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1.
广东肇庆西江珍稀鱼类省级自然保护区鱼类多样性 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
2006-2008年对西江珍稀鱼类自然保护区江段进行鱼类组成与生境调查,共采集鱼类81种,隶属于11且25科69属.其中洄游鱼类8种,外来种6种,土著淡水鱼类67种.以种类数及其多样性指数分析,表明西江保护区鱼类种类多样性较高.优势种是鲮鱼、赤眼鳟、广东鲂,主要经济鱼类为广东鲂、赤眼鳟、鲮鱼、黄尾鲴、花鰶,珍稀濒危物种有花鳗鲡.珠江长臀鮠、台细鳊及多种珠江水系特有鱼类.保护区鱼类生态类型多样,以定居性、杂食性和底栖鱼类为主.保护区江段水文动力条件独特,河床底质结构复杂,是西江鱼类栖息、产卵的理想场所,栖息地破坏、过度捕捞等是保护区鱼类生物多样性的主要胁迫因素. 相似文献
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大型通江湖泊洞庭湖的鱼类物种多样性及其时空变化 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
为了解通江湖泊鱼类物种多样性现状,于2004年3月-2004年12月和2005年5月对洞庭湖城陵矶、岳阳和沅江三个区域的鱼类进行逐月调查.共鉴定鱼类69种,隶属6目14科44属,其中59.4%为鲤科鱼类.以种类数和多样性指数分析了群落多样性特征,结果表明洞庭湖鱼类种类多样性较高,且时空变化较大.一般地,湖区与长江干流的距离越近,种类数达到峰值的时间就越早;鱼类多样性在春夏季高于秋冬季,在南洞庭湖高于其它两个区域.以优势度>5000为标准,全湖有17种优势种,其中80.0%为湖泊定居性鱼类.在生态类群方面,湖泊定居性鱼类种类最多,占总种类数的74.0%;江湖洄游性鱼类最少,占13.0%.对比分析显示,由于生境丧失、天然苗种资源衰退和过度捕捞等原因,洞庭湖鱼类多样性较20世纪70年代明显下降,洄游鱼类种类数减少;通江湖泊鱼类多样性明显高于阻隔湖泊,表明江湖阻隔造成鱼类多样性下降,因此,加强江湖连通是保护鱼类多样性的有效手段. 相似文献
4.
珠江干流梯级开发对鱼类的影响与减缓对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2013年6—7月对珠江龙滩库尾至长洲坝下江段干支流鱼类进行了调查,共采集到鱼类6418尾,隶属于10目23科82属122种.分析了渔获物的种类组成与分布、生态类型、珍稀濒危特有鱼类采样情况、各江段群落相似度和鱼类多样性等,并与该区域鱼类历史记录进行了对比分析.总体来看,珠江干流梯级开发后,由于大坝阻隔、水文情势改变等,鱼类资源发生了较大变化,河海洄游性鱼类和河口鱼类受大坝阻隔影响分布范围变窄;珍稀濒危特有鱼类由于生境破坏,种群规模变小,濒危程度加剧;库中江段流水性鱼类种类数和资源量显著下降,静缓流鱼类成为优势种;外来鱼类种类多、分布广.对导致珠江干流鱼类资源衰退的其他原因进行了分析,主要包括过度捕捞、生境破坏、水污染和外来鱼类入侵等.针对珠江干流梯级开发及鱼类资源现状,提出了栖息地保护、河流连通性恢复、鱼类增殖放流站建设、生态调度、渔政管理和生态补偿等措施建议. 相似文献
5.
