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1.
四川省都江堰市龙池地区泥石流危险性评价研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震灾区震后泥石流灾害较震前活跃,对灾区泥石流危险性进行评价是灾后重建过程中合理防灾减灾的基础工作。通过研究泥石流灾害事件中的泥石流规模、泥石流沟堆积扇面积及相应的灾害损失等基础资料,提出以泥石流在泥石流沟堆积扇上的平均堆积厚度替代泥石流规模作为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法。用该方法对汶川震区都江堰市龙池镇龙溪河流域2010年"8.13"泥石流事件中的29条沟谷型泥石流进行危险性评价,评价结果中9条为高度危险,12条为中度危险,8条为低度危险。用以泥石流规模为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法进行对比评价,2种评价方法中有65.5%的泥石流的危险性评价结果一致。以泥石流沟堆积扇平均堆积厚度为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法更能突出规模对泥石流综合危险度的贡献,能更好地反映小泥石流流域和小泥石流堆积扇的泥石流在中小规模的泥石流总量下的危险程度。 相似文献
2.
冲积扇是发育于盆地边缘的一种重要的沉积相类型。近20年来,在冲积扇分布的控制作用、内部构型及储集层特征研究等方面取得了很大的进展:(1)深化了断层活动、物源岩性条件及不同级次基准面旋回对冲积扇沉积构型的控制作用机理;(2)建立了碎屑流主控、碎屑流与河流主控、河流主控的冲积扇以及末端扇的沉积构型模式;(3)分析了冲积扇沉积机制及沉积构型对储集层质量的控制作用。今后有必要充分应用水槽模拟实验、沉积数值模拟和探地雷达等先进技术,对冲积扇沉积过程、内部构型及储集层非均质性进行更为深入的研究。 相似文献
3.
川藏铁路某车站位于藏东南冻错曲沟谷内,处于泥石流集中暴发区。采用现场调查、遥感解译等方法对影响车站的泥石流群孕灾环境和发育特征进行了深入研究。结果表明:该区以发育包括10条暴雨型泥石流与2条冰湖溃决泥石流在内的泥石流群为特征,地形地貌、水源动力和物源对泥石流群的发育起主要控制性作用。泥石流沟的流域形态完整系数集中在0.15～0.55之间,多为长条形与栎叶形,沟床的纵比降整体偏大,有利于泥石流的水源汇聚和发生。而泥石流流域内的沟道岸坡坡度多为20°～40°,相对有利于泥石流物源的补给。对该泥石流群中的12条泥石流沟进行动力学参数计算,分析其运动特征和发展趋势,认为该泥石流群的堆积扇普遍比较明显且未修建防治工程,在极端暴雨条件下,再次暴发较大规模泥石流的可能性大。最后评价了单沟暴发及冻错曲两岸对冲暴发场景下泥石流群对线路的潜在工程影响并给出了防治对策,建议线路在穿越泥石流沟部位布设排导槽或停淤堤进行束流归流,并对桥墩做好迎水面防块石撞击措施。研究结果对川藏铁路泥石流防治工程规划设计具有一定指导意义,也可为山区交通干线的合理选线提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
Debris flow formation conditions and optimal characteristics of drainage canal following Wenchuan earthquake 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The debris flow formation conditions changed after the Wenchuan earthquake. For studying the optimal characteristics of the
drainage canal under the changed formation conditions, the Zhangjia gully in Beichuan County, a typical debris flow gully,
was selected as the study area. Two debris flow events occurred on September 24, 2008 and July 17, 2009, respectively, which
threatened the safety of the inhabitants and destroyed the properties and transportation routes on the alluvial fan. Huge
amounts of solid loose materials triggered by the earthquake and the effective antecedent precipitation were responsible for
the debris flow occurrence. For eliminating the damage caused by debris flows, the construction of a drainage canal on the
alluvial fan became necessary. A design method for the optimal cross-section characteristics of a debris flow drainage canal
is discussed in this paper. Using the standard measurements for the depth (h) and the width (b), the cross-section size parameter (F) and the cross-section configuration parameter (M) under optimal hydraulic conditions are defined and deduced. Subsequently, formulas for calculating the cross-section measurements
are deduced under optimal hydraulic conditions when peak discharge (Q), grain composition (D
50 and D
10), and longitudinal slope (I) are known. Finally, this method is applied for the cross-section design of the debris flow drainage canal in Zhangjia gully. 相似文献
5.
