至关重要的作用。 相似文献
13.
中国山东昌乐地区碱性玄武岩刚玉中记录的岩浆不混溶作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Abundant melt-and fluid inclusions occur in corundum megacrysts of alkaline basalt from the Changle area,Shandong province,eastern China.One type of melt inclusions,i.e.muhiphase melt inclusions(glass bubbles daughter minerals)were identified,which occur along growth zones of host corundum megacrysts.Microthermometry and laser Raman microprobe analysis were performed on the melt inclusions.The bubbles within the melt inclusions are confirmed to be CO_2-rich phase and the daughter minerals are probably silicates,such as augite and okenite.The results of high temperature homogenization experiment strongly suggest that two immiscible melts,i.e.a H_2O-and CO_2-rich melt and an anhydrous and CO_2-poor melt were trapped by melt inclusions in corundum megacryst. 相似文献
14.
富F熔体-溶液体系流体地球化学及其成矿效应--研究现状及存在问题 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
高度演化花岗岩类多为富F的熔体溶液体系 ,具有鲜明的、不同于其他体系的地球化学行为。富F岩浆固相线和液相线的降低和岩浆寿命的延长 ,使残余熔体与热水热液的性状差异减小 ,模糊了岩浆与热液之间的界线。最近对于富F、B和P伟晶岩中熔融包裹体的研究获得了新的进展。在约 70 0～ 5 0 0℃的温度和 1 0 0 0× 1 0 5Pa的压力下 ,在伟晶岩石英中发现两种不同类型的熔体包裹体 ,一种是富硅酸盐、贫水的熔体包裹体 ,另一种是贫硅酸盐、富水的熔体包裹体。两种熔体在硅酸盐 (+F +B +P) 水体系的溶离线边界上同时被圈闭。这表明 ,在地壳浅部侵位的侵入体 ,当温度≥ 70 0℃时 ,水在富F、B和P的熔体中可以无限混溶 ;而一旦温度降低 ,就会分离为两种共存的熔体并伴随强烈的元素分异作用。在溶离线的富水一侧形成与正常硅酸盐熔体有很大不同的高度富挥发份的熔体 ,这种致密、高粘度、高扩散性以及高活动性的超富水 (hyper aqueousmelt)熔体 ,可以与水溶液流体相类比。这为岩浆热液过渡性流体的假说提供了新的有利的证据。此外 ,在这种具有超富水和熔体特征的过渡性流体中 ,微迹元素可能具有特殊的地球化学行为 ,如在许多晚期花岗岩包括淡色花岗岩和伟晶岩中稀土元素配分模式所显示的四分组效应等。富F熔体溶液体? 相似文献
15.
Tibor Guzmics Roger H. Mitchell Csaba Szabó Márta Berkesi Ralf Milke Rainer Abart 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,161(2):177-196
Kerimasi calciocarbonatite consists principally of calcite together with lesser apatite, magnetite, and monticellite. Calcite
hosts fluid and S-bearing Na–K–Ca-carbonate inclusions. Carbonatite melt and fluid inclusions occur in apatite and magnetite,
and silicate melt inclusions in magnetite. This study presents statistically significant compositional data for quenched S-
and P-bearing, Ca-alkali-rich carbonatite melt inclusions in magnetite and apatite. Magnetite-hosted silicate melts are peralkaline
with normative sodium-metasilicate. On the basis of our microthermometric results on apatite-hosted melt inclusions and forsterite–monticellite
phase relationships, temperatures of the early stage of magma evolution are estimated to be 900–1,000°C. At this time three
immiscible liquid phases coexisted: (1) a Ca-rich, P-, S- and alkali-bearing carbonatite melt, (2) a Mg- and Fe-rich, peralkaline
silicate melt, and (3) a C–O–H–S-alkali fluid. During the development of coexisting carbonatite and silicate melts, the Si/Al
and Mg/Fe ratio of the silicate melt decreased with contemporaneous increase in alkalis due to olivine fractionation, whereas
the alkali content of the carbonatite melt increased with concomitant decrease in CaO resulting from calcite fractionation.
Overall the peralkalinity of the bulk composition of the immiscible melts increased, resulting in a decrease in the size of
the miscibility gap in the pseudoquaternary system studied. Inclusion data indicate the formation of a carbonatite magma that
is extremely enriched in alkalis with a composition similar to that of Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite. In contrast to the
bulk compositions of calciocarbonatite rocks, the melt inclusions investigated contain significant amount of alkalis (Na2O + K2O) that is at least 5–10 wt%. The compositions of carbonatite melt inclusions are considered as being better representatives
of parental magma composition than those of any bulk rock. 相似文献
16.
This paper reviews the origin and evolution of fluid inclusions in ultramafic xenoliths,providing a framework for interpreting the chemistry of mantle fluids in the different geodynamic settings.Fluid inclusion data show that in the shallow mantle,at depths below about 100 km,the dominant fluid phase is CO_2±brines,changing to alkali-,carbonate-rich(silicate) melts at higher pressures.Major solutes in aqueous fluids are chlorides,silica and alkalis(saline brines;5-50 wt.%NaCl eq.).Fluid inclusions in peridotites record CO_2 fluxing from reacting metasomatic carbonate-rich melts at high pressures,and suggest significant upper-mantle carbon outgassing over time.Mantle-derived CO_2(±brines) may eventually reach upper-crustal levels,including the atmosphere,independently from,and additionally to magma degassing in active volcanoes. 相似文献
17.
