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1.
基于平均浓度法原理,根据黄河中游降雨径流特点,将年内过程分为汛期和非汛期两个阶段,同时将高含沙水流中的污染负荷分为水体中的溶解态污染负荷、泥沙吸附态负荷两部分,提出了多沙河流非点源污染负荷估算模型;根据黄河干流潼关断面1950-2006年实测水沙资料,结合水体、泥沙污染物浓度测定试验,分别计算了潼关断面2006年以及丰水年(P=25%)、平水年(P=50%)、枯水年(P=75%)3种不同代表年型下的非点源污染负荷.结果表明:黄河干流潼关断面年污染负荷以汛期为主,汛期污染负荷以非点源为主;非点源污染负荷中,硝酸盐氮、氨氮以溶解态为主,总磷以吸附态为主;潼关断面非点源污染负荷占全年负荷比例:丰水年时,硝酸盐氮占63.09%,氨氮占61.32%,总氮占87.17%、总磷占89.83%;枯水年时,硝酸盐氮占26.92%,氨氮占24.62%,总氮占67.60%、总磷占71.73%.2006年,硝酸盐氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷非点源污染负荷占全年比例依次为:17%、14%、15%和41%. 相似文献
2.
沂源县田庄水库农业面源氮素淋滤行为研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
受农业面源影响,典型山区水库-田庄水库氮素超标,通过模拟土壤在不同降雨强度与不同降雨类型下的淋滤行为,探讨氮素淋溶释放规律,并对田庄水库农业面源氮素入库量进行了计算。结果表明,降雨类型和降雨强度只影响土壤中氨氮峰值浓度出现的时间,对其数值影响不大,由于土壤中硝氮含量较高,使降雨强度和类型对其淋出液中的硝氮峰值浓度产生的时间和数值都有所影响;农业面源氮污染通过田庄水库四条入库河流年均排入水库中的硝氮总量高达604．49t,氨氮为23．85t。 相似文献
3.
4.
波 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2014,(2):645-652
计算小流域非点源氮素流失负荷,并以此开展丹江水源区水体污染源解析和控制研究。基于流域断面及小区监测试验,利用平均浓度法对鹦鹉沟流域氮素年均流失模数和不同土地利用类型的非点源污染负荷进行计算分析。结果表明:径流水质中主要是总氮质量浓度超标,且硝氮质量浓度均大于氨氮质量浓度;当坡耕地坡度大于25°时,氮素流失严重,水质极差;农村生产生活污染物排放对水质有很大影响,从断面1到把口站,硝氮质量浓度和总氮质量浓度增加较大;农地、草地和林地的总氮年均径流流失模数分别为0.36、0.22和0.09t/(a·km2);流域出口非点源污染物氨氮、硝氮和总氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.17,4.71和7.55mg/L,点源污染物氨氮、硝氮和总氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.20、2.12和4.08mg/L。总体来说,鹦鹉沟流域径流中总氮的流失模数为0.89t/(a·km2),总氮是影响水质的主要污染物,需加强对坡耕地氮素流失和农村生活垃圾的治理。 相似文献
5.
基于DRAINMOD的农田地表径流氮素流失动态模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解水旱农田地表径流氮素流失机理及过程,于2008年6～9月在湖北省漳河灌区开展了田间试验,并利用DRAINMOD模型对其进行模拟。研究结果表明:水田地表径流铵态氮和硝态氮的流失率均高于旱地,水田地表径流以铵态氮为主,而旱地以硝态氮为主。水旱农田地表径流氮素流失模拟值与实测值都非常接近,水田地表径流硝态氮和铵态氮模拟的相对误差分别为8.35%和10.99%,旱地分别为5.45%和14.11%;水田硝态氮和铵态氮模拟的效率系数分别为0.961和0.974,旱地的分别为0.993和0.938,效果都很好。因此,利用DRAINMOD模型进行该地区农田氮素流失动态模拟是可行而有效的。 相似文献
6.
