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1.
ＢｉｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｆｏｒｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｂｉｓｅｘｕａｌａｎｄｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃＡｒｔｅｍｉａｉｎＣｈｉｎａ￥／／ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｎｅｍｉａｈａｓｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂ... 相似文献
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中国六个盐湖卤虫品系生物学特征的研究 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
本文对中国六个盐湖卤虫卵的孵化速率，卵、脱壳卵、无节幼体的生物学测定值，成体的形态及染色体倍性组成进行了研究。结果表明，运城盐湖、工农湖、杭锦旗盐湖卤虫为两性生殖类型，均为二倍体。艾比湖、巴里坤湖、尕海湖卤虫为阪雌生殖类型，除二倍体外还有四倍体，其中巴里坤湖卤虫还有五倍林。两性生殖卤虫间无生殖隔离现象。两性生殖卤虫与阪雌生殖卤虫在生物学特征的诸方面均存在较大差异。 相似文献
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4.
为了探索doublesex1(dsx1)基因是否在蚤状溞的生殖转换过程中发挥作用,利用蚤状溞滤食摄食的特点将体外合成的dsx1双链RNA(ds RNA)通过浸泡得方法分别摄入不同生殖状态的溞体中,实现dsx1基因的表达沉默。随后采用荧光定量PCR(q PCR)以及整体原位杂交分别检测不同生殖状态下蚤状溞在RNAi前后体内dsx1的表达水平变化,进而研究dsx1在蚤状溞生殖转换过程中的作用。结果表明:雄性溞、两性溞、孤雌溞在RNAi后均出现了dsx1 m RNA表达水平的显著下调,且下调量具有显著性差异(P0.05)其中在孤雌溞中下调68%,在三种生殖状态中最为显著,其次是雄性溞(56%)和两性溞(20%)。同时发现,干扰前能够在溞的第一触角、第一胸肢和复眼上检测到明显的信号位点,而在RNAi后,仅在溞体的第一触角上发现少量dsx1基因表达位点,且第一胸肢及复眼上未检测到相关信号。结合未干扰前dsx1在不同生殖状态溞的表达定量以及定位结果,我们推测dsx1可能在蚤状溞的生殖转化基因调控过程中扮演关键角色,并且在维持雄性蚤状溞性别特征的机制中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
5.
蔡亚能 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1993,(2)
报导我国一株罕见雄体出现率特别高的孤雌生殖卤虫“海孤1号”(OP1)。其罕见雄体出现率高于以往报导的10～20倍。利用这株卤虫的罕见雄体与两性生殖卤虫(A.sinica)的雌体进行杂交实验获得成功。 相似文献
6.
卤虫繁殖机制的研究——Ⅰ.卵子发育过程中染色体的变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以卤虫的生殖细胞卵子作为材料进行染色体标本制备,具体研究了卤虫卵子在发育过程中染色体的变化,探讨致使孤雌生殖卤虫染色体自然加倍的可能途径,以及两性生殖卤虫卵子发生受精的具体地点。 相似文献
7.
Rocky shores in the North Atlantic are known for their zonation patterns of both algae and animals, which can be expected to greatly affect food availability to consumers at different height levels on the shore. We tested the hypothesis that consumers would feed on the most abundant suitable food source in their surroundings. In total 36 species/taxa of common primary producers and consumers were sampled for stable isotope analyses from a sheltered fucoid shore at Hvassahraun in south-western Iceland. A selection of these species was also collected seasonally and from different height levels. Feeding experiments, field observations and gut analyses were also conducted. Our results were in good overall agreement with pre-existing knowledge of trophic relationships in the rocky intertidal. Consumers often appeared to be assimilating carbon and nitrogen from the most common diet in their immediate surroundings. The predator Nucella lapillus was thus feeding on different prey at different height levels in accordance with different densities of prey species. When tested in the laboratory, individuals taken from low on the shore would ignore the gastropod Littorina obtusata, uncommon at that height level, even when starved, while individuals from mid-shore readily ate the gastropod. This indicated that some kind of learned behaviour was involved. There were, however, important exceptions, most noteworthy the relatively small contribution to herbivores, both slow moving (the gastropod L. obtusata) and fast moving (the isopod Idotea granulosa and the amphipod Gammarus obtusatus) of the dominant alga at this site, Ascophyllum nodosum. The recent colonizer Fucus serratus seemed to be favoured. Selective feeding was indicated both by isotope signatures as well as by results of feeding experiments. Seasonal migrations of both slow and fast moving species could partly explain patterns observed. 相似文献
8.