The Ditrău Alkaline Massif is an intrusion into the Bucovina nappe system that is part of the Mesozoic crystalline zone located in Transylvania, Romania, in the Eastern Carpathians. Nepheline syenites are the most abundant rocks in the central and eastern part of the Massif, and represent the last major intrusion of the complex. Fluid inclusions in nepheline, aegirine and albite were trapped at magmatic conditions on or below the H2O-saturated nepheline syenite solidus at about 400–600 °C and 2.5–5 kbars. Early nepheline, and to a lesser extent albite, were altered by highly saline fluids to produce cancrinite, sodalite and analcime, during this process cancrinite also trapped fluid inclusions. The fluids, in most cases, can be modeled by the H2O–NaCl system with varying salinity; however inclusions with more complex fluid composition (containing K, Ca, CO3, etc., in addition to NaCl) are common. Raman spectroscopic analyses of daughter minerals confirm the presence of alkali-carbonate fluids in some of the earliest inclusions in nepheline, aegirine and albite.
During crystallization, the melts exsolved a high salinity, carbonate-rich magmatic fluid that evolved to lower salinity as crystallization progressed. Phases that occur early in the paragenesis contain high-salinity inclusions while late phases contain low-salinity inclusions. The salinity trend is consistent with experimental data for the partitioning of chlorine between silicic melt and exsolved aqueous fluid at about 2.0 kbars. The activity of water (aH2O) in the melt increases during crystallization, resulting in the formation of hydrous phases during late-stage crystallization of the nepheline syenites. 相似文献
18.
Lukáš Ackerman Jiří Zachariáš Marta Pudilová 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(4):623-638
Fluid inclusions, mineral thermometry and stable isotope data from two types of mineralogically and texturally contrasting
pegmatites, barren ones and lithium ones, from the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif were studied in order to constrain
P–T conditions of their emplacement, subsolidus hydrothermal evolution and to estimate composition of the early exsolved fluid
and that of the parental melt. Despite the fact that the lithium pegmatites are abundant throughout the crystalline units
of the Bohemian Massif, data similar to this paper have not been published yet. The studied pegmatites are hosted by iron-rich
calcic skarn bodies. This specific setting allowed scavenging of calcium, fluorine and some other elements from the host rocks
into the pegmatitic melts and post-magmatic fluids. Such contamination process was important namely in the case of barren
pegmatites, as can be deduced from the variation in anorthite contents in plagioclase and from the presence of fluorite, hornblende
(with F content) or garnet in the contact zones of pegmatite dykes. Fluid inclusions were studied mostly in quartz, but also
in fluorite, titanite and apatite. Early aqueous–carbonic and late aqueous fluids were identified in both pegmatite types.
The P–T conditions of crystallization as well as the detailed composition of exsolved magmatic fluid, however, particularly differ.
The magmatic fluids associated with barren pegmatites correspond to H2O–CO2 low salinity fluids, composition of which evolved from 20 to 23 to <5 mol% CO2, and from 2 to 4–6 mol% NaCl eq. Sudden decrease in the CO2 content of the post-magmatic fluids (<5 mol% CO2) seems to coincide with the enrichment of the fluid in calcium (from the contamination process) and resulted in precipitation
of calcites (frequently found as trapped solid phases in fluid inclusions). The fluids associated with lithium pegmatites
are more complex (H2O–CO2/N2–H3BO3–NaCl). The CO2 content of early exsolved fluid is 26–20 mol% CO2 and remains the same in the next fluid generation. The main difference between the magmatic and the first post-magmatic fluids
is the presence of 7–9 wt% of H3BO3 (identified as daughter mineral sassolite) in the former. The second post-magmatic fluids are again CO2-poor (∼4 mol%) and more saline (∼4 mol% NaCl eq.). The composition of exsolved fluid was further used to constrain volatile
composition and content of the parental melts. Finally, P–T conditions of pegmatite crystallization are constrained: 600–640°C and 420–580 MPa for the barren pegmatites and 500–570°C
and 310–430 MPa for the lithium pegmatite. While the emplacement of the former occurred in thermal equilibrium with the Moldanubian
host rock environment, the emplacement of the later suggests substantial thermal disequilibrium. 相似文献
19.
