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1.
Stig Jaatinen 《GeoJournal》1990,21(3):289-299
Finland has a most extraordinary experience in the field of thematic and expecially atlas cartography. The traditions of national
atlases go almost 100 years back through five extensive editions (1899, 1910, 1920, 1960 and the fifth 1977–1991). Thematically
these atlases have acted as thruthful mirrors of the rather dramatic changes Finland has lived through both from the point
of environment (including political boundaries), economy, settlement and cultural features. Methodologically the series of
Finnish atlases show many interesting aspects of development, in many respects important new approaches have been introduced
and also the fifth edition has in international reviews been described as “innovative”. Finally one can stress the purposeful
geographical emphasis in the content of these atlases; they are no mechanistic interpretations of e.g. statistical data.
The presently-day work in the field of national atlases faces many new demands. Automation has enhanced the cartographic processing
of data, there is a much extended information base concerning all the aspects of the modern societies which must be taken
into account and there is also a number of new outlets for the ready product (printed and numerical). The greater scope and
diversity must not, however, restrict the scientific unbiased editorial work of analyzing and synthetizing the data for cartographic
expression; a clearcut geographical philosophy must be the guideline. In the future the thematic and atlas cartography must
also be dealt increasingly in problem-oriented and international frames. 相似文献
2.
3.
刘鸿允教授的代表作《中国古地理图》自1955年正式出版至今已43年。虽然在其后,随着我国地质工作向纵深的发展,在系统性、科学性、准确性等方面都有很大改进的古地理图 相似文献
4.
The Atlas of Palaeogeography of China was published in 1955. This paper will introduce the impor- tant historical background of the compilation and publishing of the atlas. Actually it was a direct outcome of the famous Main geological structural units of China written by Huang Jiqing in 1945. Confined by the status of geological development of that stage, the atlas mainly presents the variation of the distribution of old landmasses and oceans during different geological stages. The compilation was based on facies types, palaeontological species , and features of regional fauna assemblages . The basic scale of the atlas was 1:1 000 000. There are totally 20 maps, spanning from the Sinian to Triassic of the Mesozoic. The compila-tion was finished in more than three years. The outline of landmasses and oceans, main direction of trans-gression and regression, distribution of fossils, crustal deformation, mineral deposits, as well as volcanic and glacial activities are shown with various patterns and colors 相似文献
5.
During 1984 and 1985, the Geological Survey of Finland carried out regional geochemical mapping of till, at a scale of 1:2,000,000, as part of a programme to produce data for the first Geochemical Atlas of Finland. The Atlas is designed to give comprehensive background information on the distribution of elements in rocks, soils, and the surficial environment. 相似文献
6.
文章以松嫩平原为例,开展土地利用格局空间变化研究。该区包括白城市、松原市等10个市县,土地面积46930km2。半个世纪以来,该区的土地利用格局发生了较大的变化,湿地萎缩、草地退化、土地沙化、土地盐碱化,荒漠化迅速发展,制约该区的可持续发展。本文以多元遥感数据为空间数据源,以3S技术为支持,以1km×1km的栅格单元为最小信息图谱单元,构建地学信息图谱－空间分析模型,进行土地利用变化研究; 土地利用格局及其影响因子的空间回归分析; 及土地利用格局空间变化趋势预测。研究结果表明,到2019年该区的土地利用结构与功能将发生巨大的变化,湿地、水域、草地的面积分别减少61.37%,52.45%和45.77%,盐碱地面积增加21.76%。盐碱荒漠化将进一步扩张。因此,必须及早制订相应的对策与方案。
文章将地学信息图谱方法与空间分析方法相融合,构成地学信息图谱－CAMarkov耦合模型,以栅格图谱数据－元胞图形数据进行模型运算,将复杂的、变化的生态景观特征以图谱的形式展现出来。从而使研究的全过程实现了栅格化、数字化、空间化、动态化和图谱化。 相似文献
文章将地学信息图谱方法与空间分析方法相融合,构成地学信息图谱－CAMarkov耦合模型,以栅格图谱数据－元胞图形数据进行模型运算,将复杂的、变化的生态景观特征以图谱的形式展现出来。从而使研究的全过程实现了栅格化、数字化、空间化、动态化和图谱化。 相似文献
7.
