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1.
Palaeocurrent and palaeohydrologic analysis of some vertical profiles through a Cretaceous braided stream deposit, Banks Island, Arctic Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ANDREW D. MIALL 《Sedimentology》1976,23(4):459-483
A study of directional variability has been carried out on five vertical profiles containing a total of approximately 195 superimposed planar crossbed sets. The latter are interpreted as the deposits of braid bars. Detailed measurements on one set revealed within-set variance of 93. Within river tract, between-bar variance was obtained by calculating a ten-point moving average for each profile, and subtracting the actual azimuth at each point from the moving average value. Variance at this level is 980, which compares closely with data obtained from modern braided streams. Variability in the moving average azimuth is interpreted as the result of meander migration in the entire channel system. Sinuosity can be estimated from this variability, using a geometrical approximation. It ranges from 1.03 to 1.13. Changes in stream competency with time are indicated by vertical changes in directional variance and set thickness. When accompanied by changes in mean azimuth, as in one of the present five profiles, the data suggest successive deposition by two distinct stream systems. A Markov chain analysis of the data sequence indicates a weak memory effect. Short sequences of bar deposits were formed by streams which varied little in orientation, and these are separated from one another by sequences showing random directional fluctuation. The hydrology of the Isachsen rivers was investigated using Schumm's (1968a, b, 1969, 1972) empirical relationships for modern rivers. Owing to inherent uncertainties in these relationships and a wide margin of error in the input data (principally associated with estimates of depth and width of the Isachsen streams), the results have a validity only at the order-of-magnitude level. Individual Isachsen rivers are estimated to have had drainage areas of between 5000 and 30,000 km2; this information is of use in reconstructions of palaeogeography and tectonic history. 相似文献
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3.
岩石渗透率的大小往往具有明显的方向性,因而方向渗透率是矢量。介绍了方向渗透率的地质成因;分析了在理解和应用岩石渗透率矢量特性时容易混淆的一些认识,并指出：不能把两个不同方向上的渗透率矢量合成在一起而作为该合矢量所对应方向上的岩石渗透率,也不能把渗透率矢量在某个方向上的投影作为该投影方向上的渗透率值。此外,还推导建立了一种各向异性渗透率的定量计算模型,据此,可以计算出平面内任意方向上的岩石渗透率值。该渗透率计算模型可用于油藏数值模拟中不同方向上的传导率计算以及各向异性油藏中不同方位上的井距设计。 相似文献
4.
一种实用的等值线型数据网格化方法 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
数据网格化通常包括三大类:测线型数据网格化、等值线型数据网格化和离散点型数据网格化。文中研究的等值线型数据分块存储、网格点八方位搜索插值的网格化方法较好地解决了平面等值线型数字化数据的网格化计算问题,其计算数据量大,实用性强,精度高,计算速度快。 相似文献
5.
珠江口盆地白云凹陷中央底辟带的发现及识别 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
白云凹陷属珠江口盆地的一个次级构造单元.通过对二维地震剖面上模糊带的分析, 凹陷中心发育北西西向展布、面积约1000km2的底辟带, 底辟幅度最大可达8km.高精度磁力资料显示底辟带为一个低磁异常区.底辟构造包括龟背上拱、弱刺穿、气烟囱、底辟断层(或裂缝)、海底麻坑等类型, 主要发源于断陷期深湖相的文昌组(始新统) —恩平组(上始新统-下渐新统), 其次为坳陷期浅海-深海相沉积的珠江组(下中新统) —韩江组(中中新统) 的两套巨厚富泥沉积层.白云凹陷具有快速沉降、细粒充填为主、以及新生代的右旋张扭性应力场, 共同造就了凹陷中央底辟带的发育.底辟构造的存在反映了白云凹陷中心曾经蕴育着高温、超压系统, 与之密切伴生的大量亮点指示着沿底辟构造的天然气垂向输导, 构成了古近系油气运移到新近系—第四系的成藏动力系统. 相似文献
6.
淮南顾桥煤矿层滑构造形成机制探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对淮南顾桥煤矿构造应力场解析及工作面层滑构造等引起的异常区展布统计分析,并结合模拟实验手段,对顾桥矿区层滑构造形成机制进行了探讨。研究认为,顾桥矿区印支期以来至少经历了2期挤压构造应力场作用;工作面发育顶底皆断、顶断底不断和底断顶不断3种类型的正断层,层滑变薄区和正断层呈近东西方向展布;近东西方向的挤压应力场是形成顾桥矿层滑构造的力学机制。模拟实验表明,层滑变薄区展布与伸展方向近于垂直,正断层是层滑变薄区的边界,层滑变薄区具有成带性、方向性和间隔性。 相似文献
7.