采用SWAT模型方法对滁州花山水文实验流域进行了径流与氮素耦合模拟,探讨了流域土地利用对氮素输移的影响。构建了花山水文实验流域SWAT模型,采用2008年1月~2013年12月的降雨、径流等数据对径流模型进行率定和验证,以2012年5月~2013年12月的氮浓度监测数据对氮负荷模型进行验证。利用所建立的模型对现状土地利用情形和土地利用变化情景假设下进行了径流与氮素耦合模拟,计算了现状和不同土地利用情景假设下流域的径流深和氮负荷。结果表明:汛期的氮流失量占全年氮流失的比重较大,每年的汛期是控制氮流失的关键时期;旱地的氮流失潜力较水田大,林地的增加对氮负荷具有一定的消减作用;控制氮肥的使用,加强水土保持能力,可以有效减少流域氮负荷。 相似文献
7.
为研究龙滩水库枯水期溶解态氮、磷营养元素的空间分布特征,在龙滩水库枯水期(2017年1月份)进行分层采样,现场测定水体理化性质及实验室分析水中营养盐浓度。结果表明:龙滩水库水温出现明显垂直分层:0~10m为温跃层;10~60m为混合层;60m以下为底温层;pH值为7.63~7.92,水体呈弱碱性。溶解无机氮(DIN)平均浓度为4.75mg/L。水体溶解性氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮平均值为0.07mg/L、2.62mg/L、2.05mg/L,分别占DIN的1.6%、55.2%、43.2%,硝态氮、亚硝态氮是组成龙滩水库溶解无机氮的主要成分。磷酸盐平均浓度为0.04mg/L。参照潜在性富营养化评价标准,N/P(质量比)比值为73.84,说明龙滩水库枯水期属于磷限制潜在性富营养状态,营养状态空间分布特征:坝前水体双江口红水河镇小马场。 相似文献
8.
喀斯特坡地壤中流与地表径流并存,共同驱动了土壤关键生源物质的迁移,造成该区土壤生产力下降、地下水污染。为揭示喀斯特坡地土壤碳氮流失途径及其水文驱动机制,本研究以喀斯特坡地径流微区(2 m×1.2 m)为研究对象,分析了火烧、轻度砍伐、重度砍伐、人工林、耕地、牧草6种不同土地利用方式对土壤碳氮流失途径、形态及通量的影响。结果表明:降雨是土壤碳氮流失的主要驱动因子,降雨产流阈值为16 mm,55 mm时达到产流峰值。各土地利用方式仅在暴雨下有显著差异,其中,人工林的土壤碳氮流失量较大,而重度砍伐的流失量较小。土地利用方式不改变土壤碳氮的流失途径,各土地利用方式均以地表流失为主(51.29%～75.15%),壤中流为辅,其中壤中流主要通过A层流失(65.20%-89.12%)。氮素流失形态以NO3--N为主(45.84%～56.49%)。研究结果可为揭示喀斯特坡地生源物质流失过程及其水文驱动机制、研发水土流失与面源污染阻控技术提供参考。 相似文献
9.
天然降雨径流是灌区农田非点源氮污染形成的主要动力因素,研究降雨径流中农田氮素的流失规律及模拟方法对中国灌区非点源氮的综合治理具有重要意义.从农田氮素流失机理、影响因素以及预测方法等几个方面概述了水文过程中灌区农田非点源氮素归趋的研究进展,其中着重分析了水文过程中农田氮素流失预测的"黑箱"法、"解剖"法的优缺点和适用范围;并在此基础上,提出了中国开展灌区农田非点源氮污染研究的重点,包括典型研究单元选择、尺度界定以及不同水文路径中农田氮素流失的耦合模拟等. 相似文献
10.
对华北平原桓台县584个潜水水样的硝态氮含量进行了测定,应用地统计学方法对数据进行了分析,结果表明潜水硝态氮含量符合对数正态分布.采用Kriging方法对未观测点进行了估值,并绘制了等值线图,按照国家地下水质量标准划分的5个等级,利用GIS空间分析方法分别统计了各个乡镇潜水中硝态氮各等级的面积.同时把各乡镇单位面积化肥、人畜排泄、污水灌溉以及总的氮素年投入量与其潜水中硝态氮的平均含量分别进行了相关性分析,发现污水灌溉投入的氮素和各类氮素的总投入与潜水中硝态氮含量均有显著的相关关系,结果表明,污水灌溉对当地潜水硝态氮含量的影响很大,同时在对区域潜水硝态氮贡献的成因分析时必须考虑区域氮素的总投入. 相似文献
11.
