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1.
采用麻痹性贝类毒素小白鼠生物测定法 ,研究了在可控生态条件下两株海洋细菌S1 0 、P42 对塔玛亚历山大藻生长及其产毒量的影响。结果表明 ,菌株S1 0 在较高浓度下对藻细胞的生长有明显的抑制作用 ,在较低浓度下抑藻生长作用较弱 ,不同浓度的菌株S1 0 均能有效地抑制藻细胞内麻痹性贝类毒素的产生 ,且在较低浓度下效果较好 ;菌株P42 对该藻的作用恰好与S1 0 相反 ,在较低浓度下明显抑制藻细胞的生长 ,不同浓度的菌株P42 也能有效地抑藻产毒 ,且在较高浓度下作用较明显。实验用的藻株毒力约为 ( 0 .95— 1 2 .1 4)× 1 0 - 6MU/cell,属于低毒藻株 ,该藻株在培养第 1 4天达到毒性最高峰 ,峰值为 1 2 .1 4× 1 0 - 6MU/cell,之后逐渐下降。讨论了海洋细菌在赤潮生物防治中的应用前景 相似文献
2.
以一种标准实验生物卤虫ArtemiasalinaLeach为实验材料 ,初步研究了一种鱼毒性赤潮藻———赤潮异弯藻Heterosigmaakashiwo的毒性及其来源。结果表明 ,赤潮异弯藻能强烈抑制卤虫的运动能力 ,0 .1、1 .5、6和 2 4h时 ,赤潮异弯藻对卤虫运动的半影响浓度分别为 1 .5× 1 0 4 、7.5× 1 0 3、4.5× 1 0 3、3× 1 0 3cells/ml,但在较低浓度 3× 1 0 3cells/ml的赤潮异弯藻中 ,经过48h,卤虫的运动能力能够恢复到正常水平。通过对该藻各组分 :藻液 (algalculture)、藻细胞悬浮液 (re suspendedcells)、去藻过滤液 (cell freemedium)、藻细胞内容物 (cellcontents)和藻细胞碎片 (cellfragments)的毒性比较 ,发现藻液、藻细胞悬浮液和藻细胞碎片对卤虫的活力有显著抑制作用 ,而去藻过滤液及藻细胞内容物无影响 ,结合致毒途径藻细胞结构 ,可以推断毒性物质来源于藻细胞表面。经苯酚硫酸法和紫外可见光范围的吸收扫描 ,结合该藻藻的细胞结构报道结果 ,分离到的毒性组分推断为多糖类物质 ,本实验结果将有助于了解赤潮异弯藻对海洋生物危害的毒性作用机制 相似文献
3.
铁对自然群落浮游植物生长的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
利用室内加铁实验,研究了铁对胶州湾自然群落浮游植物生长的影响。实验结果显示,加入铁的浓度在5×10-8mol时,实验第7天的总细胞数量和叶绿素a含量分别比不加铁的对照组增加了5.9倍和3.7倍。加入铁的浓度增加10倍,达5×10-7mol时,浮游植物的生长速度更快,实验第5天的细胞数量和叶绿素a含量是对照组的34.9倍和16.1倍。浮游植物优势种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)在加铁浓度为5×10-7mol时,第5天达最高峰,而在加铁浓度为5×10-8mol和对照实验组,细胞数量达到高峰的时间推后了2d,新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosterium)在中肋骨条藻衰败后成为优势种。 相似文献
4.
在添加浒苔和紫菜干体的条件下,通过测定藻细胞数量,观察藻细胞形态,分析海藻干体对米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的半抑制和完全抑制浓度以及半抑制和完全抑制浓度有效作用的起始藻细胞数量范围,研究了浒苔和紫菜干体对3种赤潮微藻生长的影响.在此基础上,设定海藻干体的添加量为其完全抑制浓度,通过监测微藻培养液中总氮(硝酸态氮、氨态氮和亚硝酸态氮)和总磷等变化,分析海藻干体添加对培养液营养化程度的影响.结果表明:(1)当浒苔和紫菜干体浓度分别大于0.8 g/L 和1.0 g/L 时,海藻干体能显著抑制3种赤潮微藻的生长,它们对赤潮微藻的生长抑制率超过60%(第12 d).(2)浒苔和紫菜干体对3种实验微藻的半抑制浓度(IC50)接近,在0.71~1.22 g/L 之间;但完全抑制浓度(IC10)差别较大,浒苔干体对3种赤潮微藻的完全抑制浓度在2.4~2.8 g/L 范围,其数值约为紫菜干体对它们的完全抑制浓度的2倍.(3)3种赤潮微藻起始藻细胞数量不超过40伊104·mL-1(对于米氏凯伦藻和中肋骨条藻来说,起始藻细胞数量可增大至60伊104·mL-1),海藻干体对3种实验微藻的半抑制浓度和完全抑制浓度均有效.(4)添加海藻干体的实验组培养液中总氮和总磷含量均明显高于对照培养液中总氮和总磷含量.其中,实验组培养液中总氮浓度为382滋g/L,总磷浓度明显低于100滋g/L.综上所述,浒苔和紫菜干体具有强烈的抑藻作用,且不会造成培养液营养加剧现象,可尝试应用于赤潮微藻的控制与治理中. 相似文献
5.
