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1.
内蒙古及邻区矿床成矿规律与成矿系列 总被引：30，自引：13，他引：17
成矿系列是矿床地质学科中研究区域成矿规律的一种学术思想,主张用系统论、活动论的观点研究在地质历史发展的各阶段、各特定地质构造环境中,成矿作用的过程及形成的矿床组合自然体.文章基于对内蒙古大地构造演化的新认识和新理解,结合周边省、自治区以及境外地质和矿产研究新进展,尤其是大批成矿年龄精测数据和对成岩成矿物质来源的新认识,将内蒙古矿产资源划分为11个主要矿床成矿系列:①太古代鞍山式沉积变质型铁矿成矿系列(包括中太古代和新太古代2个系列);②中元古代海底喷流型铅锌铜硫矿成矿系列;③中元古代白云鄂博稀土元素-铁-铌矿床成矿系列;④奥陶纪—志留纪岛弧环境斑岩铜(金,钼)矿成矿系列;⑤泥盆纪与蛇绿岩有关的铬铁矿矿床成矿系列;⑥晚二叠纪—三叠纪与花岗岩有关的钼金多金属成矿系列;⑦三叠纪—中侏罗世斑岩铜矿床成矿系列;⑧得尔布干地区晚侏罗世—早白垩世与花岗岩有关的浅成低温热液型铅锌多金属矿床成矿系列;⑨大兴安岭及邻区晚侏罗世—早白垩世与花岗岩有关的铅锌锡钼金多金属矿床成矿系列;⑩新生代与湖相沉积-蒸发作用有关的盐类矿床成矿系列.在成矿系列划分的基础上,编制了各成矿系列主要矿床分布图,并简要论述了各个成矿系列的成矿地质背景、成矿特征、矿床组合及时空分布规律等.本次成矿系列的划分,强调以重大构造事件作为背景,突出以重大构造事件与大规模成矿的耦合关系作为出发点,力求从更大尺度上认识当时的地质背景,如将多宝山与白乃庙2个同时代矿床作为一个矿床成矿系列(尽管目前尚不清楚它们属于同一个断续的岛弧链,还是被后来构造运动所分裂).值得指出的是,内蒙古幅员辽阔,不少矿床的成矿系列具有明显空间递变性,如与古亚洲洋闭合和碰撞有关的成矿事件横跨晚石炭世、二叠纪和三叠纪,与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋俯冲有关的成矿事件横跨三叠纪一中侏罗世. 相似文献
2.
青海省东昆仑成矿带铁矿成矿规律与找矿方向研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
东昆仑成矿带位于西域板块南缘活动带与华南板块接合部位,属昆祁秦缝合系的昆仑缝合带。区内由昆北、昆中及昆南三条呈近东西向到北西西向平行展布的区域深大断裂,构成东昆仑复杂的构造格局,由此划分出三大构造成矿单元,即东昆仑北带、中带、南带。这三条大断裂均为切穿地壳或岩石圈的区域性长期活动深大断裂,不仅构成各地质单元的边界和控制岩浆岩分布,也控制了东昆仑隆起、凹陷带沉积盆地及沉积建造的展布,与次级北西、北北西向和北东向断裂一起,把不同时代地层和部分岩体切割成规模不等的断块(条),同时不同级次的断裂构造作为成矿的导矿场和储矿场,为各类矿床的形成提供了良好的迁移通道和赋存空间。该区地层主要集中发育在前寒武纪、早古生界奥陶―志留纪、晚古生代石炭―二叠纪、中生界三叠纪及新生代几个时间段中。在区域分布上,昆中、昆北带出露地层较相近,昆南带与昆北和昆中带有显著差异,反映为不同地层分区。岩浆活动非常强烈而频繁,分布亦十分广泛,主要分布在昆仑山北坡断隆带和祁漫塔格地区,在昆仑山主脊形成著名的东昆仑山花岗岩带,昆仑山南坡出露少量中酸侵入岩。岩浆活动始于元古代,止于新生代,表现为间歇性的火山喷发与岩浆侵入频繁交替。岩性从基性、超基性到酸性均有出露。主要活动时代为加里东期、华力西期,其次为印支期、燕山期;兴凯期和前兴凯期主要以少量基性、超基性喷流活动。