七株眼虫基于微卫星DNA指纹图谱的区分和关系分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
研究了牛山湖小型鱼类的群落结构、种群密度和多样性．共捕获14种小型鱼类,以1龄鱼为主,其中红鳍原鲌、似鱎、麦穗鱼和鳑鲏是优势种群．小型鱼类的密度为5．9 ind／m2或14．0 g／m2．小型鱼类的群落多样性较低,以个体数为单位计算的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1．802,Simpson优势度指数为0．484, Pielou种类均匀度指数为0．503．水生植被是牛山湖小型鱼类群落分布的主要影响因子,水草生境中小型鱼类数量显著比无水草生境中多,水深和透明度对小型鱼类群落分布无显著性影响．通过合理调控湖泊鱼类群落结构和放养食鱼性鱼类来合理持续利用小型鱼类,有利于提高湖泊经济效益和生态效益． 相似文献
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根据鉴江流域21个观测点鱼类调查所收集的数据,结合历史资料的记录,初步构建基于鱼类生物完整性评价的26个初选指标,并根据指标属性分类进行初筛,对10个通过的候选指标进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析,确定了由总的种类数占期望值的百分比、鲤科鱼类占总种类数的百分比、鳑鲏亚科鱼类占总种类数的百分比、耐受性强鱼类占总种类数的百分比和产漂流性卵鱼类占总种类数的百分比共5个主评指标组成的生物完整性指数体系,并用于鉴江流域部分河段的生态健康评价.结果表明,凌江鱼类完整性相对较好,罗江一般,平定水、袂花江和鉴江干流较差,小东江最差;鉴江流域大多数河段的综合健康状态处于较差状态,需要对鉴江流域进行生态修复以达到相对健康状态.评价结果与河流受人为干扰的实际情况相吻合,研究构建的评价体系可供周边地区使用和借鉴. 相似文献
7.
湖南沅水五强溪水库鱼类资源现状及其历史变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
水电工程对鱼类生境和资源多样性具有重大的影响.于2012年4月-2014年3月,对湖南省沅水五强溪水库鱼类资源进行调查,以了解五强溪水库建成20年后鱼类资源的现状及多样性变化.结果表明,在五强溪水库共采集鉴定鱼类86种(包括引进种5种),隶属7目18科58属.种类组成以鲤形目种类数最多,占总种类数的66.28%.在五强溪水库库尾、库区和坝下江段,鱼类物种数分别为54、67和52,其中,库区与坝下江段之间鱼类群落为中等相似,库区与库尾、库尾与坝下江段之间鱼类群落为中等不相似.在生态类型上,水库鱼类呈现多样化特征,以湖泊定居性、杂食性和底栖性鱼类居多,分别占总种类数的68.60%、55.81%和41.86%.各江段渔获物组成存在一定差异,但黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、鲤(Cyprinuscarpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus)等在各江段均占有较高比例.渔获物产量和规格以库区较高,库尾、坝下江段偏低,鱼类小型化现象明显.与五强溪水库建成前相比,本次调查水库库区江段鱼类种类减少46种,降幅为40.71%,一些常见经济鱼类如鳤(Ochetobius elongatus)、白甲鱼(Onychostoma sima)、瓣结鱼(Brevifilis brevifilis)、长吻鮠(Leiocassis longirostris)等没有发现. 相似文献
8.
