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1.
The concept of attenuation operators and complex velocities is applied to scattering attenuation in two and three dimensions, using the minimum-phase assumption for the attenuation operator. Acoustic 2D finite-difference computations of synthetic seismograms show, that the attenuation operator describes well the decay and lowpass filtering of the averaged wave form, which follows from averaging travel-time-corrected wave forms along the wave front. In the case of exponential random media, analytical forms of the attenuation operators and complex velocities are available. The complex velocities are incorporated into the reflectivity method. As an application, synthetic seismograms are presented for theS
n
wave, attenuated by lithospheric velocity and density fluctuations. The limitations of attenuation operators and complex velocities for scattering are also discussed. With these quantities it is not possible to model phenomena related to the scattered waves themselves, such as amplitude and travel-time fluctuations along the wave front, codas and precursors. 相似文献
2.
Eva Caspari Mikhail Novikov Vadim Lisitsa Nicolás D. Barbosa Beatriz Quintal J. Germán Rubino Klaus Holliger 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(4):935-955
Seismic attenuation mechanisms receive increasing attention for the characterization of fractured formations because of their inherent sensitivity to the hydraulic and elastic properties of the probed media. Attenuation has been successfully inferred from seismic data in the past, but linking these estimates to intrinsic rock physical properties remains challenging. A reason for these difficulties in fluid-saturated fractured porous media is that several mechanisms can cause attenuation and may interfere with each other. These mechanisms notably comprise pressure diffusion phenomena and dynamic effects, such as scattering, as well as Biot's so-called intrinsic attenuation mechanism. Understanding the interplay between these mechanisms is therefore an essential step for estimating fracture properties from seismic measurements. In order to do this, we perform a comparative study involving wave propagation modelling in a transmission set-up based on Biot's low-frequency dynamic equations and numerical upscaling based on Biot's consolidation equations. The former captures all aforementioned attenuation mechanisms and their interference, whereas the latter only accounts for pressure diffusion phenomena. A comparison of the results from both methods therefore allows to distinguish between dynamic and pressure diffusion phenomena and to shed light on their interference. To this end, we consider a range of canonical models with randomly distributed vertical and/or horizontal fractures. We observe that scattering attenuation strongly interferes with pressure diffusion phenomena, since the latter affect the elastic contrasts between fractures and their embedding background. Our results also demonstrate that it is essential to account for amplitude reductions due to transmission losses to allow for an adequate estimation of the intrinsic attenuation of fractured media. The effects of Biot's intrinsic mechanism are rather small for the models considered in this study. 相似文献
3.
Compressional-wave Q estimation from full-waveform sonic data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
There is significant evidence that the anelastic loss of seismic energy is linked to petrophysical properties such as porosity, permeability and clay content. Thus, reliable estimation of anelastic attenuation from seismic data can lead to improved methods for the prediction of petrophysical properties. This paper is concerned with methods for the estimation of attenuation at sonic frequencies (5–30 KHz) from in situ data. Two independent methods have been developed and tested for estimating compressional‐wave attenuation from full‐waveform sonic data. A well‐established technique, the logarithm spectral ratio (LSR) method, is compared with a new technique, the instantaneous frequency (IF) method. The LSR method uses the whole spectrum of the seismic pulse whilst the IF method uses a carefully estimated value of instantaneous frequency which is representative of the centre frequency of the pulse. In the former case, attenuation estimation is based on the relative variation of amplitudes at different frequencies, whilst in the latter case it is based on the shift of the centre frequency of the pulse to lower values during anelastic wave propagation. The IF method does not assume frequency independence of Q which is a necessary assumption for the LSR method, and it provides a stable frequency log, the peak instantaneous frequency (PIF) log, which may be used as an indicator for attenuation under certain limitations. The development and implementation of the two methods is aimed at minimizing the effect of secondary arrivals, such as leaky modes, and involved a series of parameter tests. Testing of the two methods using full‐waveform sonic data of variable quality, obtained from a gas‐bearing sandstone reservoir, showed that the IF method is in general more stable and suitable for full‐waveform sonic data compared with the LSR method. This was evident especially in data sets with high background noise levels and wave‐interference effects. For good quality data, the two methods gave results that showed good agreement, whilst comparison with other log types further increased confidence in the results obtained. A significant decrease (approximately 5 KHz) in the PIF values was observed in the transition from an evaporite/shale sequence to the gas‐bearing sandstone. Average Q values of 54 and 51 were obtained using good quality data from a test region within the gas‐saturated sandstone reservoir, using the LSR and IF methods, respectively. 相似文献
4.