岷县簸箕沟金矿因人类开采活动引发了矿山泥石流灾害.采用FLO-2D软件模拟分析了降雨强度重现期50 a及100 a条件下的簸箕沟泥石流运动特征,进行危险性评价和分区,并结合实际发生情况做了精度验证.结果表明：簸箕沟泥石流的堆积扇范围、堆积深度以及平均流速等运动特征参数随着降雨重现周期的变长而增大,堆积扇中部的堆积深度及流速明显大于两翼及前端.泥石流的危险区集中分布于泥石流沟道以及沟口一定范围内.随着降雨重现周期的变长,高危险区面积比例由48%升高至54.0%.通过精度验证得出模拟结果与实际情况基本相符,可信度较高. 相似文献
6.
Prediction of the run-out distance of the debris flow based on the velocity attenuation coefficient 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Yongbo Tie 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(3):1589-1601
Our aim is to determine the run-out distance of the debris flow that is crucial in the assessment, prevention and control of the debris flow hazard. Based on the variation characteristic of debris flow velocity in the alluvial fan, this paper proposes the calculation method of the velocity attenuation coefficient of the debris flow. By defining the velocity attenuation coefficient and deducing its calculating formula, this paper puts forward a new method to determine the run-out distance of the debris flow based on the velocity attenuation coefficient, and Gangou debris flow in Luding County, Sichuan Province is selected as a case for calculation and verification. Having 10 m as its measuring spacing, this paper measured 19 sections at the alluvial fan of the Gangou debris flow (among them, 11 sets of data are valid). And based on the measurement, this paper analyzes the characteristic of the velocity attenuation and calculates its velocity attenuation coefficient after the 2005 debris flow. The study indicates that when the velocity of Gangou debris flow at the alluvial fan is greater than 12 % of the initial velocity (at the mouth of gully), the attenuation is quite remarkable. But when the velocity at the alluvial fan is less than 12 % of the initial velocity, the attenuation is quite slow. Besides, when Gangou debris flow rushes out of the gully mouth (the initial velocity is 10 m/s) and when it attenuates to the 32 time, its velocity is less than 0.1 m/s, the debris flow is considered to stop flowing, and the run-out distance of Gangou debris flow is calculated to be 320 m. But the present alluvial fan of Gangou debris flow is measured to be 285 m in length, and the calculated run-out distance is 320 m, which is 35 m longer than its present length. This means when the debris flow runs out in 2005, it blocked up the main river (Dadu River) in some extent. And this finding is generally in accordance with that from the field survey. The findings can be of theoretical and practical significance in the debris flow hazard assessment, as well as its prevention and mitigation. 相似文献
7.
Bedrock lithology control on contemporaneous alluvial fan facies, Oligo-Miocene, southern Pyrenees, Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Climate and tectonics play important roles in controlling processes of transport and deposition on alluvial fans, but the bedrock lithology in the fan catchment area is also a significant, independent factor. Adjacent Oligo-Miocene alluvial fan deposits on the northern margin of the Ebro Basin display contrasting depositional characteristics with one dominated by the deposits of debris flows and the other by deposition from flows of water. A difference in clast compositions indicates that the two studied fans (the Nueno and San Julián fans) had contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. The proximal facies of the Nueno fan body contains matrix-supported conglomerate beds with up to 80% pebble clasts of gypsum in a matrix of gypsiferous sand, interbedded with gypsarenite beds. The drainage basin of this fan was dominated by Triassic bedrock consisting of beds of gypsum, marl and micritic limestone. The San Julián fan body comprises clast-supported, polymict conglomerate beds containing pebbles from Triassic, Cretaceous and Palaeogene limestone units that are exposed in the adjacent part of the basin margin. The interfingering of the deposits of these two fans demonstrates that they were contemporaneous. Given the consistent climate, the differences in fan depositional processes must therefore be attributed to the contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. A drainage basin consisting mainly of marl and gypsum bedrock provided sufficient fine-grained material to generate debris flows, whereas more dilute, water-lain processes dominated where the drainage basin was largely limestone strata. 相似文献
8.