Limitations of real-time models for forecasting river flooding from monsoon rainfall 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Very intense rainfall during the southwest and northeast monsoons causes severe river flooding in India. Some traditional
techniques used for real-time forecasting of flooding involve the relationship between effective rainfall and direct surface
runoff, which simplifies the complex interactions between rainfall and runoff processes. There are, however, serious problems
in deducing these variables in real time, so it is highly desirable to have a real-time flood forecasting model that would
directly relate the observed discharge hydrograph to the observed rainfall. The storage routing model described by Baba and
Hoshi (1997), Tanaka et al. (1997), and Baba et al. (2000), and a simplified version of this model, have been used to compute observed river discharge directly from observed hourly
rainfall. This method has been used to study rainfall–runoff data of the Ajay River Basin in eastern India. Five intense rainfall
events of this basin were studied. Our results showed that the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of discharge prediction for these
five events was 98.6%, 94.3%, 86.9%, 85.6%, and 67%. The hindcast for the first two events is regarded as completely satisfactory
whereas for the next two events it is deemed reasonable and for the fifth it is unsatisfactory. It seems the models will yield
accurate hindcast if the rainfall is uniform over the drainage basin. When the rainfall is not uniform the performance of
the model is unsatisfactory. In future this problem can, in principle, be corrected by using a weighted amount if rainfall
is based upon multiple rain-gauge observations over the drainage basin. This would provide some measure of the dispersion
in the rainfall. The model also seems unable to simulate flooding events with multiple peaks. 相似文献
12.
Specific conductance and concentrations of alkalinity, dissolved silica, nitrate, and ammonium were measured daily in the Sacramento River flow to northern San Francisco Bay during the rainfall seasons of 1983 and 1984 (high flow) and during late summer and early fall of 1984 (low flow). Flow and concentrations of chemical species varied in response to storm events during high flow, but flow was more variable than concentrations of chemical species. Runoff from agriculturally developed areas appeared to increase specific conductance and concentrations of alkalinity during high flow. During low flow, inputs of agricultural tailwaters caused variations in concentrations of alkalinity and dissolved silica. Dilution of municipal waste by river flow caused variability in concentrations of ammonium during both high flow and low flow. Distributions of alkalinity, dissolved silica, nitrate, and ammonium were measured in northern San Francisco Bay during late summer and fall of 1984. Changes in distributions of alkalinity in the estuary were caused by variations in alkalinity in the Sacramento River. Changes in distributions of dissolved silica, nitrate, and ammonium appeared to be primarily related to variations in supply by the river and removal by phytoplankton. Effects of removal by phytoplankton were large for ammonium and dissolved silica, but appeared relatively small for nitrate. 相似文献
13.
针对不同的水肥处理,采用15N示踪方法,观测分析了氮素在稻田的时空分布及运移规律、挥发及淋失损失规律、氮素在水稻植株中的分布特征、稻田氮量平衡等。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下,由于稻田水分状况的差异导致土壤养分时空分布不同,从而影响其对作物的有效性;由于节水灌溉稻田水分相对较少,基质浓度较高,挥发损失高于淹灌。虽然节水灌溉下稻田渗漏液NH4及NO3-浓度较淹灌高,但由于此时总渗漏量显著减少,氮的总淋失较淹灌条件少;节水灌溉下,适当增加追肥次数,有利于减少各种氮素养分的损失,提高氮肥利用率;节水灌溉下水稻对氮素的吸收利用率高于淹灌,且有利于氮素养分向稻谷转移。 相似文献
14.
渭河水质在较大程度上受非点源污染的影响,因此,有必要对其负荷和比重进行研究。2009年至2010年,对渭河干流关中段咸阳和临潼断面进行了洪水期和非洪水期水质水量同步监测。根据监测结果及水文站实测流量资料,分别采用改进的水文分割法和平均浓度法对两断面的非点源污染负荷进行了计算,分析了非点源污染的特点。结果表明:渭河干流关中段主要污染物为COD、NH3-N和TN,两断面洪水期间各指标的平均浓度基本都小于平时的平均浓度;各指标非洪水期浓度变化总体上小于洪水期浓度变化幅度,量级较大的洪水水质变化幅度相对较小;改进的水文分割法和已被检验并被广泛采用的平均浓度法计算结果符合良好。2009年(枯水年,P=68%)渭河咸阳和临潼站各指标非点源污染所占比例基本在20%～30%左右;2009年渭河干流咸阳-临潼河段污染以点源污染为主,构成比例在80%以上。对比2006年(枯水年,P=69%),2009年临潼站COD、NH3-N和TN年点源负荷分别减少11937t、791t和29t,渭河点源治理取得一定成效;此外,临潼站这两年的污染构成比例基本相同。非点源污染在渭河水污染中占较大比重,其对渭河水质的影响不容忽视。 相似文献
15.