敌百虫是使用最为广泛的有机磷农药之一,在水产养殖中主要用于防治甲壳类寄生虫。本文研究了72 h的急性暴露以及25 d的亚慢性暴露下,敌百虫对两种赤潮微藻海洋卡盾藻和锥状斯氏藻生长的影响,以了解敌百虫对海洋微藻的毒性及海洋初级生产力的影响。在急性暴露下,高质量浓度敌百虫能明显抑制两种藻细胞的生长,而低质量浓度则对藻细胞的生长影响不明显,敌百虫对海洋卡盾藻和锥状斯氏藻生长的72 h EC50分别为32.1 mg/L和22.1 mg/L。在亚慢性暴露下,两种藻细胞对敌百虫的敏感性相近,高质量浓度组(25 mg/L)的藻细胞在暴露的第7~9天就全部死亡;1 mg/L的低质量浓度组,藻细胞的生长状况与对照组相近;5 mg/L和10 mg/L质量浓度组在暴露初期对藻细胞生长具有抑制作用,但在暴露后期则明显刺激了藻细胞的生长。本研究说明水环境背景质量浓度下的敌百虫不会抑制浮游植物的生长,但施药一段时间后,可刺激藻细胞的生长,从而增加了引发赤潮的风险。 相似文献
6.
为阐明红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)对氮营养条件的适应机制,本研究在不同氮浓度条件下对红色赤潮藻进行一次性培养,系统研究了氮浓度对红色赤潮藻生长、休眠孢囊形成和细胞生源要素组成的影响。结果显示,红色赤潮藻生长率随着初始氮浓度的增加而增大, 200μmol/L氮添加组生长率最大,为0.79/d。不同氮处理组细胞形态存在差异,低氮条件下藻细胞个体变小。培养第6天,各氮处理组均观察到休眠孢囊,且随着培养时间的延长,孢囊数量逐渐增多;50μmol/L氮添加组孢囊形成率最高,为2.95%±0.16%。氮浓度对红色赤潮藻细胞生源要素组成有显著影响,红色赤潮藻胞内碳、氮含量随氮浓度的升高而增加,其C:N:P也随氮浓度的增加而增加。红色赤潮藻生长过程中,加氮处理组细胞在指数期碳、氮、磷含量较低,稳定期含量较高;相关性分析表明,红色赤潮藻胞内碳、氮、磷含量与藻生长率之间呈显著负相关关系(P 0.05)。不同氮浓度对红色赤潮藻的生长、休眠孢囊形成和藻细胞生源要素组成有显著影响,为揭示红色赤潮藻对氮营养条件的适应机制提供参考。 相似文献
7.
敌百虫对虾池生物的毒性 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
研究了敌百虫对青岛大扁藻、三角褐指藻、球等鞭金藻和海洋原甲藻等4种海洋微藻及天津厚蟹、脊尾白虾和克氏纺锤水蚤等3种野生甲壳类 ,以及中国对虾、缢蛏和台湾红罗非鱼等3种养殖生物的毒性。研究结果表明 :敌百虫在低浓度下对海洋微藻的生长没有明显影响 ,在一定浓度范围内甚至有促进作用 ,但超过一定浓度范围能完全抑制海洋微藻的生长。各种海洋微藻对敌百虫的敏感性不同。对3种野生甲壳类的半致死浓度分别为 :天津厚蟹LTD50(96h)为1.25×10-6;脊尾白虾LTD50(12h)为0.05×10-6;克氏纺锤水蚤LTD50 (48h)为0.063×10-6。敌百虫对3种养殖生物的半致死浓度分别为 :中国对虾LTD50(48h)为0.060×10-6;缢蛏LTD50(72h)为18.79×10-6;台湾红罗非鱼LTD50(72h)为36.35×10-6。文中还对敌百虫作为对虾病毒病预防药物的价值进行了探讨。 相似文献
8.