AbstractAlluvial fans are abundant in many valleys of the Alps, consisting of important sites for human settlements. Relationships between alluvial fan morphometry and drainage basin characteristics have been investigated in six valleys of the Eastern Italian Alps, displaying different geological and morphological conditions. Both debris flow fans and fluvial fans are present in the studied region, the latest occurring only in quite large basins. Expansion of alluvial fans is greatly determined by the topographic characteristics of receiving valleys. Fan gradient is mainly affected by basin ruggedness conditioning depositional processes, by debris size, and, in some cases, by post-depositional reworking of fan surfaces. 相似文献
9.
On 13 August 2010, significant debris flows were triggered by intense rainfall events in Wenchuan earthquake-affected areas, destroying numerous houses, bridges, and traffic facilities. To investigate the impact force of debris flows, a fluid–structure coupled numerical model based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics is established in this work. The debris flow material is modeled as a viscous fluid, and the check dams are simulated as elastic solid (note that only the maximum impact forces are evaluated in this work). The governing equations of both phases are solved respectively, and their interaction is calculated. We validate the model with the simulation of a sand flow model test and confirm its ability to calculate the impact force. The Wenjia gully and Hongchun gully debris flows are simulated as the application of the coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamic model. The propagation of the debris flows is then predicted, and we obtain the evolution of the impact forces on the check dams. 相似文献
10.
拟建猴子岩水电站移民安置点位于江口沟泥石流堆积扇上,通过现场调查泥石流形成条件和运动特征,获得了1958年发生的50 a一遇泥石流危险区范围,根据雨洪法计算确定了泥石流的相关运动学参数。使用基于有限体积法的CFX软件,选择Bingham流变模型对江口沟泥石流流动过程的液面分布情况和速度场进行了三维数值模拟,得出了泥石流危险区范围和速度场分布情况。模拟结果显示,江口沟50 a一遇泥石流流过堆积区的平均速度为5.76 m/s,其中最大速度为13.59 m/s。数值模拟计算得出的危险范围较1958年扩大,是因为早期泥石流堆积物将原有地面特别是沟道附近地面抬高,使得现状条件下泥石流更容易向两侧漫流泛滥而扩大。上述结果为泥石流防治工程设计及危险区范围划定提供了一种新的方法,对工程实践具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
11.
烧房沟滑坡型泥石流工程治理及效果分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
国内对泥石流治理措施谷坊坝、格栅坝的作用和效果研究较多,而对滑坡型泥石流的综合治理措施和效果研究较少。2010.8.14强降雨过程导致汶川震区映秀镇烧房沟滑坡型泥石流暴发,通过分析其运动过程和现状沟道特征,结合滑坡堵点和沟道深切的特点,治理工程采用防堵防切综合工程结构形式:上游谷防群+中游抗滑桩、挡土板和肋板护脚护底+下游3座格栅坝+渡槽明洞跨越G213,并分析各分项工程作用:减弱龙头动能+控制LS01堵点、保护鞋尖+拦粗放细、顺畅排导。最后利用2010.8.14与2013.7.10的历史降雨量和固体参与量对比、工程治理前后动储量对比和各分项工程治理前后的沟道特点对比,验证了烧房沟滑坡型泥石流综合治理工程的效果良好。为今后震区滑坡型泥石流工程防治提供参考。 相似文献
12.
Large-volume debris flow events are defined when the volume of solid materials exceeds 1 million m3. Traditional engineering measures, such as check dams, diversion channels, and flumes, are effective for normal debris flow
control but are not sufficient to control large-volume debris flows. Experiments were conducted with an artificial step-pool
system on the new Wenjiagou Gully to mitigate large-volume debris flows. The old Wenjiagou Gully was buried by 81.6 million
m3 of loose solid material created by a landslide that was triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. The new gully
was formed during the scouring process caused by debris flows in 2008. Large-volume debris flows were initiated by rainstorm
flood with high kinetic energy. The artificial step-pool system was constructed with huge and big boulders on the new Wenjiagou
Gully in 2009. The step-pool system dissipated flow energy in steps and hydraulic jumps. Analysis proved that the step-pool
system dissipated two-third of the kinetic energy of flow; thus, the critical discharge for triggering debris flow increased
threefold. Due to the step-pool system maximized the flow resistance and protected the bed sediment and banks from erosion,
the rainstorm floods in 2009 did not trigger debris flows. In 2010, the step-pool system was replaced with 20 check dams.