四明山脉溪流区水产经济动物棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)同生群两性亲体间的形质差异 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随机选取养殖于四明山脉溪流区的棘胸蛙3年龄同生群人工养成群体中的雌、雄亲体各84只作为研究材料,采用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析方法研究了棘胸蛙同生群两性亲体间的形质差异。结果表明:(1)在所涉20项生物学测定指标和25项形质评价指标中,两性亲体间具显著差异的分别为17项和16项,两者基于形质评价指标均值计算所得的欧氏距离为0.305(P0.01);(2)经主成分分析,提取到的5个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达80.841%,其中第一主成分可归为与脏器质量配置相关的能量代谢因子,第二主成分可归为以头宽和吻长为代表的与口腔空间大小有关的食物吞咽因子,后三个主成分可归为以足肢比和眼间距为代表的与寻食、跳跃和抱食能力相关的捕食功能因子;(3)采用逐步判别法,以判别贡献率较大的L1(前足长/前肢长)、L5(吻长/肩宽)、L7(眼间距/头宽)、W2(胃质量/心质量)、W4(肺质量/心质量)、W6(性腺质量/心质量)为自变量,所建Fisher分类函数方程组可较清晰地区分棘胸蛙两性亲体,雌、雄亲体判别准确率P1、P2分别为84.52%、83.53%和83.33%、84.34%,综合判别率为83.93%。 相似文献
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《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):121-135
The trawl fishery, which targets Cape hake Merluccius spp. and Agulhas sole Austroglossus pectoralis, takes chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii as by-catch. Catch and effort data from the trawl fishery for the period 1978–1996 are used to obtain annual estimates of catch rate (catch per unit effort cpue) for that period. Examination of the cpue trend shows a sharp decline in the early 1980s and, in order to identify factors that could have influenced that decline, the distribution of fishing effort is investigated both temporally and spatially. There is a possible change in the incidence of squid-directed catches over time, but their overall scarcity could have had only a small impact on the annual cpue trend. Further, using distribution of fishing effort to evaluate the effects of possible changes in fishing patterns, rather than changes in resource abundance, on the trend in trawl cpue, it became clear that there had been a contraction of the trawling grounds and changes in fishing patterns in relation to depth over time. Finally, a general linear model (GLM) is developed to quantify the effect on cpue of factors such as vessel characteristic, depth and position of the drag, season and target species, so obtaining a standardized trawl cpue index of chokka abundance. Analysis of that trend reveals a mean 7.7% annual decline for the period investigated, which should be interpreted as a strong sign of resource decline. 相似文献
10.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(4):423-438
Spatial and temporal (seasonal and interannual) variation in microphytoplankton was investigated at two tropical coral reef sites off Mauritius (Belle Mare [BM] and Flic-en-Flac [FEF]), from 2010 to 2012. Each site was divided into three zones: coast, lagoon and reef. Microphytoplankton, nutrient and chlorophyll a samples were collected, and physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ. A total of 56 microphytoplankton genera were identified (43 diatoms, 8 dinoflagellates and 5 cyanobacteria). Total microphytoplankton density exhibited spatial and temporal variation, being higher at BM and near the coast, and mostly high in summer. Nutrient concentrations were highest near the coast as a result of run-off events and anthropogenic inputs, especially during heavy rainfall, and this resulted in elevated total microphytoplankton density. There were no clear diversity patterns at the two sites or within the different zones. At both sites, Navicula, Cocconeis and Fragilaria were the dominant diatoms, and Gymnodinium, Alexandrium and Protoperidinium were the dominant dinoflagellates. There was a shift in dominance from Navicula in summer to Fragilaria in winter. This seasonal shift may reflect how these species respond differently to environmental change, which could have implications for primary production at spatial and temporal scales. 相似文献
