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1.
层状云和对流云的雷达识别及在估测雨量中的应用 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
参考“峰值法”建立了利用新一代多普勒天气雷达回波强度识别混合型降水过程中层状云和对流云的方法,分析了反射率阈值和影响半径的变化对识别效果的影响,检验了识别效果,并分析该方法在雷达估测降水中的应用。表明本文所建立的暴雨中层状云和对流云识别方法基本合理,配合云的垂直结构分析大部分地区识别的效果较好,同时通过该识别方法对合肥2002年6月19日一次强降水天气过程的估测降水的应用,表明只按层状云的Z-I关系估测的雨强,相对于识别对流云和层状云后分别按各自的Z-I关系估测的单点雨强,其最大差别约达37%,相应的面雨量也有一定的差别;对流云的多少对发展的中尺度对流系统的雨强有很大影响,这次混合型降水过程以对流云降水为主。对流云和层状云是形成暴雨的重要因素,准确地识别两者,对估测降水的精度会有积极作用。 相似文献
2.
三维雷达反射率资料用于层状云和对流云的识别研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
基于层状云和对流云的雷达反射率分布的三维形态特征,提出了识别层状云和对流云的6个候选识别参数,它们分别是:组合反射率及其水平梯度,反射率因子等于35 dBZ的回波顶高及其水平梯度、垂直累积液态水含量及其密度。通过分析候选识别参数分布图和选取的反射率垂直剖面图,用人机交互方式挑选“真实的”层状云和对流云区,统计这6个候选识别参数分布的概率密度特征;最后确定把分布概率密度更集中的组合反射率水平梯度、35 dBZ的回波顶高的水平梯度和垂直累积液态水含量密度作为识别参数,利用模糊逻辑法进行层状云和对流云的识别。用三个个例进行了识别试验,并把用模糊逻辑法识别的结果与用改进的巅峰值法识别的结果进行了比较,结果表明:用模糊逻辑法和改进的巅峰值法都能合理地识别大部分层状云和对流云;由于改进的巅峰值法只考虑了反射率分布的二维形态特征,它容易把对流核的外围识别成层状云,把厚实的层状云识别成对流云,而考虑了反射率分布的三维形态特征的模糊逻辑法在这两个方面有很大改善。 相似文献
3.
使用雷达回波三维信息自动识别降水类型的方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
提出了一种使用雷达回波三维信息（反射率因子的水平梯度、垂直递减率、垂直廓线变化特征以及回波顶高等）自动识别降水类型的方法,该方法可将雷达回波划分为热带降水类型、大陆强对流云降水类型和层状云降水类型。基于广州雷达于2008年5—8月观测到的7次强降水过程,在使用本方法识别降水类型的基础上,对不同降水类型使用不同的Z-R关系来测量降水量,即对热带降水类型使用Z=230R^1.25,对大陆强对流云降水使用Z=300R^1.4。以及对层状云降水使用Z=230R^1.6,并以雨量计观测的降水量为真值,与仅区分对流云降水和层状云降水类型并使用双Z-R关系测量降水量的方法进行了比较。结果表明,本方法可以有效地自动识别降水类型的分布区域,并且可以提高雷达定量测量降水的精度。 相似文献
4.
基于地基云雷达、微雨雷达和天气雷达等遥测设备观测资料,结合挂载KPR云雷达和DMT粒子测量系统的飞机平台,详细分析了山东积层混合云降水过程的云降水微物理结构特征。结果表明,积层混合云降水过程呈现层状云和对流云降水特征。零度层以上,5～6 km高度层内,对流云降水多普勒速度和谱宽均大于层状云,说明对流云降水环境垂直气流、粒子尺度等均大于层状云。对流云降水,云雷达和微雨雷达时空剖面上出现由衰减造成的“V”字形缺口,云雷达衰减程度大于微雨雷达,且随高度增加,衰减越大。层状云降水,零度层亮带附近,雷达反射率因子跃增高度比多普勒速度高80 m,多普勒速度跃增高度又比谱宽高20 m。降水云系零度层附近降水机制复杂,粒子形态有辐枝冰晶聚合物、针状冰晶聚合物和云滴;0°C层以上,5～6 km处,对流云降水的多普勒速度和谱宽均大于层状云降水,即对流云降水环境垂直气流、粒子尺度范围等均大于层状云降水。 相似文献
5.
利用辽宁阜新国家站(121.7458°E,42.0672°N)的毫米波云雷达(8 mm)和微雨雷达(12.5 mm)对2020年8月12-13日东北冷涡影响下的一次降水过程进行了观测,分析了云降水的垂直结构特征并探讨了降水机制。结果表明：本次过程中,云水平方向发展不均匀,以层状云和层积混合云为主,云内有时还嵌有对流泡。云降水阶段性变化明显,先后出现了层状云降水、层积混合云降水和对流云降水。层状云降水和层积混合云降水均表现出明显的亮带特征,但层积混合云降水的雷达回波强度、回波顶高和降水强度明显大于层状云降水。对流云降水的雷达回波会因强降水而产生明显衰减,因此回波顶高不能表示出实际的云顶情况。层状云降水阶段,云雷达反射率随高度降低增长缓慢,雨滴在下落过程中受蒸发和碰并的共同作用,反射率降低。与层状云降水相比,层积混合云降水的碰并效应强,且由于前期降水对近地面的增湿作用,使云下蒸发弱。对流云降水阶段,反射率的增长主要发生在冰水混合层,有利于大滴的产生,拓宽了云滴谱,提高了碰并效率。 相似文献
6.