Huge boulders were broken into small pieces of diameter less than 0.5 m and were used as building materials for the 20 dams.
Without the protection of the step-pool system, a rainstorm flood scoured the base of the dams and caused failures for all
of the 20 check dams in August 2010. The flow incised the gully bed by 50 m. The loose bank materials slid into the flow mixed
with water and formed a large-volume debris flow with a volume of 4.5 million m3. Many houses were buried by the debris flow, and 12 people were killed. Comparison of the two strategies proved that energy
dissipation structures are necessary for controlling large-volume debris flows. Check dams, if they are stable, may reduce
the potential of bank failures and control debris flows. The step-pool system dissipates flow energy and control gully bed
incision and bank failure. A combination of check dams and step-pool systems may be the most effective for mitigating debris
flows. 相似文献
13.
汶川地震后,流域内产生大量松散物源,使走马岭沟由一季节性冲沟演变为一条潜在泥石流沟,在地震后的3个汛期内发生多次泥石流,并造成灾害,其中以2008-9-24泥石流和2010-8-13泥石流最为严重。本文利用3期遥感影像并结合野外调查,对走马岭沟泥石流的形成条件进行了论述,对比分析了走马岭泥石流沟2008年、2009年、2010年3个汛期后流域的动态变化特征,主要表现为:(1)在不同降雨强度下,走马岭泥石流具有复合型物源区启动方式,并先从局部性支沟发生泥石流,进而演变为整个流域全面暴发泥石流。(2)经历了2008年、2009年、2010年3个雨季后,走马岭流域物源储量及物源供给形式发生变化,其中崩塌规模增加了1.87%; 滑坡增加了25.35%; 沟道及坡面松散堆积减少了67.47%,减少部分大部分转化为泥石流沟道堆积物。(3)不同降雨强度下,走马岭泥石流堆积区范围边界变化明显,且不同堆积扇间存在叠加关系; 结合走马岭"9·24"堆积扇范围和"8·13"堆积扇前缘堆积痕迹及影像特征,推测出走马岭"8·13"堆积扇堆积面积约8.76×104m2。最后对泥石流成因机理及发展趋势进行了初步分析。结果显示,走马岭为一高频泥石流沟,仍具备形成大规模泥石流的条件。 相似文献
14.
The formation of runoff-generated debris flow in Southwestern of China: take Gangou as an example 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
In the mountain area of Southwestern China, there are large quantities of runoff-generated debris flows that are threatening the local people and facilities seriously. Gangou is a typical runoff-generated debris flow; its source is old deposit from floods and the debris flows downstream of the channel. On June 30, 2005, Gangou occurred debris flow, the debris flow destroying the road, the communications facilities and the farmland at the gully mouth. Unlike the formation mechanisms of other debris flows, the formation of 2005 debris flow in Gangou has its distinctive characteristics as follows. (1) The supply of the loose sources is intensive and distribute near the mouth of the gully; it is rare to see any debris flow initiate at such a lower location. (2) The debris flow finishes its initiation, flow and deposition around the 700-m-long channel, accompanied with the blocking process in the gully when the debris flow ran out; however, 10 min later, it releases and amplifies the peak flow about three times. (3) The topographic condition of the basin does not contribute much to the formation of the 2005 debris flow; instead, its formation is the result of the co-effort of continuous rainfall and a short-time heavy rainfall. In other words, the previous cumulative precipitation enables the moisture content of the soil on the right bank of the gully to reach saturation; then the soil slides into the channel under the action of the heavy rainfall at a later time. Meanwhile, the heavy rainfall accelerates the formation of gully run-off and initiates the loose mass in the channel from slide, thus forming the debris flow. 相似文献
15.