Exposures in a now-infilled pit mined for platiniferous UG2 chromitite in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, are described. The layer of chromitite is underlain by anorthosite, providing a dramatic colour contrast. The interface between these two rock types shows evidence of various scales of irregularities. In plan view, small circular depressions, less than 3 cm across and 5 mm deep, occupy about 20% of the surface. Between them, the contact is planar. The anorthosite, immediately underlying the chromitite, has a planar fabric visible in thin sections that is not disturbed beneath these small depressions. Another set of depressions occurs, about 40 cm in diameter and with variable depth (< 40 cm). Again they are approximately circular. Larger structures, called potholes, reach several metres. No regular distribution pattern is apparent in any of these structures.
Several possible processes are reviewed for the origin of these irregularities, especially the small-scale structures, but none explains all the features noted. These processes include remelting, diapirism, impact-generated dimpling, gas escape, and interference rippling. We present a photographic record of these structures, but present no definitive model for their interpretation. 相似文献
8.
Crystalline rocks from breccias of the Ries basin, Germany, contain highly deformed quartz. Various planar deformation structures could be observed and classified into five different types: (1) Decorated planar elements, (2) Non-decorated planar elements, (3) Homogeneous lamellae, (4) Filled lamellae, (5) Planar fractures. All these structures are parallel to crystallographic planes: {10¯13}, {10¯12}, {10¯11}, {0001},{11¯21}, {11¯22}, {21¯31}, {51¯61}, {10¯10}. The most typical and most abundant planar structures are decorated and nondecorated planar elements parallel to {10¯13} and {10¯12}. Planar fractures are parallel to {0001} and {10¯11} and form at lower stress levels, probably earlier than the planar elements.Quartz containing planar elements, especially of the non-decorated type, has lower density, index of refraction and birefringence than normal quartz. This quartz is apparently a mixture of an amorphous phase and crystalline quartz, the amount of which can be calculated using average density or refractive index.Comparison of planar quartz structures found in tectonites and those produced artificially under static or dynamic high pressure conditions demonstrates that Ries quartz closely resembles deformed quartz recovered from shock wave experiments. The planar structures found in Ries quartz have been formed by shock wave actions with peak pressures in the 100–400 kbar range.Planar elements are explained to be traces of gliding processes during shock loading visible due to the fact that a high pressure phase (stishovite and/or a stishovite-like glass phase) has been produced along the glide planes. Upon pressure release most of the high pressure phase was transformed into an SiO2-glass (diaplectic glass).In comparison with experimental data the amount of residual crystalline quartz as well as type and orientation of planar structures in the quartz grains are clues to estimate the peak pressures responsible for these deformations. Shock waves with peak pressures exceeding about 400 kbar completely transform quartz into diaplectic SiO2-glass. 相似文献
9.
受高瓦斯/承压奥灰水威胁的工作面开采前,一般采取定向钻进技术在工作面底板开展压裂或注浆工程保障开采安全。利用底板定向钻孔开展孔中探测工作,可更加精细揭露工作面内隐伏构造,还可实现“一孔多用”。为解决定向钻孔内的探测问题,提出一种在水平定向钻孔中进行直流电阻率法探查的方法。定向钻孔施工完毕后,退出定向钻孔施工的通缆钻杆,送入内平钻杆,将孔中高密度电缆通过钻杆尾端特制水便送入钻孔,使孔中电缆平铺于钻孔中,在定向钻孔水平段,进行孔内直流电阻率法径向探测。在理论上通过数值模拟研究层状介质下单孔测量工作模式的接收信号衰减规律、视电阻率曲线变化特征、顶底板岩性对测量结果的影响等,并采用单孔测量数据对孔旁异常范围进行反演定位。数值模拟研究表明,孔中电阻率探测方法对隐伏的异常体有良好的探测效果。通过在陕西韩城某矿井下实际煤层底板探测试验,对研究区2个定向抽采钻孔孔中探测数据进行处理,反演结果异常区与工作面内隐伏小断层位置吻合,验证了定向钻孔中电缆布置的可行性和定向钻孔内通过孔内径向和孔间透视探测隐伏构造的可靠性。 相似文献
10.