随机弹性介质中地震波散射衰减分析(英文) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
地震波衰减一直是许多学科研究的热点,因为可以反映介质的特性。导致地震波衰减的因素很多,如:传播过程中由于能量扩散导致的几何衰减,固体岩石内部晶粒间相对滑移导致的摩擦衰减,岩石结构不均匀引起的地震波散射衰减。本文主要从统计的观点出发,通过多次数值模拟的方法研究纵波散射在随机弹性介质中所引发的衰减。首先用随机理论建立了二维空间随机弹性介质模型,然后用错格伪谱法的数值方法模拟了波在随机介质中的传播,再通过波场中虚拟检波器的记录,用谱比法估计了弹性波在随机介质中的散射衰减。不同非均匀程度随机弹性介质中的数值结果表明:介质不均匀程度越高,散射衰减越大;在散射体尺寸小于波长的前提下,不同散射体尺寸的计算结果说明:散射体尺寸越大,弹性波衰减越明显。最后提出了一种不均匀孔隙介质中流体流动衰减的方法。通过对随机孔隙介质中地震波的总衰减和散射衰减分别进行了计算,并定量得出了随机孔隙介质中流体流动衰减,结果表明:在实际地震频段下,当介质不均匀尺度101米量级时,散射衰减比流体流动衰减要大,散射衰减是地震波在实际不均匀岩石孔隙介质中衰减的主要原因。 相似文献
5.
模拟弹性波在孔隙介质中传播,需要稳定有效的吸收边界来消除或尽可能的减小由人工边界引起的虚假反射. 本文在前人工作基础上,首次建立了弹性孔隙介质情况下完全匹配层吸收边界的高阶速度-应力交错网格有限差分算法,并详细讨论了完全匹配层的构建及其有限差分算法实现. 首先,本文通过均匀孔隙模型的数值解与解析解的对比,验证所提出的数值方法的正确性;然后,本文考察了完全匹配层对不同入射角度入射波和自由表面上的瑞利波的吸收性能,将完全匹配层与廖氏和阻尼吸收边界进行了对比,研究了这三种吸收边界在不同吸收厚度情况下对弹性波吸收能力. 数值结果表明,在孔隙介质中,完全匹配层作为吸收边界能十分有效地吸收衰减外行波,无论对体波还是面波,是一种高效边界吸收算法. 相似文献
6.
时间域的波场延拓方法在本质上都可以归结为对一个空间-波数域算子的近似.本文基于一阶波数-空间混合域象征,提出一种新的方法求解解耦的二阶位移弹性波方程.该方法采用交错网格,连续使用两次一阶前向和后向拟微分算子,推导得到了解耦的二阶位移弹性波方程的波场延拓算子.由于该混合域象征在伪谱算子的基础上增加了一个依赖于速度模型的补偿项,可以补偿由于采用二阶中心差分计算时间微分项带来的误差,有效地减少模拟结果的数值频散,提高模拟精度.然而,在非均匀介质中,直接计算该二阶的波场延拓算子,每一个时间步上需要做N次快速傅里叶逆变换,其中N是总的网格点数.为了减少计算量,提出了交错网格低秩分解方法;针对常规有限差分数值频散问题,本文将交错网格低秩方法与有限差分法结合,提出了交错网格低秩有限差分法.数值结果表明,交错网格低秩方法和交错网格低秩有限差分法具有较高的精度,对于复杂介质的地震波数值模拟和偏移成像具有重要的价值. 相似文献
7.
针对正交偶极声波测井检测地层各向异性和确定构造应力中频散分析的必要性，本文利用合成和实测阵列声波测井数据分析和比较了三种频散分析方法：Prony方法、同态处理方法和谱域加权相似法. 这三种频率域处理方法提取得到了合理的、一致的慢度结果. 谱域加权相似法只能用于每一频率下单一波模式的慢度估计；同态处理方法还可以同时估计单一波模式的衰减、幅度和初相位；利用SVD_TLS算法确定波模式的阶数后，Prony方法可以有效地估计每一频率下多个模式的上述参数. 另外，通过谱域加权相似法对正交偶极声波测井阵列数据进行频散分析，观察到了弯曲波频散曲线的交叉现象，从而确定出了对应地层所受最大水平主应力的方向. 相似文献
8.