桂林甑皮岩岩溶地下水硝酸盐来源与转化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
峰林平原是人类活动和居住的密集区，也是岩溶地下水系统的主要径流、排泄地段，地下水资源丰富。随着城市化的发展，地下水硝酸盐污染问题日渐突出。为研究桂林甑皮岩岩溶地下水硝酸盐来源与转化，分别于2018年10月、2019年2月、3月和4月采集地下水样，利用常规水化学及氮氧同位素技术识别硝酸盐来源与转化。结果表明:甑皮岩地下水中NO3-浓度在0~19.523 mg?L-1，δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-分别在-0.17‰～45.12‰和-5.82‰~16.47‰。硝酸盐氮氧同位素数据表明，甑皮岩地下水硝酸盐来源主要为粪便及污废水，少量来自降雨中的NH4+和土壤有机氮。受岩溶介质不均一性的控制，甑皮岩地下水中NO3-浓度、δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-均表现出明显的空间变异性。甑皮岩地下水硝酸盐的转化过程复杂，受控于季节和岩溶介质不均一性，表现为旱季以反硝化为主，雨季则以硝化过程为主。厘清硝酸盐来源与转化为治理甑皮岩地下水硝酸盐污染提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
16.
M. M. Matinzadeh J. Abedi Koupai A. Sadeghi-Lari H. Nozari M. Shayannejad 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(3):563-576
The excessive loss of soil nitrogen through drainage losses causes different environmental problems. The depth and spacing drain of drains play an important role in the quality and quantity of discharged drainage into the environment. In this paper, a simple but comprehensive model using system dynamic approach for water cycle and nitrogen dynamics was used to simulate the effect of drain depth and spacing on nitrate and ammonium losses in a sugarcane agro-industrial company. Twenty-four scenarios were modeled including the combination of four different drain depths and six drain spacing to compare the effect of drain depth and spacing on the nitrogen uptake by plant, denitrification, net mineralization, the amount of ammonium losses through runoff, nitrate and ammonium losses through drainage water, the sum of excessive water, the stress day index and the relative yield. The results indicated that optimal drainage system density is obtained in the depth of 1.1 m and spacing of 80 m, in a way that the total drainage losses would be reduced up to an acceptable level. The optimum designing of the drainage systems according to environmental criteria can control nitrogen pollution load at farm level and can therefore have appropriate results both in terms of economic and environmental considerations. 相似文献
17.
Modeling the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland in the Baiyangdian Basin of the North China Plain 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The water movement and soil nitrogen cycle of the Baiyangdian Basin were simulated, and the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland was assessed by using the distributed hydrological soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) in this study. The model assessment showed that SWAT was able to simulate water and nitrate movement in the region with satisfactory results. The modeling analysis indicated that fertilizer application was the overriding source of soil nitrogen and might result in a large amount of nitrate accumulation in soils; this nitrate might be lost by leaching or runoff driven by water movement. In 2009, nitrate nitrogen leaching represented 19.5 % of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application, while nitrate nitrogen runoff represented 1.7 % only. Thus, it showed that the nitrate leaching was the main approach of soil nitrogen movement in farmland because of strong percolation. It also showed a significant variation of nitrate leaching from different soil depths, with the largest amount leached from surface soil layers and the smallest amount leached from lower soil layers. Therefore, it could be further revealed that the nitrate concentration was very low at soil layers lower than the root zone of crops (1.2 m). Validated by groundwater observations, groundwater pollution by nitrate derived from fertilizers was not serious because of the deep groundwater level in the study plain. However, the risk of groundwater pollution would increase significantly if precipitation increased. 相似文献
18.