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在相同的分离培养条件下,为比较地域差别较大的福建海域海绵动物(山海绵Mycale sp.和网架海绵Stylissa sp.)和海南海域海鞘动物(皱瘤海鞘Styela plicata和乳突皮海鞘Molgula manhattensis)之间可培养放线菌多样性的差异,作者采用5种放线菌分离培养基和1种细菌通用培养基,对海绵和海鞘中的放线菌进行分离培养。采用16S rRNA 基因限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP)分析和序列分析,揭示其多样性。共获得可培养放线菌198株,其中从海绵中分离到87株放线菌,从海鞘中分离到111株放线菌。RFLP分析表现为38种不同的图谱类型。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,从海绵中分离到的放线菌包括6个放线菌属,其中有2株菌的16S rRNA基因序列与最相近的菌株相似性低于97%,可能是潜在的新菌株;从海鞘中分离到的放线菌包括7个放线菌属,有8株可能是潜在的新菌株。比较海绵和海鞘中可培养放线菌的多样性发现,从海绵中分离到的放线菌,除节细菌(Arthrobacter)以外,均包括在海鞘分离的放线菌属中。海鞘相关放线菌多样性水平不容忽视,是除海绵之外另一获得新型放线菌资源以及药用天然活性产物的重要来源。 相似文献
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Souad Zarrouk Alexander V. Ereskovsky Karim Ben Mustapha Amor El Abed Thierry Pérez 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(4):432-442
The study of the reproductive processes of benthic invertebrates is essential to the understanding of their population dynamics and is also important in formulating conservation plans, especially for exploited species. The sexual reproduction of Hippospongia communis, the ‘honeycomb’ bath sponge, was studied at two locations in the Mediterranean Sea: the Kerkennah Islands (Tunisia, South Mediterranean), where the mean annual seawater temperature is 19 °C, and Marseille (France, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea), where the mean annual water temperature is 16 °C. The aim of this comparative study was to determine whether different environmental conditions could affect reproduction patterns. At both locations, H. communis was found to contain sexual reproductive elements year‐round. Oogenesis and embryogenesis occurred throughout the year, whereas spermatogenesis occurred during shorter periods between October and November, in both populations. While gametogenesis seemed to be synchronized, indicating that fertilization could occur at the same time at both locations, spawning was observed in late summer in Marseille, whereas it started in late spring for the Kerkennah population. Larval development of H. communis seems to take longer for sponges living at cooler locations such as Marseille. Reproductive effort calculated for both sexes showed significantly higher values for specimens from Kerkennah Islands. By comparing sexual reproductive patterns of populations living in two contrasted environments, we suggest that a change of thermal regime can affect H. communis phenology. 相似文献
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应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析了孤雌生殖卤虫产生的罕见雄体、两性卤虫及其杂交后代 (F1)的酯酶 (EST)、超氧物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (PRX)、碱性磷酸酶 (AL P)、四唑氧化酶(TO)和乳酸脱氢酶 (L DH)的同工酶酶谱表型。对编码 5种酶的 19个位点、35个等位基因的表达进行了遗传分析。结果表明 ,在 EST、PRX和 TO酶谱中既有共显性等位基因 ,又有沉默等位基因的表达 ;卤虫 PRX、AL P和 SOD为单体酶 ,在 EST和 TO酶谱中还存在着二聚体同工酶 ;除 LDH为单态外 ,其余 5种同工酶为多态酶。 相似文献
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There is little information on the movement and connectivity patterns for many species. The movement by shells occupied by the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the organisms encrusting these shells was investigated on the south coast of Wales (UK). Hermit crabs shells moved considerable distances along the shore over 1 month periods, moving a minimum mean distance (±SE) of 148 (±8) and 174 (±9) m from release sites in the January and August respectively. Hermit crab-inhabited shells were also found to travel across habitats (sandy areas) that are unsuitable for both hermit crabs and epibionts. Through the examination of 150 of the most abundant shells used by P. bernhardus (Nucella lapillus), twelve epibiont species were found (10 animal and 2 algal species) and choice experiments demonstrated that hermit crabs preferred epibiont covered shells (84%), compared with bare shells (16%). The distance that shells were moved and the preference of hermit crabs for epibiont encrusted shells, coupled with the ability for epibionts to cross unsuitable habitats, may provide a dispersal advantage for epibiont species. 相似文献
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W. Armonies 《Journal of Sea Research》1996,35(4):323-334
