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本文利用台风移动方程对作用在台风上的各力进行了诊断分析：主要力是气压梯度力和地转偏向力，二者同量级，其他各力约小１－３个量级；当台风加速移动时，气压梯度力小于地转编向力；减速移动时，气压梯度力大于地转偏向力。用预报方程计算得到的台风路径与实际台风路径在趋势上近于一致，预报误差约为２００ｋｍ。 相似文献
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本文在分析１９７０－１９９０年间热带天气图，卫图云图资料的基础上，着重研究了１１月之次年４月太平洋中部台风生成的环流条件。太平洋中部（１５０°Ｅ－１５０°Ｗ）在１１－４月南、北半球都有台风活动，北半球每年平均２．４个台风，南半球除正常每年平均有６．０个台风生成外，还常常出现同时有三个以上的多台风过程。更特殊的是隔着赤道几乎同时发生的成对台风，也有冷锋变性为ＩＴＣＺ而生成的台风。本文选择三次台风过程 相似文献
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用１９８０－１９８６年２０时欧洲中心的１０００，８５０，７００，５００，３００，２００及１００ｈＰａ共７层的网格点资料，利用台风移速方程，挑选了进入南海的２６个台风个例，计算了１２，２４，３６及４８ｈ的台风移速及移向，同时也计算了实际台风前后１２，２４，３６及４８ｈ移速和移向，计算出不同时的台风实际的移速差ΔＶ及移向差Δθ。分析表明，计算的不同时刻的台风移速差ΔＶ与台风实际的移速差ΔＶ的符号相同的 相似文献
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利用1951—2012年日本气象厅(JMA)热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料,分析了影响南海的土台风和非局地台风62 a间的时空分布特征,比较了二者在时空分布上的差异性,得到以下主要结果:土台风源地位置与热带季风性气候有关,夏季风时主要在15°N以北,冬季风时向15°N以南移动;土台风与非局地台风相比,活动范围更广,但强度比后者弱;土台风在南海的强度发展过程呈对称曲线形式,非局地台风则是一条递减曲线;土台风和非局地台风的登陆位置都具有季风期规律,夏季风时登陆的TC比冬季风时登陆的多得多,同纬度的非局地台风比土台风移动速度大。 相似文献
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台风强度预报误差较大,相关物理机制有待深入研究。针对台风“海马”个例,利用台风最佳路径数据集和欧洲中心再分析资料设定台风特征参数,使用基于海-气相互作用理论的简单台风模型对台风“海马”进行数值模拟,并针对焓交换系数与拖曳系数比值开展敏感性试验。控制试验结果表明,在台风的成熟期,台风的切向动能主要存在于眼壁外侧的云下层和对流层中下层,而径向动能主要集中在对流层上部和眼壁外侧的云下层,这些结果描述了台风成熟期的基本特征。敏感性试验表明,当海洋表面焓交换系数与拖曳系数的比值增大时,台风的主级环流与次级环流明显增强,台风边界层的平均径向风速度分布更趋向中心,且风速明显增加,同时,垂直上升速度增加,台风切向动能明显增加,台风强度增强。研究结果有助于理解海气交换对台风强度的影响。 相似文献
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9806号台风异常移动特征的初步分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
９８０６号台风在其生命史中,共发生了７次突然左折和１次突然加速,形成了典型的倒抛物线型路径。本文初步分析了其异常移动的特征和原因,并详细比较了目前主要的业务预报方法对该台风的预报性能。为进一步揭示该类台风移动的物理机制积累经验,也为正确把握和使用各主要业务预报方法对该类台风预报结果的参考价值提供科学依据。 相似文献
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利用福建省海洋预报台业务化运行的OSMAR071G高频地波雷达海洋表面观测系统,对2016年9月14日-15日"莫兰蒂"台风穿越台湾海峡并登陆厦门岛的全过程进行了实时观测。根据地波雷达观测的风场数据,计算了海洋表面风场涡流特征,通过涡场结构确定了涡旋的中心,以此确定为台风海面风眼实时位置,通过连续观测,从而得到了台风海面风眼的轨迹。该风眼轨迹与国家卫星气象中心的发布的台风路径基本一致。本次观测表明了OSMAR071G高频地波雷达系统能够准确实时地对台风进行遥感探测。 相似文献
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根据历史台风的相似路径将台风分为西行、西北沿海登陆和海上转向三类，并分析了各类500hPa高度场的特征。通过对台风位移与其相应的500hPa高度场的典型相关分析，提取了天气强迫信息，连同台风的一些气候学和持续性特征作为待选因子，采用多级逐步判别方法，建立台风72h路径趋势的各类判别函数。预报时，代入72h500hPa数值预报产品及气候持续性因子。通过对1990～1994年的独立台风进行了试报检验。结果表明，试报的准确率为88.8％，Heidke技巧得分为0．80。该方法为南海台风中期路径趋势预报提供了一种客观方法。 相似文献
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Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
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Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献