东昆仑成矿带是青海重要成矿带之一,东昆仑成矿带侵入岩、褶皱、断裂构造发育,岩浆活动频繁强烈,成矿地质条件十分优越,具有较大找矿潜力。该带也是青海省主要的工业矿床集中分布的地区,储量大,品位较高,矿产地集中,同时共伴生的多金属矿床也往往具有一定的规模。尤其是矽卡岩型和沉积变质型铁矿的绝大多数储量都集中在本带。铁矿床成因类型复杂多样,主要有与火山喷流沉积有关的喷流——沉积、热液交代变质改造型,沉积变质型和矽卡岩型,具备大型——超大型矿床的成矿条件。矿床多沿昆北、昆中和昆南深大断裂带分布,与次级构造及岩浆岩体关系密切。东昆仑西段是重要的大——超大型矿床找矿远景区,中段具有沉积变质型铁矿找矿前景,东段则是矽卡岩型铁矿床聚集区。该带铁矿资源量占全省的75.51%,铁矿共、伴生有用组分较多,可综合利用。接触交代型铁矿是目前开发的重点,此类型矿石质量较好,TFe品位一般在35%～55%,有害杂质硫、磷一般低于工业要求。特别是都兰、野马泉地区的铁矿多共、伴生有铅、锌、铜、金、银、锡、钴、铋、镉、硫铁矿等有益元素,需综合开发利用。由于共、伴生组分可综合利用,极大地提高了开发价值。 相似文献
3.
祁漫塔格位于青海省东昆仑成矿带西段,区内有色金属、贵金属和非金属矿产资源丰富,矿床类型多样,成矿时代多期,成矿作用复杂,亟需对本区各类矿产进行区域成矿规律总结,厘定成矿系列,建立成矿模式,指导区域找矿再创新突破.为此,本次研究以成矿系列思想为指导,通过系统分析典型矿床特征,将祁漫塔格地区主要矿产划分为4个成矿系列,即中古代沉积变质型铁-石墨矿成矿系列、奥陶纪喷流沉积型钴-金-铋矿成矿系列、晚志留世-中泥盆世岩浆熔离型镍-铜-钴矿成矿系列、三叠纪斑岩型-矽卡岩型-隐爆角砾岩型-热液型铁-多金属-贵金属成矿系列,并建立了4个系列典型矿床成矿模式;揭示了重大构造事件与成矿的关系,深化了中元古代活动大陆边缘、早古生代大陆裂解、早古生代晚期大陆碰撞-伸展、三叠纪碰撞-伸展等构造体制的成矿规律认识,探讨了三叠纪集中成矿的深部过程. 相似文献
4.
大兴安岭北部主要金属矿床成矿系列和区域矿床成矿谱系 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
文章以大兴安岭北部内生金属矿床、海相火山岩型硫铁矿矿床和砂金矿床为研究对象,按照矿床成矿系列的学术思想将其划分为7个矿床成矿系列,即:多宝山地区与加里东期中酸性火山_侵入活动有关的铜、钼矿床成矿系列,呼玛地区与华力西期辉长岩和花岗岩有关的铁、钛、金矿床成矿系列,伊尔施_黑河地区与华力西期花岗岩和海相火山岩有关的铁、铜、锌、硫铁矿矿床成矿系列,牙克石地区与华力西期海相中基性火山岩有关的铁、锌、硫铁矿矿床成矿系列,得尔布干地区与印支期_燕山期中酸性火山_侵入活动有关的铅、锌、银、铜、钼、金矿床成矿系列,伊尔施_呼玛地区与燕山期中酸性火山_侵入活动有关的金、铁、锌、铜、钼、钨矿床成矿系列和黑龙江流域与第四纪冲积沉积作用有关的砂金矿床成矿系列。大兴安岭北部区域矿床成矿谱系表明,从奥陶纪到新生代该区不同构造单元经历了7个主要的构造演化及成矿时期,依次出现奥陶纪岛弧环境的斑岩型矿床、泥盆纪陆块边缘拉张环境的岩浆型和热液脉型矿床、泥盆纪—石炭纪俯冲_碰撞环境的海相火山岩型和矽卡岩型矿床、石炭纪弧后盆地环境的海相火山岩型矿床、晚三叠世—早白垩世俯冲_碰撞_后碰撞环境的斑岩型、热液脉型、浅成低温热液型和矽卡岩型矿床、早侏罗世—早白垩世俯冲环境的斑岩型、热液脉型、浅成低温热液型和矽卡岩型矿床和新生代地壳差异运动带砂金矿床。大兴安岭北部优势矿种为铜、钼、金、银、铅、锌,主攻矿床类型为斑岩型、热液脉型、低硫化浅成低温热液型、冲积型和海相火山岩型。 相似文献
5.