为研究二连盆地胜利煤田构造及成因问题,以野外地质调查及煤田地质资料分析为基础,结合前人研究成果,分析研究区构造及其演化。结果表明:早白垩世以来,位于西伯利亚板块与欧亚板块缝合带之上的胜利煤田在早期基底断裂的基础上,受东部太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的影响,主要经历了伸展断陷、压扭变形和抬升剥蚀三期次级构造运动,形成了NE向边界断层控制下的压扭成因的NW向高角度正断层与NE向帚状构造的组合;其构造演化主要分为3个阶段,分别为阿尔善期的缓慢裂陷阶段、腾格尔和都红木期加速裂陷-快速裂陷阶段、赛罕塔拉期进入缓慢裂陷-终止裂陷阶段,研究区在此基础上发育的聚煤盆地。 相似文献
11.
中深层地热单井换热是一种"取热不取水"开发地热能的技术,该技术具有不破坏地下水环境、取热量大等优势,但目前就深度3 000 m以上的单井换热数值计算研究较少,本文针对西安地区地热地质条件,采用数值法计算了不同井型结构（L型定向井、丛式定向井）的中深层地热单井在连续运行一个采暖季情景下的换热量。计算结果表明:同一流速及地温梯度下,在系统连续运行120 d后,L型定向井的出口温度、单位时间取热量及延米取热量高于丛式定向井;同一流速下,地温梯度越大其出口温度越高,单位时间取热量及延米取热量也越大;同一地温梯度下,流速越大其出口温度越低,单位时间取热量及延米取热量越大。丛式定向井井斜30°的出口温度、单位时间取热量及延米取热量高于井斜45°,随着流速的增加,两种井斜下的出口温度、单位时间取热量及延米取热量的差异逐渐减小。从出口温度、单位时间取热量及延米取热量角度考虑,L型定向井的换热效率优于丛式定向井;从钻井施工的难易程度角度考虑,丛式定向井优于L型定向井;丛式定向井的两种井斜结构中,井斜30°的丛式定向井优于井斜45°。所得不同工况的计算结果,可为中深层地热的开发与利用提供参考依据。 相似文献
12.
N. I. Fisher J. F. Huntington D. R. Jackett M. E. Willcox J. W. Creasey 《Mathematical Geology》1985,17(2):177-194
A frequently encountered problem in structural geology is the analysis and interpretation of directional data with a geographical distribution. Such data may arise, for example, as samples of fracture strikes collected at a number of locations (rocky outcrops, road cuttings, etc.), trends of geological structures mapped in underground mines where they are exposed in the tunnel roof, or as lineaments annotated on aerial or satellite photographs. From such data, it is of interest to determine the structural domains in the area, that is, to partition the area into subareas of homogeneous structural pattern. This paper presents a method for performing such an analysis, and applies it to a data set collected from an underground coal mine. 相似文献
13.
西藏地区重磁场特征及藏东构造格局新认识 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据新编制的1∶100万西藏地区重磁图发现,在西藏东部雁石坪—昌都地区存在一组北西向构造,它与西藏中西部发育的近东西向构造呈相交而不是相接关系,这与地质上通常认为的西藏地区主体呈北西—东西—北西西向的平卧"S"型构造格局观点相异,从而对西藏地区东部的地质构造格局有了新的认识。文中清晰地展示了这组北西向构造及近东西向构造的重磁场面貌,并推测认为这组北西向构造可能是从祁连山—东昆仑山北西向构造中沿东昆仑断裂分裂出来的,而先前认为的北西向构造与近东西向构造相接的观点反映的应是侏罗纪之后受印度地块向北推挤,上覆浅层构造特征,这个新发现对认识西藏地区地质构造格局具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
ANDREW J. MITCHELL DAVID ULIČNÝ GARY J. HAMPSON PETER A. ALLISON GERARD J. GORMAN MATTHEW D. PIGGOTT MARTIN R. WELLS CHRISTOPHER C. PAIN 《Sedimentology》2010,57(2):359-388
Lower to Middle Turonian deposits within the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (Central Europe) consist of coarse‐grained deltaic sandstones passing distally into fine‐grained offshore sediments. Dune‐scale cross‐beds superimposed on delta‐front clinoforms indicate a vigorous basinal palaeocirculation capable of transporting coarse‐grained sand across the entire depth range of the clinoforms (ca 35 m). Bi‐directional, alongshore‐oriented, trough cross‐set axes, silt drapes and reactivation surfaces indicate tidal activity. However, the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin at this time was over a thousand kilometres from the shelf break and separated from the open ocean by a series of small islands. The presence of tidally‐influenced deposits in a setting where co‐oscillating tides are likely to have been damped down by seabed friction and blocked by emergent land masses is problematic. The Imperial College Ocean Model, a fully hydrodynamic, unstructured mesh finite element model, is used to test the hypothesis that tidal circulation in this isolated region was capable of generating the observed grain‐size distributions, bedform types and palaeocurrent orientations. The model is first validated for the prediction of bed shear stress magnitudes and sediment transport pathways against the present‐day North European shelf seas that surround the British Isles. The model predicts a microtidal to mesotidal regime for the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin across a range of sensitivity tests with elevated tidal ranges in local embayments. Funnelling associated