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1.
华南地区中生代动力体制经历了从特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域的转换,但对这种动力体制转换发生的时间和产生的地质效应则存在不同的认识。通过分析华南印支—早燕山构造层(D—J1-2)广泛发育的褶皱构造,识别了早中生代两个世代褶皱构造的横跨叠加型式,发现早期近东西向褶皱构造具有南北成带、晚期NNE向褶皱构造具有东西分区的区域展布特征。基于地层接触关系和早中生代岩浆岩和火山岩同位素年代学数据统计分析,认为这两组叠加褶皱构造清楚地记录了华南早中生代两期挤压事件,近东西向褶皱是对印支早期华南地块南北边缘碰撞造山事件的远程响应,NNE向褶皱则起源于燕山早期((170±5)Ma)古太平洋板块向华南大陆之下低角度俯冲作用,两者发生转换的时代在中晚侏罗世之交。伴随这两期构造挤压而产生的地壳增厚分别诱发了华夏地块三叠纪和晚侏罗世地壳深熔作用和岩浆侵入活动。华南两组叠加褶皱构造的识别为进一步探讨早中生代从碰撞动力构造体系向俯冲动力构造体系转换提供了关键的构造地质学依据。 相似文献
2.
三叠纪(印支期)是华南陆块构造演化过程中最重要的阶段之一,是奠定华南及东亚地区基本构造格局的关键时期,因此阐明印支期变形的几何学和运动学特征对揭示华南腹地造山作用的驱动机制具有重要意义。该文综合了华南地区野外构造解析及热年代学等研究成果,提出了华南陆块南部三叠纪两阶段演变过程。其中印支早期(约250～225Ma)变形表现为北西西或近东-西向具右旋走滑压扭性逆冲构造体系。该构造体系的根带位于华南南部海南-云开一线,以厚皮构造沿中-上地壳拆离层低角度自南向北扩展为薄皮构造。印支晚期(约230～190Ma)构造样式以一系列近平行的北东向左旋压扭性脆-韧性冲断构造及褶皱体系为特征,区域上表现为花状背冲或鳄鱼式样式。结合华南陆块周缘印支期构造样式的基本面貌,认为华南陆块印支期两期变形样式的形成是在华南陆块向华北陆块深俯冲及东侧古太平洋板块阻塞作用围限下,华南南缘东古特提斯洋的剪刀式穿时关闭及随之的扬子与思茅-印支陆块俯冲碰撞的结果。 相似文献
3.
三叠纪(印支期)是华南陆块构造演化过程中最重要的阶段之一,是奠定华南及东亚地区基本构造格局的关键时期,因此阐明印支期变形的几何学和运动学特征对揭示华南腹地造山作用的驱动机制具有重要意义。该文综合了华南地区野外构造解析及热年代学等研究成果,提出了华南陆块南部三叠纪两阶段演变过程。其中印支早期(约250～225Ma)变形表现为北西西或近东-西向具右旋走滑压扭性逆冲构造体系。该构造体系的根带位于华南南部海南-云开一线,以厚皮构造沿中-上地壳拆离层低角度自南向北扩展为薄皮构造。印支晚期(约230～190Ma)构造样式以一系列近平行的北东向左旋压扭性脆-韧性冲断构造及褶皱体系为特征,区域上表现为花状背冲或鳄鱼式样式。结合华南陆块周缘印支期构造样式的基本面貌,认为华南陆块印支期两期变形样式的形成是在华南陆块向华北陆块深俯冲及东侧古太平洋板块阻塞作用围限下,华南南缘东古特提斯洋的剪刀式穿时关闭及随之的扬子与思茅-印支陆块俯冲碰撞的结果。 相似文献
4.
雪峰山构造带古构造应力场 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华南地区构造复杂, 中生代动力体制经历了从特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域的转换。雪峰山位于华南内部, 其隆升机制也存在广泛争议, 对雪峰山及其邻区古应力场研究, 为华南大陆构造演化动力机制提供了依据。古应力反演显示, 中生代以来, 研究区受到NE向、近SN向、NW向、NNE向四期的构造挤压。NE向与近SN向是华南块体印支期顺时针旋转以及古特提斯洋闭合的结果, NW向挤压是古太平洋板块俯冲作用导致, 而NNE向挤压则与印、藏碰撞的远程效应有关。 相似文献
5.
