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1.
喀斯特地区不同坡位条件下优势灌木根际与非根际土壤养分与pH的分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对广西喀斯特地区2种优势灌丛植物子凌蒲桃与火棘在不同坡位条件下根际与非根际土壤养分与pH值的分布特征进行研究,揭示植物种类及其立地条件对植物根际养分与pH值分布特征的影响。结果表明,2种植物根际养分存在一定程度的富集现象,其中,火棘根际有机碳与速效磷含量富集明显,子凌蒲桃根际有机碳与全氮含量富集明显;根际与非根际土壤养分含量在不同坡位下存在显著性差异（p<0.05）;根际土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,与速效磷含量呈显著负相关（p<0.05）;非根际土壤有机碳含量与速效磷、全氮含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。双因素方差分析显示,与植物种类相比,坡位对根际土壤养分含量影响更大。以上的研究表明,喀斯特灌丛优势植物有利于提高该地区土壤养分利用,但应该考虑植物立地条件对根际养分利用的影响。 相似文献
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印染污泥中重金属形态分析及生物有效性 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
选取上海某印染厂的印染废水处理后的活性污泥样品,通过盆栽土培试验,用黑麦草对印染污泥进行修复,运用Tessier A连续提取法研究修复后黑麦草根际和非根际印染污泥中铅、铜、镍、锌、镉5种重金属形态的变化,以及重金属的生物有效性与植物中有效态含量之间的关系。结果表明,栽培后根际与非根际环境中各重金属元素具有典型的形态分布特征:铅主要以离子交换态和残渣态存在;铜主要以碳酸盐结合态和残渣态存在;镍由紧结合态(铁锰氧化物结合态+有机结合态)向离子交换态转移;锌的有机结合态和碳酸盐结合态有所增加;镉主要以离子交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,说明镉元素较活泼,具有潜在的环境影响能力,应该给予更多的关注。印染污泥中重金属的生物有效性与重金属元素的性质有关,铜、锌的生物有效性较高,其次是铅,最低是镍、镉。 相似文献
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本次研究分析了典型氟化学工业园区周边不同植物及其根际和非根际土壤中全氟羧酸(perfluorinated carboxylic acid,PFCA)的含量、组成及分布特征.结果显示,PFCA在根际土壤和非根际土壤的浓度范围分别为9.6～160 ng/g和7.2～300 ng/g.根际土壤(rhizospheric soil,RS)和非根际土壤(non-rhizopsheric soil,NRS)中PFCA的浓度比值(cratio=cRS/cNRS)显示,PFCA并未呈现出根际富集效应.PFCA在植物地上部和根部的浓度范围分别为6.0～630 ng/g和6.1～570 ng/g.全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)是土壤和植物组织中最主要的全氟羧酸化合物,其浓度在根际土、非根际土、植物根部和地上部分别占总PFCA的(53±18)％、(51±22)％、(80±6.7)％和(34±18)％.短链(C4～C8)的PFCA,包括全氟丁酸(perfluorobutyric acid,PFBA)、全氟戊酸(perfluoropentanoic acid,PFPeA)、全氟己酸(perfluorohexanoic acid,PFHxA)、全氟庚酸(perfluoroheptanoic acid,PFHpA)和PFOA,在植物地上部中的浓度及检出率均高于长链(C9～C16)的PFCA,说明短链PFCA比长链PFCA更容易在植物组织中富集.植物PFCA组成特征显示,PFBA和PFHxA在植物地上部所占的比例高于根部,说明PFBA和PFHxA等碳链较短的PFCA可能更容易被植物根系吸收并转移至植物地上部;然而PFOA在植物地上部的百分含量低于植物根部,说明PFOA可能趋向于吸附在植物根系表皮而难以往植物地上部迁移.根部到地上部的转运系数与PFCA的碳链长度呈显著负相关关系. 相似文献
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长江口潮滩植物根际重金属的分布与累积 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
长江口滨岸潮滩芦苇与海三棱燕草根系、茎叶以及根际沉积物中Cu、Pb、Mn、Zn、Cr的含量分析发现，Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr在根系中的含量较高，而Mn在茎叶中的含量达到总量的55％以上。海三棱燕草比芦苇能更有效地累积重金属，两种植物根系。沉积物系统均表现出明显的重金属含量季节变化。植物体内重金属含量一般在冬季富集；芦苇根际沉积物中重金属的含量秋季较低，冬季富集，而海三棱蒲草根际沉积物中Cu、Pb、Mn均在秋季含量较高，Zn、Cr冬季含量最高。 相似文献
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三峡库区云阳消落带土壤重金属形态及其在植物中的富集和转移 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