Numerical solution of the scalar and elastic wave equations has greatly aided geophysicists in modeling seismic wave fields
in the complicated geologic structures containing hydrocarbons and hence increases the geologic interpretation. Finite-difference
method offers a versatile approach to compute synthetic seismograms numerically for given subsurface complex geological structures.
To avoid the spatial derivative of the elastic parameters and density, elastodynamic equation (first-order hyperbolic equation)
has been solved using the Lax-Wendroff scheme. A numerical finite-difference modeling program has been developed for the P-SV
wave using the above solution. A line source with a time delay of 0.015s and dominant frequency of 120 Hz has been utilized
in the simulation. In order to avoid the large values of the displacement vector in the source region,Alterman andKaral's method (1968) has been utilized. Horizontal and vertical component synthetic seismograms have been computed for two different
geological models with and without oil and gas bearing zones. It has been concluded from the response that a finite-difference
technique not only yields the relative arrival times but also accounts for the variation in amplitude and phase according
to the elastic impedance contrast across the interfaces. It should come as no surprise to learn that in spite of the limitation
of this numerical method, the scheme has provided a valid response for the thin layer, high acoustic impedance contrast and
the pinch out. 相似文献
9.
We present a discrete modelling scheme which solves the elastic wave equation on a grid with vertically varying grid spacings. Spatial derivatives are computed by finite-difference operators on a staggered grid. The time integration is performed by the rapid expansion method. The use of variable grid spacings adds flexibility and improves the efficiency since different spatial sampling intervals can be used in regions with different material properties. In the case of large velocity contrasts, the use of a non-uniform grid avoids spatial oversampling in regions with high velocities. The modelling scheme allows accurate modelling up to a spatial sampling rate of approximately 2.5 gridpoints per shortest wavelength. However, due to the staggering of the material parameters, a smoothing of the material parameters has to be applied at internal interfaces aligned with the numerical grid to avoid amplitude errors and timing inaccuracies. The best results are obtained by smoothing based on slowness averaging. To reduce errors in the implementation of the free-surface boundary condition introduced by the staggering of the stress components, we reduce the grid spacing in the vertical direction in the vicinity of the free surface to approximately 10 gridpoints per shortest wavelength. Using this technique we obtain accurate results for surface waves in transversely isotropic media. 相似文献
10.
墨西哥湾GC955H井钻遇两种不同的水合物储层,浅层裂隙充填型水合物和深层砂岩型水合物.浅层水合物充填在细粒泥质沉积物的裂隙中,由电阻率测井计算的饱和度平均值为25%.深层水合物充填在砂岩孔隙中,由电阻率计算的饱和度平均为65%.基于声波全波形数据,本文计算了GC955H井储层的声波衰减大小,结果发现两种水合物层对声波衰减的影响不同.泥岩水合物层中的声波衰减与上覆背景泥岩沉积层基本相当.砂岩水合物层的声波衰减大于0.1,最大0.15,远高于上覆和下伏的背景砂岩层.对声波频率的分析发现,GC955H井泥岩层中水合物对声波频率的影响不大,砂岩水合物层的声波频谱与上下背景砂岩层相比发生变化,主频增大.通过对比两种水合物储层的特征,本文初步定性分析了造成水合物对储层声波传播影响不同的原因,包括岩性、水合物饱和度、水合物赋存方式等;但对此的定量描述需要未来更详尽地讨论和研究水合物的声波衰减机制. 相似文献
11.
A staggered-grid high-order finite-difference modeling for elastic wave field in arbitrary tilt anisotropic media 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Introduction The real Earth usually presents anisotropy. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical sig- nificance for many fields as oil and gas, seismic exploration and production, earthquake prediction, detection of deep structure and so on to study on seismic wave theory, numerical simulation method and its applications in the anisotropic media (Crampin, 1981, 1984; Crampin et al, 1986; Hudson et al, 1996; Liu et al, 1997; Thomsen, 1986, 1995; TENG et al, 1992; HE and ZHANG, 1996)… 相似文献
12.