华南地区早中生代经历了强烈的构造变形和岩浆活动,构造动力体制发生了重大的转换.这个时期大地构造过程及其发生的构造动力学背景一直是地学界争议的焦点同题之一.本文在系统总结前人工作成果的基础上,论述了华南早中生代构造变形样式和岩浆活动序列,区分了印支构造事件和早燕山构造事件及其产生的地质效应.研究结果表明,印支构造事件发生于中、晚三叠世(245～225 Ma),构造运动产生的变形形迹主要表现为近东西向褶皱和冲断-推覆构造以及NE-NNE向左旋走滑韧性剪切,其动力与华南-华北板块沿秦岭-大别造山带的陆-陆碰撞和华南地块南缘古特提斯洋的俯冲增生作用有关.这次挤压构造事件导致华南东部加里东褶皱基底强烈复活,地壳重熔型花岗岩沿十万大山-云开大山-武夷山构造带和雪峰山地区分布.早侏罗世早期(205～190 Ma)在华南存在一个岩浆活动沉寂期,早侏罗世晚期(190～180 Ma)沿南岭构造带发育具有伸展特征的A型花岗岩和双峰式火山岩.起始于中侏罗世晚期(～170 Ma)的早燕山构造事件,在华南形成了宽1300 km、NE-NNE向褶皱逆冲构造系统,地壳增厚作用和壳幔相互作用导致了软弱的华夏加里东褶皱基底的再次强烈复活,诱发了强烈的岩浆活动,东南沿海地区火山弧相继出现.这期构造事件记录了东部大洋板块向华南大陆之下低角度俯冲作用过程,并主导了华南晚中生代一系列陆内构造和岩浆活动. 相似文献
6.
华南中生代大地构造研究新进展 总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33
华南地区中生代构造动力体制经历了从特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域的转换,由此产生了强烈的陆内造山作用和岩浆活动,形成了复杂构造组合的晚中生代陆内造山带和火成岩省。本项研究在下列几个方面取得了新的进展:(1)通过对雪峰山地区沅麻盆地的野外调查和构造测量,确定了该盆地晚中生代-早新生代5期构造应力场及其演替序列:中晚侏罗世近W—E向挤压、早白垩世NW—SE向伸展、早白垩世中晚期NW—SE向挤压、晚白垩世近N—S向伸展、古近纪晚期NE—SW向挤压。构造应力场方向的变化记录了不同板缘的动力作用对该区的影响。(2)识别了湖南地区晚古生代-早中生代海相地层中发育的横跨叠加褶皱构造,并基于地层接触关系和已有火成岩同位素年代学数据分析,认为该地区横跨叠加褶皱构造记录了中生代两期构造挤压和地壳增厚事件:早期近东西向褶皱构造是对三叠纪华南地块南北边缘大陆碰撞和增生作用的远程响应,晚期NE—NNE向褶皱构造则是对中晚侏罗世古太平洋板块向华南大陆之下低角度俯冲作用的变形响应。(3)对湖南衡山西缘拆离断裂带的变形结构和运动学特征进行了详细的调查和构造测量,确定了衡山变质核杂岩构造,并对拆离带中韧性剪切变形的钠长岩脉的锆石进行了SHRIMP U-Pb测年,从而确定了华南地区伸展构造的起始时代约137 Ma,即早白垩世早中期。(4)通过锆石U-Pb年代学测试分析,揭示了东南沿海长乐—南澳构造带早白垩世2期构造-岩浆事件:早期(147~135 Ma)表现为强烈的混合岩化作用和深熔作用形成的片麻状花岗岩、花岗片麻岩等;晚期(135~117 Ma)岩浆岩以含石榴子石花岗岩为主。这个结果表明东南沿海构造带是晚中生代陆缘造山带,造山作用可能起始于晚侏罗世,于早白垩世早中期(135 Ma)以来发生伸展垮塌。在上述研究结果的基础上,探讨了华南地区三叠纪"印支运动"和中、晚侏罗世"燕山运动"的表现及其产生的板块构造动力体制及其转换时代、早白垩世从挤压构造应力体制向伸展构造应力体制转变的时间节点。 相似文献
7.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2016,(6)
本文论述了近年来在华南中生代岩浆岩时空分布和迁移以及地质构造研究方面所取得的新成果,认为单一的古太平洋板块俯冲不可能形成如此多方向和如此宽的(1000km)构造变形和岩浆岩;评述了目前被广泛引用在华夏地块晚中生代岩浆活动的古太平洋板块俯冲模式,确定了其主要贡献以及有待完善的要点。提出华南在中侏罗世(约175±5Ma),古太平洋板块进入大致由南往北斜向俯冲为主的构造体系,晚侏罗世早期(约120Ma)后太平洋板块俯冲方向发生了急剧变化,为古太平洋板块向西正向俯冲的构造体系,在白垩世中期(85±5Ma)由于华南大陆已成为被动陆缘。此时,大致同时代的东南沿海和台湾东部处于完全不同的构造背景,前者为伸展型的板内环境,后者为挤压型的弧陆碰撞环境。 相似文献
8.