Ian Smalley Slobodan Markovic Ken O’Hara-Dhand 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2010,2(1):15-18
Charles Lyell, on his way to becoming a famous geologist, married Mary Horner in Bonn in July 1832; volume 3 of his ‘Principles of Geology’ was published by John Murray in London in May 1833. Between these two dates Lyell encountered the loess of the Rhine valley. The loess impressed Lyell and he included mentions of it in the Principles, first in 1833 and then, with some revised ideas, in volume 4 of the 4th edition published in 1835. Twelve editions of the Principles were published between 1830 and 1875 and it became one of the most important works in the development of geology, and made a major contribution to the worldwide spread of loess awareness. It is possible that Lyell was drawn to the loess because of its high molluscan content, he was particularly attracted to the study of shells. 相似文献
8.
The Petrographic Code of Russia is a body of major rules and recommendations that establish a unified and standardized petrographic
terminology and nomenclature for endogenic and impact rocks and the taxonomy of petrographic units. The single system of terms
and concepts underlying the petrographic code shall be obligatory for all departments and organizations in conducting geological
operations in the territory of Russia. This system shall be applied when state geological maps of various scales and series
legends for them are prepared and when maps are created under international projects. The structure of the second and third
editions of the Code was modified compared with that of the first edition, and this edition includes new appendices. With
regard for new standards and requirement of geological practice, additional sections concerning sedimentary-volcanic, migmatite,
and some other rocks were introduced into the Code. The sections devoted to metamorphic and metasomatic rocks were revised
and amended, and arguments were proposed justifying the recognition (as an individual genetic type) of fluid-explosion rocks,
which can be accompanied by ore mineralization of various types. Most definitions are revised, many entries are reworked and
or abridged, and new entries are added. The revised wording of the Code involves recommendations from the International Commission
on Systematics in Petrology of the International Unit of Geological Sciences. 相似文献
9.
Estonia may be taken as an example of how cartography has developed in the national languages of the Baltic States. Late in the 17th century the first survey of Estonian and Latvian territories was carried out by the Swedes. Masterpieces of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century are the Atlas of Livonia by L. A. Mellin and a special map of Livonia by C. G. Rücker. The first maps in Estonian appeared more than one hundred years ago. The short period of independence, 1918–1940, was one of rapid development in cartography, interrupted by occupation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Maps were destroyed or declared secret; use of maps was limited. From the beginning of the 1990s, a rapid renaissance of national cartography began. 相似文献
10.
谢良珍 《沉积与特提斯地质》1988,8(Z1):69-80
《中国古地理图集》(下面简称《图集》)属於概略性古地理图,是一本八开本的综合性图集,由多种专业类型的全国性图件和地区性图件123幅及20万文字说明和英文摘要组成。《图集》从设计、编绘、制版、印刷历时数年,经地质人员、制图人员、制印人员、出版工作者等多方通力协作,现已正式出版发行。本文希望通过总结与探讨《图集》制图设计与编制工作中的某些有关问题,能有助于小比例尺大区域岩相古地理图的编制工作。 相似文献
11.