with straits increases tidal current velocities, generating bed shear stresses that were capable of forming the sedimentary structures observed in the field. The model also predicts instantaneous bi‐directional currents with orientations comparable with those measured in the field. Overall, the Imperial College Ocean Model predicts a vigorous tide‐driven palaeocirculation within the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin that would indisputably have influenced sediment dispersal and facies distributions. Palaeocurrent vectors and sediment transport pathways however vary markedly in the different sensitivity tests. Accurate modelling of these parameters, in this instance, requires greater palaeogeographic certainty than can be extracted from the available rock record. 相似文献
15.
EDWIN D. McKEE 《Sedimentology》1966,7(1):3-69
The type, scale, and relative abundance of sedimentary structures in four kinds of dunes at White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, were determined by examination of vertical sections on walls of trenches cut through the dunes both in a windward direction and at right angles to this direction. Analysis of cross-stratification in all dunes examined indicated certain common features: sets of cross-strata mostly are medium- to large-scale; nearly all laminae dip downwind at high angles (not uncommonly at 30°-34°); most bounding surfaces between sets of cross-strata are nearly horizontal on the upwind side, but have progressively steeper dips to lee, downwind; and individual sets of cross-strata tend to be thinner and the laminae flatter near the top than at the bottom of a dune in vertical section. Sparse but distinctive structural features that are characteristic of the four types of dunes are varieties of contorted bedding, rare ripple laminae, and either local scour-and-fill bedding, or festoon bedding. Other structures, apparently limited to either one or two types of dunes, are the concave-downward foresets in some parabolic dunes; the low-angle reverse dips of upwind strata on high transverse dunes; and the almost horizontal laminae which represent apparent dip in sections normal to wind direction in dome-shaped and transverse dunes. Describing cross-stratification in terms of three dimensions, dune structure at White Sands consists dominantly of the tabular planar sets, with units thickest near the dune base, thinner above. To a lesser extent the sets are of simple (non-erosion) tabular form and relatively uncommonly, of the trough type. Wedge planar forms are scarce. The planar forms characteristically are of two classes in nearly equal proportions: those in which bounding surfaces are virtually horizontal and those in which they dip at moderate to high degree. A brief comparison is made between the structures of dunes that are characteristic of one effective wind direction, as at White Sands, and certain others formed by winds of two or more directions. Seif dunes of Libya, reversing dunes of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, and star dunes in Saudi Arabia are discussed as examples of complex dunes formed by multi-directional winds. 相似文献
16.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(9-11):667-672
In the last two years the representation of harmonic functions defined only through data on spheres with polar caps, has been studied by the authors, using a set of functions orthonormal both on the sphere and on the data set, which is a generalization of planar Slepian functions to the spherical case. This idea can be applied for instance to derive the anomalous potential T both at satellite's altitude and at ground level, from a set of satellite radial gradiometric observations, Trr. The method has been compared with a simple harmonic analysis showing a superior capability of retrieving the unknown potential, particularly close to the polar caps. 相似文献
17.