A. Pirogova R. Pevzner B. Gurevich S. Glubokovskikh K. Tertyshnikov 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(7):1778-1797
At the CO2CRC Otway geosequestration site, the abundance of borehole seismic and logging data provides a unique opportunity to compare techniques of Q (measure of attenuation) estimation and validate their reliability. Specifically, we test conventional time-domain amplitude decay and spectral-domain centroid frequency shift methods versus the 1D waveform inversion constrained by well logs on a set of zero-offset vertical seismic profiles. The amplitude decay and centroid frequency shift methods of Q estimation assume that a seismic pulse propagates in a homogeneous medium and ignore the interference of the propagating wave with short-period multiples. The waveform inversion explicitly models multiple scattering and interference on a stack of thin layers using high-resolution data from sonic and density logs. This allows for stable Q estimation in small depth windows (in this study, 150 m), and separation of the frequency-dependent layer-induced scattering from intrinsic absorption. Besides, the inversion takes into account band-limited nature of seismic data, and thus, it is less dependent on the operating frequency bandwidth than on the other methods. However, all considered methods of Q estimation are unreliable in the intervals where subsurface significantly deviates from 1D geometry. At the Otway site, the attenuation estimates are distorted by sub-vertical faults close to the boreholes. Analysis of repeated vertical seismic profiles reveals that 15 kt injection of the CO2-rich fluid into a thin saline aquifer at 1.5 km depth does not induce detectable absorption of P-waves at generated frequencies 5–150 Hz, most likely because the CO2 plume in the monitoring well is thin, <15 m. At the Otway research site, strong attenuation Q ≈ 30–50 is observed only in shaly formations (Skull Creek Mudstone, Belfast Mudstone). Layer-induced scattering attenuation is negligible except for a few intervals, namely 500–650 m from the surface, and near the injection interval, at around 1400–1550 m, where Qscat ≈ 50–65. 相似文献
13.
实际地球介质的弹性波衰减,无论是对于地球内部结构反演、含油气储层描述,还是对于地震岩石物理本身的基础研究而言,都十分重要.通过岩石物理实验测量岩石的弹性波衰减是相关研究的基本手段,而谱比法是一种最常用的测量方法.利用谱比法测量的弹性波衰减,简称谱比法衰减,由介质的本征吸收特性和非均质散射特性共同决定.然而,在谱比法理论中,没有将这两种衰减特性的作用区分对待.因此,实验室测量的谱比法衰减中是否含有散射特性,其散射特性是否可以忽略,常不明确.本文基于对岩石物理实验中样品波形特征的基本认识,通过能流理论描述了弹性波的本征吸收和非均质散射过程,以及对应的尾波形成机理.文章还应用能流理论测量岩石的弹性波衰减,即能流法衰减.无论是通过理论推导,还是通过实验验证,谱比法衰减与能流法衰减都显示出良好的一致性.这两种直达波衰减的一致性暗示了谱比法衰减中存在着两种衰减特性.文中还对比分析了谱比法衰减与喷射流本征衰减的实验结果,该结果同样展示了谱比法衰减中可能存在着散射特性.因此,通过能流理论,可以利用样品波形的尾波特征定性判断谱比法衰减中可能存在的散射特性.即异常明显的尾波振幅可能意味着强烈的直达波非均质散射,谱比法衰减中的散射特性因而不可忽略. 相似文献
14.
When treating the forward full waveform case, a fast and accurate algorithm for modelling seismic wave propagation in anisotropic inhomogeneous media is of considerable value in current exploration seismology. Synthetic seismograms were computed for P-SV wave propagation in transversely isotropic media. Among the various techniques available for seismic modelling, the finite-difference method possesses both the power and flexibility to model wave propagation accurately in anisotropic inhomogeneous media bounded by irregular interfaces. We have developed a fast high-order vectorized finite-difference algorithm adapted for the vector supercomputer. The algorithm is based on the fourth-order accurate MacCormack-type splitting scheme. Solving the equivalent first-order hyperbolic system of equations, instead of the second-order wave equation, avoids computation of the spatial derivatives of the medium's anisotropic elastic parameters. Examples indicate that anisotropy plays an important role in modelling the kinematic and the dynamic properties of the wave propagation and should be taken into account when necessary. 相似文献
15.