太湖流域河流鱼类群落的时空分布 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
确定河流鱼类群落的时空分布格局及其形成机制是开展鱼类物种多样性保护与管理的科学基础.基于2013年10月和2014年5月共2次对太湖流域57个河道样点的调查数据,初步研究太湖流域河流鱼类群落结构及其多样性的季节动态和空间分布特点.共采集鱼类5051尾,计46种,其中鲤科鱼类26种,占全部物种数的57%.10月份的鱼类多样性显著高于5月份,且2个季度的鱼类群落结构存在显著性差异.5个主要水系间的鱼类多样性差异显著,总体上,沿江水系和洮滆水系鱼类多样性较低,黄浦江水系居中,而南河水系和苕溪水系较高;鱼类群落结构也随水系而显著变化,主要表现为黄浦江水系与洮滆、苕溪和沿江水系呈显著差异.在2个一级生态分区之间,鱼类多样性无显著差异但群落结构显著不同,主要因、鲫、似鳊等优势种及宽鳍鱲、尖头鱥、中华青鳉、食蚊鱼等偶见种的空间分布差异所引起;在4个二级生态分区之间,鱼类多样性和群落结构均存在显著的空间变化. 相似文献
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长江徐六泾河段渔业群落结构(2005-2006年)及多样性初探 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据2005-2006年间徐六泾河段进行的渔业资源调查,初步研究了徐六泾河段渔业群落结构和多样性.调查到鱼类48种、虾类3种、蟹类2种,分别隶属于12目20科44属,其中江湖半洄游性渔业生物(青鱼、草鱼等)6种、江海洄游性渔业生物(刀鲚、鳗鲡等)7种、近海河口类渔业生物(斑尾复鰕虎、六带鲹等)9种,淡水定居性渔业生物31种.相对重要指数(IRI)大于1000的种类定为优势种,共有3种:日本沼虾、斑尾复鰕虎、鳊.多样性特征值为:Wilhm改进指数(H″)为3,Margalef指数(R″)为4.66,Pilou指数(E″)为0.76,McNaughton指数(D″)为0.22.利用生态类型、个体生物学特征、多样性指数、相对重要指数等分析了徐六泾河段的渔业群落结构及多样性现状,表明徐六泾河段渔业群落属于河口渔业群落与淡水渔业群落交叉的类型,相比长江其他江段,多样性处于中等水平,但群落结构不稳定,有小型化趋势. 相似文献
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长江安庆江段鱼类调查及物种多样性初步研究 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
对1990-2004年长江安庆江段鱼类及物种多样性进行了调查研究．该江段共有鱼类46种,分别隶属于9目14科．按迁徙习性可分为江湖半洄游性鱼类、洄游性鱼类、河口鱼类和定居性鱼类4大类型．小型定居性鱼类占优势,群落优势种为黄颡鱼、鲫、鲶、鲤．多样性特征值年间平均指标为:Margalef指数(R)1．54,Wilhm改进指数(H(?))2．14,McNaughton指数(Dw)0．44,Pielou指数(J’)0．75．经济鱼类趋于小型化,四大家鱼资源不容乐观．必须从根本上降低对长江的捕捞压力． 相似文献
11.
One ‘2020 vision’ for fluvial geomorphology is that it sits alongside stream ecology and hydraulic engineering as a key element of an integrated, interdisciplinary river science. A challenge to this vision is that scientists from these three communities may approach problems from different perspectives with different questions and have different methodological outlooks. Refining interdisciplinary methodology is important in this context, but raises a number of issues for geomorphologists, ecologists and engineers alike. In particular, we believe that it is important that there is greater dialogue about the nature of mutually‐valued questions and the adoption of mutually‐acceptable methods. As a contribution to this dialogue we examine the benefits and challenges of using physical experimentation in flume laboratories to ask interdisciplinary questions. Working in this arena presents the same challenges that experimental geomorphologists and engineers are familiar with (scaling up results, technical difficulties, realism) and some new ones including recognizing the importance of biological processes, identifying hydraulically meaningful biological groups, accommodating the singular behaviour of individuals and species, understanding biological as well as physical stimuli, and the husbandry and welfare of live organisms. These issues are illustrated using two examples from flume experiments designed (1) to understand how the movement behaviours of aquatic insects through the near‐bed flow field of gravelly river beds may allow them to survive flood events, and (2) how an understanding of the way in which fish behaviours and swimming capability are affected by flow conditions around artificial structures can lead to the design of effective fish passages. In each case, an interdisciplinary approach has been of substantial mutual benefit and led to greater insights than discipline‐specific work would have produced. Looking forward to 2020, several key challenges for experimentalists working on the interface of fluvial geomorphology, stream ecology and hydraulic engineering are identified. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Aristides Moustakas Ioannis Karakassis 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(6):737-748
The use of the term “biodiversity” in the aquatic literature has expanded rapidly during the last years. In this paper, we
address the influence of the geographic, social and economic characteristics of a country in the published effort as it appears
in the bibliography from the corresponding author of each publication. Social and geographic characteristics are expressed
by coast length, population, the population living a maximum of 100 km from the coast, population density, total fish catches,
and continental shelf surface. Economic characteristics are expressed by gross national product, gross national product per
capita, footprint and ecological deficit. Our results showed that the majority of the published aquatic biodiversity research
was in aquatic ecology journals. The number of publications referring to marine biodiversity per country of origin of the