冲积扇砂砾岩储集层具有相变快、连续性差等特点,显示冲积扇内部沉积环境的复杂性。本次研究以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例,在丰富的野外露头资料基础上,结合区域水文资料以及冲积扇文献资料,对白杨河冲积扇沉积演化特征及沉积模式进行探讨。按其沉积机制,白杨河冲积扇属于辫状河型冲积扇,具有规模大(扇体总面积约327.6km2)、坡度平缓(约4‰~7‰)、沉积粒度粗和漫洪细粒沉积物不发育的典型特征。在白杨河冲积扇内共可识别出16种岩相类型,并根据岩相形成的流体动力差异划归为5类成因,即重力流成因、高流态牵引流成因、低流态牵引流成因、静水沉积成因以及风成沉积成因。白杨河冲积扇扇体建造过程可划分为洪水期和间洪期2个时期,洪水期以沉积作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根补给水道沉积、扇根片流沉积、扇中片流沉积、扇中辫状水道沉积、扇缘径流水道沉积和扇缘湿地沉积6种沉积微相类型;间洪期以改造作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根主槽沉积、扇中辫状沟槽沉积和扇缘湿地沉积3种沉积微相类型。最后,依据白杨河冲积扇建立了砾质辫状河型冲积扇洪水期和间洪期的沉积模式。 相似文献
16.
17.
The characteristics, classification and origin of late Pleistocene fan deposits in the Cass Basin, Canterbury, New Zealand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J. L. McARTHUR 《Sedimentology》1987,34(3):459-471
The deposits comprising 'valley-side fans' in a small intermontane basin of the Southern Alps are classified as debris flow, water-laid, intermediate and mixed deposits on the basis of particle size and clast orientation characteristics. Five varieties of debris flow deposit are identified including unimodal and bimodal 'mudflow gravels'. The fans comprise mainly unimodal mudflow gravels which although apparently similar to the mudflow gravels described from montane and periglacial environments are coarser, have less silt and clay and are better sorted than the mudflow deposits described from semiarid alluvial fans. Additions of airborne silt and fine sand to the fan catchments during later stages of fan building gave rise to bimodal debris flow deposits which appear similar to gravels described from cold-climate fans in Tasmania and classed as water-laid deposits. Braided stream deposits were added to the depositional sequence towards the closing stages of fan building indicating that the fan had become 'wetter'. In many places, however, the youngest Pleistocene fan deposits are silt-rich mixtons reflecting a peak in loess deposition. 相似文献
18.
在缺失可靠降雨数据的地区,为解决泥石流暴发频率这一现实问题,从泥石流形成机理出发,由泥石流堆积特征反演形成条件,构建了基于数值模拟的泥石流暴发频率计算模型。该模型利用泥石流固体物质量估算模型和流域洪水流量推算模型,确定固体物质量、洪水流量、泥沙体积浓度后,通过FLO-2D流体模型计算得到与实际情况最符合的模拟情景,即可反推出已发泥石流事件的暴发频率。并以7 4石棉县马颈子沟和熊家沟泥石流为例,计算出两处泥石流的暴发频率皆为100年一遇,案例研究表明,该模型具备定量确定泥石流暴发频率的能力,对于泥石流预警预报和防灾减灾具有较强的理论和实践意义。 相似文献
19.
Landslides - Check dams, which mitigate debris flow hazards, have been widely applied in mountainous areas. Usually, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of these mitigation works. With the... 相似文献
20.
由于2020年10月3日四川省阿坝州理县米亚罗镇突发暴雨,二经里沟暴发了泥石流,损坏沟口的高速公路,并堵塞河道。为了探索泥石流龙头运动特征,选取二经里沟为研究对象,通过调查分析得到泥石流物源分布及规模、沟道形态等特征,采用FLOW-3D数值模拟方法对该泥石流的运动特征进行分析。依据泥石流运动过程的不同特征,将全过程划分为物源汇集、运动特征突变、持续发展、泥沙堆积4个阶段,经验证模拟精度达88.98%。结合泥石流流动速度和堆积深度计算其强度指数,将其划分为4个等级并绘制强度分布图,其中极高强度区占2.4%,高强度区占5.1%,中强度区占13.6%,低强度区占78.9%。并通过三维建模在沟道拟设拦挡坝,模拟分析其对泥石流的减灾效果,为今后防治工程的修建提供科学依据。 相似文献