The large-scale (km) distributional patterns of juvenile bivalves are established by larval settlement and subsequently changed due to actively initiated postlarval migrations (byssus-drifting), resuspension during sediment disturbance, and local differences in mortality. Repeated mapping of 0-group bivalve distribution during two summers was combined with simultaneous registrations of the numbers of drifting specimens. Species differed in their susceptibility to passive resuspension and their activity in byssus-drifting, but the two ways of entry into the water column were independent of each other. As a result, the relative magnitude of byssus-drifting and passive resuspension varied with the species. While hydrographical conditions always determined the changes in the distributional patterns of passively eroded species, this was not the case in active migrations of byssus-drifting bivalves. A comparison of the distributional patterns of juveniles over two consecutive years showed similar patterns in the tellinid clam Macoma balthica and the razor clam Ensis americanus. In these two species spatfall mainly occurred around mean low-tide level. Subsequently, juvenile M. balthica rapidly accumulated in the upper intertidal, whereas juvenile E. americanus accumulated subtidally. In mussels Mytilus edulis the distribution of juveniles only changed in a longshore direction, not in the tidal level occupied. The spatial pattern of cockles Cerastoderma edule changed from aggregation of the early spat in the mid and lower intertidal towards a more uniform distribution of recruits over these tidal flats. There were only a few patches of high abundance left at the end of summer. Finally, in juvenile clams Mya arenaria the spatial patterns of both spatfall and redistribution were unpredictable.On a km-scale, abundance of some species correlated with sediment granulometry. Presumably, this does not reflect a causal relationship but is a consequence of the correlation between grain size distribution and tidal level within the area studied. On a scale of hundreds of metres, there were no consistent correlations between juvenile abundance and sediment granulometry in any species. In summary, it seems that hydrography ruled the initial settlement of larvae to the sediment and strongly influenced the subsequent redistribution of juveniles caused by passive resuspension. The outcome of actively initiated migrations, on the other hand, was only weakly influenced by hydrography. Therefore it is suggested that hydrography plays a dominant role in the initial development of km-scale distributional patterns of just-settled bivalves in the Wadden Sea, while habitat selection is delayed to the byssus-drifting postlarvae phase. 相似文献
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17.
Akihiko Tanaka Motoaki Kishino Roland Doerffer Helmut Schiller Tomohiko Oishi Tadashi Kubota 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(3):519-530
An algorithm is presented to retrieve the concentrations of chlorophyll a, suspended pariclulate matter and yellow substance
from normalized water-leaving radiances of the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS) of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite
(ADEOS). It is based on a neural network (NN) algorithm, which is used for the rapid inversion of a radiative transfer procedure
with the goal of retrieving not only the concentrations of chlorophyll a but also the two other components that determine the water-leaving radiance spectrum. The NN algorithm was tested using the
NASA's SeaBAM (SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Mini-Workshop) test data set and applied to ADEOS/OCTS data of the Northwest Pacific in
the region off Sanriku, Japan. The root-mean-square error between chlorophyll a concentrations derived from the SeaBAM reflectance data and the chlorophyll a measurements is 0.62. The retrieved chlorophyll a concentrations of the OCTS data were compared with the corresponding distribution obtained by the standard OCTS algorithm.