Issa Sakho Jean-Paul Dupont Mohamed Talla Cisse Sanae El Janyani Soda Loum 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(6):253
The understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamic of river systems is essential for developing sustainable water resource management plan. For the Senegal River, this subject is very complex according to the context of (1) transboundary basin, (2) several contrasted climatic zones (Guinea, South Sudanian, North Sudanian and Sahelian) with high rainfall variability and (3) high human pressures (dam construction and water uses). From 1954 to 2000, 80% (mean value) of the Senegal River flows recorded downstream part of the basin are provided by three majors tributaries (Bafing, Bakoye and Faléme) located in the upstream part. Then, in our study, this upper Senegal River basin was chosen in order to investigate the hydrological responses to rainfall variability and dam construction. Two nonparametric statistical methods, Mann–Kendall and Hubert test, were used to detect the long-term changes in the time series of precipitation and water discharge (1954–2000) at the annual and seasonal scales. The continuous wavelet transform (Morlet Wavelet) was employed to characterize the different mode in the water discharge variability. Flow duration curve and cumulative curve methods were used to assess the impact of dams on the hydrological regime of the Senegal River. Results showed that the Senegal River flows have been changing under the influence of both rainfall variation and dam construction. The long-term evolution of water discharge depend on long-term rainfall variability: The wet periods of the 1950s and 1960s correspond to periods of higher river flows, while the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s led to unprecedented river flows deficits. The new period, since 1994, show a high inter-annual variability of rainfall and discharge without clear trend. At seasonal scale, the results showed also a strong relationship between rainfall and runoff (R 2 > 0.8) resulting from alternating wet and dry seasons and rapid hydrological responses according to annual rainfall. Nevertheless, the observed flows during dry seasons highlighted the influence of water storage and restitution of infiltrated waters in soils and surficial formations during wet seasons. In the dry seasons, the water budget of the three upstream tributaries showed a water deficit at the downstream gauging station. This deficit was characterized by water loss to underlying aquifers and highlighted the influence of geological setting on water balance. However, in this context, water restitution during the dry season remained dependent on climatic zone and on the total annual rainfall volume during the previous wet season. The results have highlighted an impact of the Manantali dam previously obscured: The dam has no effect on the regulation of high river flows. That is what explains that since its construction in 1988, flooding of coastal cities, like Saint-louis, by seasonal river floods has not ceased. The flooding risk in coastal cities is not avoided, and the dams caused hyper-salinization of the Senegal lower estuary. The breach created in the coastal barrier of the Langue of Barbary in October 2003 promotes direct export of excess floodwater to the sea and reduces this risk of flooding in the delta area. But, this solution led to considerable loss of potential water resources, and the authors recommend a new water management plan with a global focus. However, this study shows the positives impacts of the two dams. They allow the availability of freshwater in order to support agricultural irrigation in the valley and delta zone, in particular during low flows periods. 相似文献
19.
The role of soil surface water regimes and raindrop impact on hillslope soil erosion and nutrient losses 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Juan An Fenli Zheng Mathias J. M. Römkens Guifang Li Qingsen Yang Leilei Wen Bin Wang 《Natural Hazards》2013,67(2):411-430
Few investigations have addressed the interaction between soil surface water regimes and raindrop impact on nutrient losses, especially under artesian seepage condition. A simulation study was conducted to examine the effects on nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Four soil surface water regimes were designed: free drainage, saturation with rainfall, artesian seepage without rainfall, and artesian seepage with rainfall. These water regimes were subjected to two surface treatments: with and without raindrop impact through placing nylon net over soil pan. The results showed saturation and seepage with rainfall conditions induced greater soil loss and nutrient losses than free drainage condition. Nutrient concentrations in runoff from artesian seepage without rainfall condition were 7.3–228.7 times those from free drainage condition. Nutrient losses by runoff from saturation and seepage with rainfall conditions increased by factors of 1.30–9.38 and 2.81–40.11 times, and the corresponding losses with eroded sediment by 1.37–7.67 and 1.75–9.0 times, respectively, relative to those from free drainage condition. Regardless of different soil surface water regimes, raindrop impact increased 20.90–94.0 % nutrient losses with eroded sediment by promoting soil loss, but it only significantly enhanced nutrient transport to runoff under free drainage condition. 相似文献