Alkaline granites and Be (Phenakite-bertrandite) mineralization: An example of the Orot and Ermakovka deposits 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
F. G. Reyf 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(3):213-232
The Orot (Or) and Ermakovka (Er) intrusions of aegirine granites with various resources of accompanying Be mineralization in Transbaikalia were studied to reproduce Be behavior during the crystallization and degassing of alkaline granite magma. Data on the petrography and geochemistry of the rocks and the microthermomety and microprobe analysis of fluid and melt inclusions in them indicate that the intrusions were formed by discrete magma portions derived from a single magmatic source during successive stages of its differentiation. The intrusions crystallized at temperatures higher than 1030–1070°C (Or) and 840–640°C (Er), and the melts contained elevated concentrations of H2O and F: from 2.1 to 3.5% F and from <1 to 1% H2O for the former intrusion and from 3.9 to 6.7% F and from <2.6 to 4.1% H2O for the latter. Fluids were released from the magma during a late crystallization stage for the Orot intrusion and an intermediate stage for the Ermakovka intrusion. Early in the course of this process, the fluids were halide-sulfate brines with the Cl: F ratio higher for the Orot intrusion and lower for the Ermakovka intrusion. A temperature decrease resulted in the exsolution of the fluids into two immiscible phases, one of which contained low and the other high concentrations of salts. The magmatic brines and low-salinity solutions of both intrusions were enriched in Be (up to 1.1 g/kg), which is comparable with the concentration of this element in the emanations of Be-bearing pegmatites in the Pamirs and is manyfold higher than C Be in magmatic fluids related to granite intrusions with W-Sn mineralization. The Be ore mineralization of the Orot and Ermakovka deposits was produced by solutions whose composition and Be concentrations were analogous to those in the low-salinity phase of the corresponding magmatic fluids. The brines of the Ermakovka intrusion were enriched in Mo (up to 17 g/kg) and, to a lesser extent, Mn, Ce, and La and produced uneconomic monazite-molybdenite ore mineralization. Based on available data and results of our calculations, we arrived at the conclusion that the very high alkali concentrations in the melts of both intrusions (ASI < 1), their high F concentrations (up to 4.1%), and the absence of magmatic Be-bearing minerals facilitated Be selective extraction by the separated fluids in the form of its most soluble F-complexes. The high oxidation of the melt predetermined the predominance of hexavalent S and Mo compounds, which could be efficiently extracted by the fluid phase in the form of sulfates and molybdates of alkali metals. The differences in the ore potentials of the Orot and Ermakovka intrusions were caused by the different H2O, F, and perhaps, also Be concentrations in the parental melts, which was, in turn, caused by their different degrees of differentiation during the preintrusive stages of their magmatic evolution. 相似文献
20.
R. L. Linnen 《Mineralium Deposita》1998,33(5):461-476
The most important tin mineralization in Thailand is associated with the Late Cretaceous to Middle Tertiary western Thai granite
belt. A variety of deposit types are present, in particular pegmatite, vein and greisen styles of mineralization. A feature
common to most of the deposits is that they are associated with granites that were emplaced into the Khang Krachan Group,
which consists of poorly sorted, carbonaceous, pelitic metasediments. Most of the deposits contain low to moderately saline
aqueous fluid inclusions and aqueous-carbonic inclusions with variable CH4/CO2 ratios. Low salinity aqueous inclusions represent trapped magmatic fluid in at least one case, the Nong Sua pegmatite, based
on their occurrence as primary inclusions in magmatic garnet. Aqueous-carbonic inclusions are commonly secondary and neither
the CO2 nor NaCl contents of these inclusions decrease in progressively younger inclusions, implying that they are not magmatic in
origin. Reduced carbon is depleted in the metasediments adjacent to granites and the δD values greisen muscovites are variable,
but are as low as −134 per mil, indicative of fluid interaction with organic (graphitic) material. This suggests that the
aqueous-carbonic fluid inclusions represent fluids that were produced, at least in part, during contact metamorphism-metasomatism.
By comparing the western Thai belt with other Sn-W provinces it is evident that there is a strong correlation between fluid
composition and pressure in general. Low to moderately saline aqueous inclusions and aqueous-carbonic inclusions are characteristic
of mineralization associated with relatively deep plutonic belts. Mineralized pegmatites are also typically of deeper plutonic
belts, and pegmatite-hosted deposits may contain cassiterite that is magmatic (crystallized from granitic melt) or is orthomagmatic-hydrothermal
(crystallized from aqueous or aqueous-carbonic fluids) in origin. The magmatic aqueous fluids (those that were exsolved from
granitic melts) are interpreted to have had low salinities. As a consequence of the low salinities, tin is partitioned in
favour of the melt on vapour saturation. Thus with a high enough degree of fractionation, the crystallization of a magmatic
cassiterite (or different Sn phase such as wodginite) is inevitable. Because tin is not partitioned in favour of the vapour
phase upon water saturation of the granitic melts, it is proposed that relatively deep vein and greisen systems tend to form
by remobilization processes. In addition, many deeper greisen systems are hosted, in part, by carbonaceous pelitic metasediments
and the reduced nature of the metasediments may play a key role in remobilizing tin. Sub-volcanic systems by contrast are
characterized by high temperature-high salinity fluids. Owing to the high chlorinity, tin is strongly partitioned in favour
of the vapour and cassiterite mineralization can form by of orthomagmatic-hydrothermal processes. Similar relationships between
the depth of emplacement and fluid composition also appear to apply to other types of granite-hosted deposits, such as different
types of molybdenum deposits.
Received: 8 September 1997 / Accepted: 28 October 1997 相似文献