The concentrations and distribution patterns from both algorithms match for open ocean areas. Since there are no standard
OCTS products available for yellow substance and suspended matter and no in situ measurements available for validation, the result of the retrieval by the NN for these two variables could only be assessed
by a general knowledge of their concentrations and distribution patterns.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Global warming and ocean acidification influence marine calcifying organisms, particularly those with external shells. Among these, mussels may compensate for environmental changes by phenotypic plasticity, but this may entail trade-offs between shell deposition, growth and reproduction. We assessed main and interactive effects of pH and temperature on four mussel species on the west coast of South Africa (33°48′ S, 18°27′ E) in October 2012 by comparing shell dissolution, shell growth, shell breaking force and condition index of two native species, the ribbed mussel Aulacomya atra and the black mussel Choromytilus meridionalis, and two aliens, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the bisexual mussel Semimytilus algosus. Live mussels and dead shells were exposed for 42 days to seawater of pH 7.5 or 8.0, at 14 °C or 20 °C. Low pH, high temperature and their combination increased shell dissolution of the two aliens but their growth rates and condition indices remained unchanged. Aulacomya atra also experienced greater shell dissolution at a low pH and high temperature, but grew faster in low-pH treatments. For C. meridionalis, shell dissolution was unaffected by pH or temperature; it also grew faster in low-pH treatments, but had a lower condition index in the higher temperature treatment. Shell strength was not determined by thickness alone. In most respects, all four species proved to be robust to short-term reduction of pH and elevation of temperature, but the native species compensated for greater shell dissolution at low pH by increasing growth rate, whereas the aliens did not, so their invasive success cannot be ascribed to benefits accruing from climate change. 相似文献
19.
Distribution patterns and trophic contributions of rotifers from freshwater through polyhaline estuarine waters were examined in the southern Chesapeake Bay and its major tributaries for a two-year period. Trichocerca marina and Synchaeta spp. were the major taxa in abundance, followed by Polyarthra vulgaris, Keratella cochlearis and Brachionus spp. There was a significant negative correlation between salinity and rotifer density, biomass, and number of species. Rotifers were a component of the microzooplankton biomass during specific periods and at particular sites, dominating summer assemblages in tidal freshwater and river–estuary transition sites, plus the winter communities in estuarine waters. This observation indicates that rotifers may play an important trophic role by seasonally replacing metazoan nauplii as a biomass source in both tidal freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. The annual contribution of rotifers to the total microzooplankton biomass exclusive of heterotrophic dinoflagellates was brief but intensive, achieving over 50% of annual biomass during a 2–3 month period. Despite the small annual mean contribution of rotifers to the total microzooplankton biomass, rotifers may have a limited, but significant impact on the trophic dynamics of the zooplankton community in Chesapeake Bay and its major tidal tributaries. 相似文献
20.
The penaeid prawns Fenneropenaeus indicus and Metapenaeus monoceros support shallow-water prawn fisheries in the south-west Indian Ocean. They are sympatric and have similar life histories, including developmental stages that depend on estuarine and marine habitats and a short dispersal duration. Nevertheless, M. monoceros juveniles display a more generalist habitat preference in estuaries and recruit to offshore habitats during a different season than F. indicus. We hypothesised that these differences would affect dispersal patterns, leading to dissimilar geographic genetic structure between the two taxa. Given their short dispersal phase, we also hypothesised that the Mozambique Channel would form a barrier to dispersal between the southeastern African mainland and Madagascar sites. Population differentiation was assessed based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA control-region sequences. Both species displayed high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity. Pairwise ?ST statistics supported the existence of admixed populations along the African mainland sites for both species, with geographic distance isolating populations at the extremes of the sampled range (Kenya and east coast of South Africa). The Madagascar population differed significantly from African mainland populations. The concordant patterns in population differentiation suggest that F. indicus and M. monoceros can be considered as single African stocks, or fisheries management units. 相似文献