给出了任意倾斜各向异性介质中二维三分量一阶应力速度弹性波方程交错网格任意偶数阶精度有限差分格式及其稳定性条件,并推导出了二维任意倾斜各向异性介质完全匹配吸收层法边界条件公式和相应的交错网格任意偶数阶精度差分格式. 数值模拟结果表明,该方法模拟精度高,计算效率高,边界吸收效果好. 各向异性介质中弹性波波前面形态复杂, 且qP波波速不总是比qS波波速快. qS波波前面和同相轴的三分叉现象普遍, 且其同相轴一般不是双曲线型. 当TI介质倾斜时,3个分量上均能够观测到横波分裂现象, 而且各波形的同相轴变得不对称. 相似文献
16.
Song Ruolong Ma Jun Wang Kexie 《应用地球物理》2005,2(4):216-222
The nonsplitting perfectly matched layer （NPML） absorbing boundary condition （ABC） was first provided by Wang and Tang （2003） for the finite-difference simulation of elastic wave propagation in solids. In this paper, the method is developed to extend the NPML to simulating elastic wave propagation in poroelastic media. Biot＇s equations are discretized and approximated to a staggered-grid by applying a fourth-order accurate central difference in space and a second-order accurate central difference in time. A cylindrical twolayer seismic model and a borehole model are chosen to validate the effectiveness of the NPML. The results show that the numerical solutions agree well with the solutions of the discrete wavenumber （DW） method. 相似文献
17.
18.
Forward modeling of elastic wave propagation in porous media has great importance for understanding and interpreting the influences of rock properties on characteristics of seismic wavefield. However,the finite-difference forward-modeling method is usually implemented with global spatial grid-size and time-step; it consumes large amounts of computational cost when small-scaled oil/gas-bearing structures or large velocity-contrast exist underground. To overcome this handicap,combined with variable grid-size and time-step,this paper developed a staggered-grid finite-difference scheme for elastic wave modeling in porous media. Variable finite-difference coefficients and wavefield interpolation were used to realize the transition of wave propagation between regions of different grid-size. The accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm were shown by numerical examples. The proposed method is advanced with low computational cost in elastic wave simulation for heterogeneous oil/gas reservoirs. 相似文献
19.
针对地下工程领域隧道超前预报地震波波场传播与成像中存在的问题,通过数值模拟,构建二维含低速异常的隧道介质模型,研究隧道弹性波场传播规律和异常体边界成像准确性.首先,利用一阶速度-应力波动方程和高阶交错网格有限差分计算方法,导出隧道超前预报数值模拟的稳定性条件和边界条件,对上述隧道模型进行数值模拟,识别波场特征;其次,利用叠前逆时偏移成像方法,对压制噪音干扰后的波场在互相关成像条件下,对隧道模型中的异常体边界进行逆时偏移成像.研究结果表明：采用高阶交错网格有限差分正演获得异常体边界清晰的反射波和角点产生的散射波;逆时偏移算法获得隧道内异常体准确成像结果,从而大大提高隧道超前预报的分辨率与准确性;靠近掌子面单一震源、多道接收观测系统对异常体成像效果最佳,为隧道内高效数据采集提供理论依据. 相似文献
20.
高精度频率域弹性波方程有限差分方法及波场模拟 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14
有限差分方法是波场数值模拟的一个重要方法,但常规的有限差分法本身存在着数值频散问题,会降低波场模拟的精度与分辨率,为了克服常规差分算子的数值频散,本文采用25点优化差分算子,再根据最优化理论求取的优化系数,建立了频率空间域中弹性波波动方程的差分格式;为了消除边界反射,引入最佳匹配层,构造了各向同性介质中弹性波方程在不同边界和角点处的边界条件. 最后由弹性波波动方程和边界条件,通过频率域有限差分法,分别利用不同震源对弹性波在均匀各向同性介质、层状介质及凹陷模型中的传播过程进行了数值正演模拟,得到了单频波波场、时间切片和共炮点道集,为下一步的研究工作（如成像、反演）提供了研究基础. 相似文献