华北陆块是我国最重要的铁矿资源分布区之一, 在目前铁矿资源对外依存度居高不下的背景下, 深化铁矿成矿规律研究和找矿勘查工作迫在眉睫。本文以矿床成矿系列理论为指导, 以地质年代为界线, 结合对华北陆块构造演化的研究进展, 厘定出6个铁矿床成矿系列: ①华北陆块与太古宙海相火山-沉积变质作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组); ②华北陆块东部与古元古代岩浆、火山-沉积变质作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组); ③华北陆块北部与中元古代构造旋回岩浆-沉积作用有关的Fe、Ti、V矿床成矿系列(组); ④华北陆块东部与新元古代岩浆-沉积作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组); ⑤华北陆块与古生代火山-沉积、沉积作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组); ⑥华北陆块中东部与燕山期岩浆作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组)。六个矿床成矿系列构成了较为完整的铁矿成矿谱系, 通过对华北铁矿成矿系列系统的研究总结, 认为找矿工作应聚焦于地质单元、时间、地质作用、有用组分、矿床类型组合五个维度, 而矿床式作为典型矿床深入研究后高度概括的成果, 对找矿工作也有很大启发意义, 对于白云鄂博、陈台沟、司家营、杏山等重点矿山构造的重新认识, 有助于实现进一步找矿突破。 相似文献
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青海“三稀”矿以稀有金属矿产和伴生稀散元素矿产为主, 稀土矿床分布于拉脊山成矿带和柴北缘成矿带, 类型仅有岩浆型(轻稀土)和岩浆热液型(轻稀土), 成矿于早古生代奥陶纪和志留纪, 成矿环境研究程度较低。稀有金属矿床主要出露于西秦岭成矿带和柴达木成矿带, 类型可分为与岩浆作用有关的岩浆型(铌、钽)、伟晶岩型(锂、铍、铌、钽)、岩浆热液型(铌、钽); 与沉积作用有关的蒸发沉积型(锂)和化学沉积型(锶), 岩浆作用矿床成矿高峰期为中生代三叠纪, 成矿于古特提斯演化后碰撞环境, 沉积作用矿床成矿爆发期为新生代新近纪和第四纪, 与青藏高原强烈抬升所致的断陷成盆及干旱气候有关; 稀散元素矿床均为有色金属矿床的伴生矿, 广泛分布于北祁连成矿带、柴北缘成矿带、东昆仑成矿带、西秦岭成矿带和阿尼玛卿成矿带, 矿种多样, 已知成矿元素有Ga、Ge、Cd、In、Se、Te等, 矿床类型丰富, 主要包括海相火山岩型、接触交代型和陆相火山岩型, 成矿时代相对集中于早古生代奥陶纪、晚古生代二叠纪和中生代三叠纪, 可能形成于原特提斯演化弧后盆地、岩浆弧环境。依据矿床时空分布特征、成矿作用及成矿地质背景, 将青海“三稀”矿产划分为10个矿床成矿系列、18个矿床成矿亚系列、20个矿床式。基于“三稀”矿床区域成矿地质背景、区域成矿条件、已知矿化信息和研究程度分析, 提出了成矿区带不同类型“三稀”矿产找矿远景, 认为西秦岭成矿带、柴北缘成矿带和东昆仑成矿带为伟晶岩型锂、铍、铌、钽、铷稀有金属找矿远景区, 柴达木成矿带为蒸发沉积型和化学沉积型锂、锶、铷矿找矿远景区; 对于研究程度较弱的稀散元素矿, 除在已知的矿集区着力稀散元素赋存状态、超常富集研究和资源量核算之外, 东昆仑成矿带牛苦头—野马泉矽卡岩型有色金属矿集区为稀散元素找矿的有利远景区。 相似文献
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黑龙江省的佳木斯隆起带西部分布着一套在早元古代裂谷环境下形成的海相火山－沉积岩系，具有一般绿岩带的岩石琢沉积旋回特征。在不同地质时期和不同地质的影响下，在绿岩带的不同层位和构造部位，形成了与绿岩带的演化息息相关，在成因上密切联系，空间上规律性分布的一组矿床，构成了与变质作用有关的金，铁矿床成矿系列。 相似文献
8.