corresponding author was significantly correlated to the length of coastline, fisheries production, gross national product,
population density and other economic, social and geographic characteristics of the country. Most of the highly publishing
countries are developed countries with an ecologically harmful lifestyle. The research per country carried out in non-adjacent
to the country sea zones remains low. 相似文献
13.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1163-1176
AbstractAn area of rainforest in Trinidad (10°N, 61°W) is remarkably rich in biodiversity, and receives the highest amount of rainfall in the island due to its orography and the dominant northeast trade winds. However, a year-round transfer of water from its pristine rivers is likely in the future, with ecological consequences. The results of a pilot study are presented, based on a simple, and graphical, segment-scale multi-objective methodology for the estimation of the optimal instream flow of the 13 rivers in this area. This methodology is based on a dimensionless ecohydrological factor, Δ, which enables the required hydraulic mean depth at a river cross-section to be expressed in terms of the average species length at maturity for a target group of amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles. Moreover, the methodology considers the socio-economic cost of ecological degradation brought about by streamflow abstraction, as well as the economic benefit of the same. An example illustrates the estimation of optimal instream flow for a value of Δ and, thereby, the corresponding optimal river intake operating rule, based on the hydraulic characteristics of a 0.1 km segment of one of the rivers, for the 20-year average dry (January—May) and wet (June–December) seasons. The limitations of the pilot study, and areas for further research, are also highlighted with a hope that it will ultimately evolve into a decision-making tool for water resources management. 相似文献
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水文连通性作为连接河湖水体间物质、能量及信息传递与交换的关键纽带,对水环境、水生态和生境状况具有联动与触发反馈作用,已成为水文学、水利学和生态学等诸多领域的研究热点.太湖流域作为全国典型的流域性密集平原河网区,在快速城镇化背景下,河湖水文连通关系变化剧烈并引起了一系列生态环境效应.本文以水文连通性概念与内涵为背景,对太湖流域水文连通性研究进行了综述.太湖流域水文连通性评价方法以图论法、景观格局指数及水文连通性函数等方法联合使用为主,且聚焦于区域尺度研究;演变过程按人类活动影响强度大致划分为自然水系形成阶段、古代人类活动影响阶段和现代人类活动影响阶段;气候变化和人类活动共同影响着太湖流域水文连通性变化,近百年来水利工程建设和城市化进程等人类活动的影响尤为剧烈;良好的水文连通性有利于汛期减轻流域洪涝灾害及非汛期保障水资源供给,但水文连通性的提高对水环境和水生态的效应由于涉及因素众多尚存在争议.针对当前研究现状和存在问题,提出(1)平原河网区水文连通性的定量表征与评估是水文连通性研究的前提;(2)定量解析流域水文连通性的驱动机制是水文连通性研究的重点;(3)深入跟踪大型引水调水工程对流域水文连通影响及其效应是一项长期任务;(4)兼顾环境生态效应的水利工程生态化改造研究,开展工程控制背景下的流域水文连通多目标优化调控,是实现太湖流域洪水调蓄、水资源供给、水环境净化、生物多样性维持等生态系统服务协同提升的重要途径. 相似文献
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We classified homogenous river types across Europe and searched for fish metrics qualified to show responses to specific pressures (hydromorphological pressures or water quality pressures) vs. multiple pressures in these river types. We analysed fish taxa lists from 3105 sites in 16 ecoregions and 14 countries. Sites were pre-classified for 15 selected pressures to separate unimpacted from impacted sites. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to split unimpacted sites into four homogenous river types based on species composition and geographical location. Classification trees were employed to predict associated river types for impacted sites with four environmental variables. We defined a set of 129 candidate fish metrics to select the best reacting metrics for each river type. The candidate metrics represented tolerances/intolerances of species associated with six metric types: habitat, migration, water quality sensitivity, reproduction, trophic level and biodiversity. The results showed that 17 uncorrelated metrics reacted to pressures in the four river types. Metrics responded specifically to water quality pressures and hydromorphological pressures in three river types and to multiple pressures in all river types. Four metrics associated with water quality sensitivity showed a significant reaction in up to three river types, whereas 13 metrics were specific to individual river types. Our results contribute to the better understanding of fish assemblage response to human pressures at a pan-European scale. The results are especially important for European river management and restoration, as it is necessary to uncover underlying processes and effects of human pressures on aquatic communities. 相似文献
16.