利用500 hPa、850 hPa等常规天气图资料和多普勒组合反射率、回波顶高、垂直累积液态含水量、径向速度、风廓线等天气雷达回波资料,对2011年7月29-31日辽宁省一次暴雨天气过程的多普勒雷达层状云降水回波特征进行分析,并分析了此次暴雨天气过程的多种雷达产品特征,探讨多种雷达产品对客观反映暴雨天气特征的可参考性,结果表明:此次暴雨降水地点主要发生在暖区、850 hPa切变附近,降水强度大、持续时间长;从雷达组合反射率图分析,地面大洼-辽中-法库-线有一个自西南向东北移动的降雨带存在,降雨带移动过程中,逐渐生成对流性云团产生暴雨,凤城-宽甸-线的降雨中心是由东南部发展的对流云团产生的;回波顶高近似均匀分布,空中液态含水量较小则表明这次过程的层状云降水特征明显;径向速度图表明7月30日20时降水产生时,径向速度出现相对大值区,其内有水汽辐合、质量辐合或较强的上升运动,强回波区域有弱的辐合气流;风廓线图可以看出在主要降雨时段,低层急流特征明显,最大风速可达27.3 m/s。 相似文献
7.
用雷达反射率作对流性降水和层状云降水自动分类 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
为提高雷达定量测量降水的精度,利用武汉CINRAD/SA雷达反射率数据,研究提出了对流性降水和层状云降水自动分类算法(ACSS)。该算法在二维反射率结构场初步分类降水的基础上,识别亮带并从体扫描数据中提取降水的三维结构特征,然后对初步分类结果进行订正。试验表明,ACSS能较准确地实现对流性降水和层状云降水的自动分类,相对于只根据二维结构分类降水性能上有较大提高,主要表现在能正确识别出亮带特征明显的强层状云和对流核外沿的对流弱回波区。 相似文献
8.
利用2017年6—11月宁夏六盘山区收集的微雨雷达和微波辐射计等探测资料,对比分析了六盘山区山脊和山谷对流云降水、层状云和浅积云降水过程中的云微物理特征及亮带,针对典型层状云降水事件山脊和山谷站的亮带及以下各层的雨滴谱分布特征,探索了亮带以上几层水凝物的分类。结果发现:六盘山区三类降水云山脊的反射率及反射率衰减程度均高于山谷,表明地形强迫使得山脊降水云的物理和动力过程较山谷更剧烈,层状云降水过程中山脊0℃等温线以上的反射率明显高于山谷,表明山脊在0℃等温线以上有更多水凝物。分析一次典型层状云降水过程发现:六盘山区降水液滴自亮带下落的过程中,碰并过程占主导;亮带以下各层DSD符合Gamma分布,山脊站Gamma分布的相关性比山谷站强且拟合优度更优;降水开始的前3 min,推测-4～0℃等温线之间的水凝物主要是霰,此后水凝物主要是雪颗粒和霰,而山谷在降水开始的前5 min,-4～0℃等温线层之间的水凝物主要是雪颗粒和较大的霰,此后水凝物主要是霰。 相似文献
9.
云特征参数与降水相关性的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用FY2C卫星和探空反演得到的云结构特征参数,结合地面降水,研究了云顶高度、光学厚度、云粒子有效半径和云厚度等云结构参数与降水的关系,并分类研究了层状云和对流云在不同降水强度情况下,云参数的频数分布规律及其与降水的关系。结果表明：通常云厚大于5km、云底较低、云粒子有效半径较大时,地面易出现降水,若云顶高于10km、云光学厚度大于20且云中无夹层或夹层稀薄时,地面雨强多大于1mm/h;对于层状云降水,当云光学厚度大于17时,地面出现降水的概率较大,随光学厚度值增加,地面雨强呈增大趋势;对于对流云降水,云顶高度和光学厚度相关性较好,云光学厚度大于17且云顶高于7km时,地面出现降水的概率较大,当光学厚度大于20时,地面雨强明显增大;层状云和对流云的降水概率均随云顶高度和光学厚度的增加而增大,降水概率与云光学厚度的相关性更为密切,光学厚度小于10的云很难产生降水,而云光学厚度大于20时,层状云和对流云的降水概率都会显著增加;综合云体的高度、厚度和云光学厚度等云参量的组合特征,对分析判断地面降水落区和降水强度更加有效。 相似文献
10.
利用2017年8—10月安宁河谷的激光雨滴谱仪观测数据,对层状云和对流云降水粒子谱的微物理参量、Gamma函数拟合、Z-I拟合关系、降水粒子对数浓度和降水强度贡献率进行了分析。结果表明：层状云雨滴谱较对流云窄,对流云降水粒子总数浓度、降水强度、液态水含量和雷达反射率因子等均显著高于层状云。Gamma函数可以较好地拟合雨滴谱的分布情况,层状云的函数曲线较对流云更加平滑。层状云、对流云降水的Z-I拟合关系均较好,分别为Z=181.90I1.54和Z=175.59I1.54。层状云降水强度贡献率的80%集中在直径不超过2 mm的粒子,而对流云的90%集中在直径超过1 mm的粒子,表明降水粒子尺度较浓度对降水强度的影响更大,大尺度降水粒子对降水强度贡献更大。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
13.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
19.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献