华南板块早中生代陆内造山过程——以雪峰山-九岭为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
雪峰山-九岭造山带位于华南板块的中心区域,是一条典型的陆内造山带。通过详细的野外地质观察,雪峰山在早中生代经历了3期构造变形:D1为上部指向NW的韧性剪切,D2代表了一期反向褶皱-逆冲构造事件,以及D3期的水平挤压形成的直立的褶皱、劈理和线理。而在九岭,早中生代大规模脆-韧性域构造变形叠加在早古生代韧性变形之上,形成了一系列极性NW逆冲断层和不对称褶皱。雪峰山-九岭陆内造山带形成于早中生代,造山作用可以分为两个阶段,即245~225Ma的挤压变形阶段和225~215Ma的垮塌-岩浆侵位阶段。雪峰山-九岭造山带的构造特点表明,华南板块东南缘古太平洋板块向北西方向的俯冲可能引发了早中生代的陆内造山过程。 相似文献
9.
晚中生代福建沿海地区发育多期与古太平洋板块俯冲有关的岩浆活动和构造变形.福建泉州地区伸展构造变形主要表现为高角度正断层和低角度正断层或拆离断层,古构造应力场反演指示其形成于NW-SE向伸展环境.锆石U-Pb年代学指示泉州地区发育4期岩浆活动,分别为晚侏罗世(~155Ma)、早白垩世中期(130~125Ma)、早白垩世末期(~109Ma)以及晚白垩世早期(~100Ma之后).结合构造变形的切割关系和岩浆岩年代学,长乐-南澳剪切带左旋韧性走滑形成于130~120Ma,而右旋脆性剪切形成于120~100Ma之间.古太平洋板块向华南大陆之下的俯冲角度变化导致福建沿海地区发育晚中生代造山带.造山作用开始于早白垩世之初,结束于早白垩世末期,以大规模NW-SE向伸展构造发育为标志,其从同造山挤压到后造山伸展的转换发生于~120Ma. 相似文献
10.
《地学前缘》2017,(4):213-225
长期的华南地块研究取得了一系列重要成果,但是古太平洋俯冲作用于华南的地质记录不是很清晰,尚存争论。一派认为始于二叠纪,另一派认为中生代。本文试图通过华南中生代EW向特提斯构造域和NE向古太平洋构造域的构造转换过程及转换时间入手,探讨古太平洋俯冲启动。雪峰山地区早侏罗世地层以及侏罗纪类磨拉石建造呈NE或NNE向展布,燕山期主要发育2期褶皱变形,早期褶皱轴向为NE—NNE向,晚期为NNE或近南北向的隔槽式褶皱;而印支期也发育2期褶皱变形,D1期为EW—NEE向,D2期为NNE向的紧闭褶皱。这些都说明晚三叠世雪峰山地区已经从EW向特提斯构造域向NE—NNE向太平洋构造域的构造方向转换。而南岭地区,以及更南部的南海北部海域,构造转换时间相对较晚,为早—中侏罗世。综合前人的测年数据,德兴斑岩型铜矿三个含矿斑岩体形成于大约172 Ma,形成于古太平洋板块俯冲所形成的活动大陆边缘环境,成矿物质来源于俯冲洋壳的部分熔融,与地幔楔发生混染,推测与该时期古太平洋板块的平板俯冲、板片撕裂、拆沉和俯冲后撤一系列过程密切相关。同期,华南东南部发育了NE—NNE向、NW向和近EW向三组断裂,其中白垩纪(135~100 Ma)华南NE—NNE向的走滑断裂强烈活动,从东向西依次为:滨海断裂、长乐—南澳断裂、政和—大埔、邵武—河源—阳江断裂、吴川—四会断裂和合浦—北流断裂,主要表现为右旋走滑作用,在东南沿海地区形成一系列的拉分盆地,并非典型的"盆岭构造"。根据群速度和S波速度层析成像,华南地块总体上从西向东地壳的厚度整体上逐渐减薄;华南地块东部发生两次壳幔相互作用,对应两次岩石圈拆沉,这两次拆沉都与古太平洋板块的俯冲有关,第一次拆沉为古太平洋板块平板俯冲时板片撕裂所致,第二次拆沉为俯冲板片俯冲后撤和高角度俯冲造成。 相似文献
11.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
12.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
13.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
14.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
15.
S. M. Moosavirad J. Rasouli M. R. Janardhana M. R. Moghadam M. Shankara 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(10):3623-3634
This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds. 相似文献
16.
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18.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
19.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
20.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献