Floods can destroy fish habitat. During a flood a fish has to seek shelters (refuges) to survive. It is necessary to know the maximum discharge that the fish can sustain against the strong current. Ecological and hydraulic engineers can simulate the flow condition of high flow for designing the refuge when restoring and enhancing the rivers are needed. Based on the average ratio of the mean and maximum velocities invariant with time, discharge and water level, this paper tries to introduce the concept of ecological high flow. The mean‐maximum velocity ratio can be used to estimate the mean velocity of the river. If the maximum velocity of the cross section is replaced by the maximum sustained swimming speeds of fish, the mean velocity of ecological high flow can be calculated with the constant ratio. The cross‐sectional area can be estimated by the gage height. Then the ecological high flow can be estimated as the product of mean velocity of ecological high flow multiplied by the cross‐sectional area. The available data of the upstream of the Dacha River where is the habitat of the Formosan landlocked salmon were used to illustrate the estimation of the ecological high flow. Any restoration project at Sonmou that try to improve the stream habitat can use the ecological high flow to design the hydraulic structure at suitable location to offer refuges for the Formosan landlocked salmon that is an endangered species in Taiwan Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Nobuo Ishiyama Takumi Akasaka Futoshi Nakamura 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2014,76(3):437-449
Management of wetland connectivity is important for biodiversity conservation. In the modern agricultural landscape, the natural connections between floodplain wetlands have been greatly altered. Agricultural ditches and channelized streams are widely distributed in floodplains, which may contribute to the maintenance of wetland connectivity and biodiversity. To determine how these watercourse networks affect wetland biodiversity, we examined the relationship between the species richness of aquatic animals and wetland connectivity, with a special focus on species mobility. From July to August 2011, fish and aquatic insects were collected from 24 wetlands in northern Japan. To determine the degree of wetland connectivity, we assessed the relative importance of individual wetlands in maintaining the entire wetland network using two connectivity indices: hydrologic connectivity via watercourses and spatial connectivity defined as Euclidian distances between wetlands using graph theory. We found that only high mobility groups of both taxa could enhance species richness in either a hydrologic (fish) or spatial (insect) wetland network. The species richness of insects with high-flying ability was found to increase as spatial connectivity increased. Furthermore, the species richness of fish with high-swimming ability was positively influenced by hydrologic connectivity, most likely because highly mobile species were able to reach suitable habitats and migrate from source populations in a wetland network owing to their good mobility. Our findings indicate that hydrologic network is important for maintaining biodiversity as well as spatial connectivity. It is important to focus conservation efforts on key wetlands with high hydrologic and spatial connectivity in future wetland management. 相似文献
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An effective management of the rapidly dwindling marine fish resources is of great ecological, economic and social importance for the future. An over-development of commercial fisheries has brought about a multitude of negative environmental impacts, such as an accelerated exploitation of stocks or a decrease of marine biodiversity, and furthermore, a profound structural change in fish industry. However, the main reason for the non-prosperous rationing of marine resources is the lack of knowledge about certain processes as well as the non-availability of adequate steering instruments. This paper addresses the lack of conceptualization in the case of uncertain knowledge. It proposes a model approach which can be used for weak but improved decision support under the premise of vague knowledge. The usage of qualitative differential equations illustrates general patterns of overcapitalization of fishing fleets. The extension of traditional model approaches by integration of additional socio-economic phenomena in this context supplies deeper insights in the dynamics of a coupled economic and ecological system. The approach provides a set of characteristic system behaviours which can be fruitfully used for the development of future management tasks. 相似文献