谷氨酸铜和表面活性剂协同灭除亚历山大藻的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对一种新的赤潮杀灭剂谷氨酸铜及促进剂阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDT-MAB)进行了初步研究.比较了硫酸铜及谷氨酸铜对亚历山大藻的去除效果;结果表明,谷氨酸铜对亚历山大藻的灭杀效率优于硫酸铜,谷氨酸铜可明显抑制亚历山大藻细胞的生长,但抑制作用并不随谷氨酸铜浓度加大而增强,HDTAMB可明显促进谷氨酸铜对亚历山大藻的去除,且促进作用基本随着HDTMAB浓度的提高而增强.对谷氨酸铜和HDTMAB杀灭赤潮的机制进行了初步探讨;研究发现,谷氨酸铜可促使藻细胞MDA含量升高,并使巯基含量下降,且在谷氨酸铜和HDT-MAB复合作用下,膜脂过氧化水平大大高于单纯谷氨酸铜作用下的水平,细胞中巯基含量显著降低,细胞膜透性增大,这表明谷氨酸铜和HDTMAB杀灭赤潮的机制是使藻细胞膜受到损伤,进而抑制藻细胞生长. 相似文献
9.
通过室内模拟实验研究了金潮原因种铜藻(Sargassumhorneri)的腐烂液和培养液对绿潮原因种浒苔(Ulvaprolifera)微观繁殖体萌发和幼苗生长以及五种赤潮原因种——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandriumcatenella)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)生长的影响。研究发现:低浓度铜藻腐烂液(10g/L)对浒苔微观繁殖体萌发和幼苗的生长以及五种赤潮微藻的生长影响效应不显著;中等浓度铜藻腐烂液(20g/L)对浒苔微观繁殖体萌发具有抑制作用,抑制率13.3%,而对浒苔幼苗有一定的促生作用,对米氏凯伦藻的生长抑制率在第12d能达到90.4%,对其他四种赤潮微藻的抑制作用并不显著;高浓度铜藻腐烂液(40g/L)对浒苔微观繁殖体萌发的抑制率为45.8%,对浒苔幼苗的生长具有抑制作用,对米氏凯伦藻具有致死效应,对东海原甲藻的抑制率在第12d为65.9%,对其他三种赤潮微藻的生长均有抑制作用,但并不显著,其中赤潮异弯藻受到的抑制作用最小。低浓度铜藻培养液(5g/L)对浒苔微观繁殖体萌发的抑制率为22.8%,对浒苔幼苗的生长表现出一定的促进作用,对米氏凯伦藻生长的抑制率在第12d能够达到40.5%,对其他四种赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用不显著;而高浓度铜藻培养液(10g/L)对浒苔微观繁殖体萌发的抑制率为29.6%,对浒苔幼苗生长的抑制率为22.2%,对米氏凯伦藻生长的抑制率在第12d为92.9%,对其他四种赤潮微藻生长均有一定的抑制作用,但不显著,且赤潮异弯藻受到抑制作用最小。可见,铜藻腐烂液和培养液均会对浒苔微观繁殖体萌发和幼苗生长以及五种赤潮微藻的生长造成影响,且影响程度与浓度相关,五种赤潮微藻生长受到的影响与藻种有关。以上结果表明,金潮原因种对绿潮和赤潮原因种的生长有一定的影响,金潮的暴发和衰亡过程也会对绿潮和赤潮的发生产生一定的影响。 相似文献
10.
磷酸盐、硝酸盐组成对海洋赤潮藻生长的影响 总被引：23，自引：2，他引：23
应用 1次培养实验方法研究了不同组成磷酸盐 (PO4- P)和硝酸盐 (NO3 - N)对新月菱形藻、旋链角毛藻和中肋骨条藻 3种海洋赤潮藻生长的影响。结果表明 ,L ogistic生长模型可以很好地描述不同组成 PO4- P和 NO3 - N条件下 3种海洋赤潮藻生长状况 ,其中拟合相关系数 R2 =0 .95± 0 .0 3。进一步研究表明 ,3种海洋赤潮藻均存在营养盐生长阈值 C*PO4,C*NO3 ,在本文实验条件下新月菱形藻的 C*PO4为 1.72μmol· L-1,C*NO3 为 4 0 .4 2μmol· L-1;旋链角毛藻的分别为 2 .0 7μmol· L-1和 4 4.76 μmol· L-1;中肋骨条藻的分别为 1.13μmol· L-1和 30 .2 6 μmol· L-1。当 PO4- P,NO3 - N初始浓度分别小于其营养盐生长阈值 C*PO4,C*NO3 时 ,随其初始浓度增加会促进 3种赤潮藻生长 ,但当初始浓度大于营养盐生长阈值时 ,随营养盐初始浓度增加反而会逐渐限制其生长。这表明 3种海洋赤潮藻都存在 1个适宜其生长的 (N∶ P) 最佳值 ,其中新月菱形藻的 (N∶ P) 最佳值 =2 0∶ 1,旋链角毛藻的 (N∶ P) 最佳值 =19∶ 1,中肋骨条藻的 (N∶ P) 最佳值 =32∶ 1。 相似文献
11.
Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
12.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
13.
Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
14.
Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
15.
G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations. 相似文献
18.
The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献