三峡大坝建成蓄水以来,其夏涨秋消的调度方式使得每年5-10月份在海拔145～175 m范围内形成291.1 km2的消落带.本文通过分析云阳消落带土壤重金属含量及其形态和重金属在消落带植物体根、茎、叶的分布,以及植物对重金属的生物富集和转移系数,来研究消落带重金属污染情况及重金属在土壤-植被的富集和转移规律.研究结果表明,云阳消落带存在较为严重的Cd污染,单因子污染指数为5.02,内梅罗综合污染指数为3.637;Cd和Cr主要是生物毒性不强残渣态;Cu形态主要是金属可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,生物毒性比较强;Mn的形态主要是铁锰结合态;Pb的形态分配比例均匀,生物毒性较弱.可交换态与转移系数极显著正相关,相关系数为0.981;有机及硫化物结合态与富集系数显著正相关,相关系数为0.905;铁锰结合态、碳酸盐结合态和残渣晶格结合态对富集和转移系数贡献都不大.三峡库区消落带重金属在植物体内的富集、转移主要由土壤中重金属可交换态和有机及硫化物结合态的性质决定. 相似文献
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太湖MS岩芯重金属元素地球化学形态研究 总被引：21，自引：4，他引：17
采用BCR三步提取法对太湖MS岩芯沉积物中Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等6种重金属元素的化学形态进行了研究.结果表明,有效结合态的Cu、Ni和Pb主要以有机物及硫化物结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Fe和Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Mn主要以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态存在;Fe-Mn氧化物结合态的Ni、Pb和Zn与可还原态的Mn有较好的正相关关系,有机物及硫化物结合态的Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn与有机碳含量有较好的正相关关系;重金属形态分布体现了重金属元素地球化学性质的差异,以及重金属形态含量与沉积物理化性质的关系.沉积岩芯重金属元素形态垂向变化规律及次生相富集系数表明,Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn在沉积岩芯13～4 cm有效结合态含量较稳定,为自然沉积;4～0 cm有效结合态含量明显升高,存在一定程度的人为污染.根据137Cs测年结果判断,沉积岩芯Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属污染开始于20世纪70年代末期,主要污染元素及污染历史与太湖流域污染工业类型及经济发展阶段相吻合. 相似文献
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土壤pH对镉存在形态影响的模拟实验研究 总被引：40，自引：4，他引：36
通过模拟实验,研究了土壤pH对水稻土、紫色土和黄壤的水溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐态、铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量的影响。结果表明:在中碱性条件下,水溶态Cd质量分数比值小于3%,但pH<6.5时,水溶态Cd含量随着pH 减小迅速增加, pH 为4. 57 时,水稻土水溶态Cd 质量分数比值最高达48 39%;可交换态Cd含量在碱性条件下,随着土壤pH值增大迅速下降,在酸性区域内,可交换态Cd含量随pH增加呈上升趋势;碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态Cd含量随土壤pH增大而增加;有机结合态Cd含量随土壤pH增加而增大,但变化幅度不大。对Cd污染的土壤进行治理时,控制土壤pH大于6.5以及增施有机肥等是减少Cd对生态系统危害的关键。 相似文献
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张家口地区土壤硒形态分布及其植物有效性初步研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
分别采集了张家口克山病区非病村４个砂土样品和重病村６个草甸土、褐土样品,用连续提取程序分离出水溶态硒、离子交换态硒、有机态硒、酸溶态硒、硫化物态和残余态硒。水溶态硒容易被植物吸收。交换态硒也能被植物吸收,但受到吸收环境和ｐＨ值的影响。有机结合态硒只有在碱性条件下其中的富啡酸态硒才能被植物吸收。酸溶态硒是铁锰氧化物和碳酸盐类矿物酸性淋溶作用的结果,酸性条件的硒容易流失,碱性条件下硒被原太物固定,因此 相似文献
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以深港西部通道填海区淤泥为研究对象,研究了重金属的化学形态特征,分析了填海工程活动带来的填海区地下水物理化学条件变化对重金属各个形态的影响。结果表明:除残留态外,填海区重金属存在形态主要为铁锰结合态、碳酸盐结合态和硫化物及有机结合态,其中,Pb和Ni以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态为主,Cu以碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态为主,Zn以有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,而Cd则以碳酸盐结合态为主。各金属在深港西部通道填海区淤泥的潜在迁移能力序列如下:Pb(39.68%)>Cu(31.59%)>Zn(20.49%)>Cd(12.80%)>Ni(10.98%)。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
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滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
20.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献