青海省典型铁矿矿床特征及其成矿系列的浅析 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
青海省铁矿床（点）成因类型可划分为镁铁-超镁铁岩浆成矿系列的结晶分异型矿床；壳幔型中酸性岩浆成矿系列的热液型、矽卡岩型矿床；火山喷流-沉积成矿系列的层控型矿床；叠加改造成矿系列的层控改造型、改造热液型、沉积变质型矿床；沉积喷流成矿系列的层控型矿床；沉积成矿系列的陆、海相沉积型矿床．通过对这些成矿系列的典型铁矿矿床特征的研究，从其成矿构造地质环境分析，许多铁多金属矿床（点）均具有形成大型以上矿床的成矿地质条件，且多伴生铜、铅、锌、金银等多金属矿产。研究认为，在今后的找矿勘查过程中，应利用成矿系列的规律，并注重对共（伴）生组分的综合评价，这对扩大全省的找矿远景，提高资源综合利用水平，提高铁矿床技术经济价值具有重要的意义。 相似文献
9.
青海省铁矿床(点)成因类型可划分为镁铁-超镁铁岩浆成矿系列的结晶分异型矿床;壳幔型中酸性岩浆成矿系列的热液型、矽卡岩型矿床;火山喷流-沉积成矿系列的层控型矿床;叠加改造成矿系列的层控改造型、改造热液型、沉积变质型矿床;沉积喷流成矿系列的层控型矿床;沉积成矿系列的陆、海相沉积型矿床.通过对这些成矿系列的典型铁矿矿床特征的研究,从其成矿构造地质环境分析,许多铁多金属矿床(点)均具有形成大型以上矿床的成矿地质条件,且多伴生铜、铅、锌、金银等多金属矿产.研究认为,在今后的找矿勘查过程中,应利用成矿系列的规律,并注重对共(伴)生组分的综合评价,这对扩大全省的找矿远景,提高资源综合利用水平,提高铁矿床技术经济价值具有重要的意义. 相似文献
10.
镁质碳酸盐岩型温石棉矿床是成矿热液交代镁质碳酸盐岩生成的,一般均产于地台环境。按地台稳定性不同,成矿环境分为地台隆起区的基底建造类型和地台拗陷区的盖层建造类型。产于地台隆起区的矿床,以前震旦纪镁质碳酸盐岩为控矿层位。产于太古代及早、中元古代深变质结晶基底中的矿床,由区域变质及混合岩化过程中的变质热液交代碳酸盐岩成矿。产于晚元古代浅变质褶皱基底(扬子准地台)中的矿床,以岩浆期后热液或接触交代(湿矽卡岩)热液为成矿热液来源。产于地台拗陷区的矿床,均以震旦纪镁质碳酸盐岩为控矿层位。其成矿时期较晚,一般与拗陷区内岩浆活动同期,由岩浆期后热液或接触交代(湿矽卡岩)热液对镁质碳酸盐岩进行交代成矿。 相似文献
11.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
13.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
19.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献