Martyn R. Drury 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1991,18(2):106-116
Widely dissociated dislocations have been observed in mantle olivine from the Erro-Tobbio peridotite in N.W. Italy. Analysis of diffraction contrast in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicates that the dissociation reaction involves the climb dissociation on (001) and {021} planes of b=[001] unit dislocations into partial dislocations with Burgers vectors approximately equal to 1/x 011. In the most extreme case a unit dislocation dissociates into four partials which bound three planar defects. The unusually wide dissociation and the greater extent of dissociation in olivine from amphibole-bearing rocks suggests that the dissociation is related to hydration. The occurrence of fluid inclusions along the dislocations confirms that the partials and planar defects are saturated with volatiles. Analysis of possible planar defect structures in Fo90 shows that; (i) the most likely partial Burgers vectors are b=0 3/11 1/4; (ii) two of the planar defects are cation-deficient and can be stabilised by segregation of H+ to produce (Mg, Fe) (OH)2 layers which are iso-structural with the OH-rich interlayer of the humite group minerals; (iii) the central planar defect is formed by removing a stoichiometric olivine (002) layer so does not produce any local chemical changes. The climb dissociation provides a possible mechanism for the transformation of olivine to a humite group mineral. OH-rich interlayers may nucleate on dislocations and extend into the crystal by climb resulting in a gradual increase of (Mg, Fe) (OH)2 content. The only addition of material required is hydrogen which can rapidly diffuse into olivine. If the dissociation is stable and occurs at high temperatures and pressures it may significantly influence the nature and kinetics of deformation mechanisms and the olivine — spinel shear transformation mechanism in hydrated olivine. 相似文献
18.
The ENE-plunging macroscopic folds, traced by calc gneiss interbanded with marble and sillimanite schist within the Peninsular
Gneiss around Suganapuram in the ‘Palghat gap’ in southern India, represent structures of the second generation (D2). They have folded the axial planes of a set of D1 isoclinal folds on stratification coaxially, so that the mesoscopic D1 folds range from reclined in the hinge zones, through inclined to upright in the limb zones of the D2 folds. Orthogonal relation between stratification and axial planar cleavage, and ‘M’ shaped folds on layering locate the
hinge zones of the D1 folds, whereas folds on axial planar cleavage with ‘M’ shaped folds are the sites of the D2 fold hinges. Extreme variation in the shapes of the isoclinal D1 folds from class 1B through class 1C to nearly class 2 of Ramsay is a consequence of buckling followed by flattening on layers
of widely varying viscosity contrast.
The large ENE-trending structures in this supracrustal belt within the Peninsular Gneiss in the ‘Palghat gap’ could not have
evolved by reorientation of NS-trending structures of the Dharwar tectonic province to the north by movement along the Moyar-Bhavani
shear zone which marks the boundary between the two provinces. This is because the Moyar and Bhavani faults are steep dipping
reverse faults with dominant dip-slip component.
Deceased 相似文献
19.
Chung Huang Yu-Chang Chan Jyr-Ching Hu Jacques Angelier Jian-Cheng Lee 《Journal of Structural Geology》2008,30(9):1167-1176
The northern segment of the Chelungpu Fault shows an unusually large co-seismic displacement from the event of the Mw 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake in western Taiwan. Part of the northern segment near the Fengyuan City provides an excellent opportunity for characterizing active thrust-related structures due to a dense geodetic-benchmark network. We reproduced co-seismic deformation patterns of a small segment of this Chelungpu Fault using 924 geodetic benchmarks. According to the estimated displacement vectors, we identified secondary deformations, such as local rigid-block rotation and significant shortening within the hanging wall. The data set also allows us to determine accurately a 3D model of the thrust fault geometry in the shallow subsurface by assuming simple relations between the fault slip, and the horizontal and vertical displacements at the surface. The predicted thrust geometry is in good agreement with borehole data derived from two drilling sites close to the study area. The successful prediction supports our assumptions of rigid displacement and control of displacement in the hanging wall by the fault geometry being useful first approximations. 相似文献
20.
A regional lineament of highly parallelized planar and linear structures can be followed over a distance of 150 km from the coast to the Inland Ice at Nordre Strømfjord in central West Greenland. This shear zone is situated within the Nagssugtoqidian mobile belt and transects an area of intricate interference structures, from which it has been formed by high shear strain. By using data for the orientation of planar structures outside and within the zone, the shear strain is calculated to be approximately 6. This value applies to the shear zone close to the coast where its width is approximately 15 km. The zone is cut by the granulite/amphibolite facies boundary, and towards lower metamorphic grade the width of the zone decreases. At the same time the shear strain increases, so that the offset across the zone could be constant irrespective of width. At the coast, where the zone has been mapped, the fanning of planar structures shows the zone to be wedge-shaped, thinning upwards.It is therefore suggested that the zone represents a deep-seated ductile part of a major, transcurrent fault with a sinistral displacement of at least 100 km. 相似文献