Kamil Vrana Stanislav Rapant Dušan Bodiš Karol Marsina Blanka Maňkovská Ján ?urlík Peter Šef?ík Jozef Daniel Ladislav Lu?ivjanský Jaroslav Lexa Silvester Pramuka 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1997,60(1):7-37
The Geochemical Atlas of Slovak Republic (49,036 km2) at a scale of 1 : 1,000,000 was compiled during 1991–1995 together with maps of associated geochemical and ecological features at a scale of 1 :200,000. Investigations were aimed at the evaluation of concentrations and distributions of Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Ce, Co, Cd, Cs, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Th, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr in groundwater (16,359 samples), stream sediments (24,422 samples), rocks (3839 samples), soils (9892 samples from 4946 profiles; A and C horizons of each profile were sampled) and forest biomass (the foliage of the forest tree species from 3063 plots was sampled). In groundwater field measurements of temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved O2, acidity, alkalinity were done. The evaluation was oriented to the natural radioactivity of the Slovak territory as follows: rocks (K, U, Th, Utot and dose rate, 15,573 reference spectrometric points), radon risk and water (Unat, 226Ra, 222Rn; 5271 samples). The main objective of the Geochemical Atlas was to construct single-component maps showing concentrations of chemical elements, compounds and measured parameters in the researched media of Slovakia at a scale of 1 : 1,000.000 and to create interactive databases of chemical composition and/or measured parameters of groundwater, biomass, rocks, soils, stream sediments and natural radioactivity, for the entire territory of the Slovak Republic. The single-component maps are not constructed in the part ‘Rocks’, where all the main rocks types of Slovakia are presented in the ‘Map of lithogeochemical rock types of Slovakia at a scale of 1: 500,000’. The edition of six atlases has been planned. In 1997 the first three atlases will appear (Groundwater, Biomass, Natural Radioactivity). Publishing of last three atlases (Rocks, Soils, Stream Sediments) is planned for 1998. Since the analytical works on stream sediments were finished during 1997, it was not possible to present here the results of that part of the Geochemical Atlas. 相似文献
12.
中国古地理图研制发展的脉络与前景 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
早期的中国古地理图,是在地球大陆固定概念的基础上着重于海陆分布、形态、变化特征的描绘。后来注意了全球构造的“活动论”与历史演化的“阶段论”相结合,开始了多种类型图件的表达,再后通过板块构造、古地磁学资料的更多积累,预期下一代的中国古地理图将呈现各地质时期的古地理单元恢复到原始位置进行描绘的前景。从第四纪大冰期冰川作用的深入研究,使其极大影响下的各种古地理事件及古地理单元的形成、分布和变化得到深入的了解和更合理的解释,可编制出该时期新一代更符合实际的中国古地理图来。 相似文献
13.
Igneous Petrology, 2nd edn, by Anthony Hall. Addison Wesley, Longman, 1996. 551 pp. {pound}26.99 (paperback). 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The second edition of Dr Anthony Hall's undergraduate textbookhas been published some 9 years after the first edition. Thisedition is a significant revision although the approach hasnot changed, and many of the comments of this journal's reviewerof the first edition are still appropriate (Macdonald, 1988).The structure of this edition is largely the same as 相似文献
14.
Publication of the Petrological Atlas of Fossil Organic Matter in Russia in St. Petersburg was one of the remarkable events
in the history of studying the organic matter. The authors of the atlas (V.I. Vyalov, I.B. Volkova, G.A. Belenitskaya, O.V.
Petrov, V.N. Volkov, G.M. Volkova, M.V. Golitsyn, A.B. Gurevich, V.M. Bogomazov, A.I. Ginsburg, L.Ya. Kizil’shtein, V.V. Gal’chikov,
A.P. Zolotov, G.A. Ignat’ev, V.A. Kosinskii, V.G. Kolomenskaya, T.N. Molozina, G.M. Parparova, N.V. Pronina, G.V. Sokolova,
and S.V. Shcherbakova) are workers from the All-Russia Research Institute of Geology (VSEGEI) and several other institutions.
It is known that atlases of coals in different regions (Donets, Dnieper, Moscow district, Lvov-Volynsk, Kuznetsk, Karaganda,
Chelyabinsk, Pechora, and Kama basins; Caucasus region), as well as the Atlas of Mesozoic Coals of the USSR, were published
during a long period of coal-petrographic studies (1955–2001). However, as the authors of the monograph under review rightly
point out, diverse coal-petrographic classifications and nomenclatures were used in different regions, the analysis of coal
metamorphism was not sufficiently scrutinized, and so on. This circumstance, as well as regional approach to the compilation
of previously issued atlases, publication of a great body of factual material in recent years, and results of the study of
organic matter (OM) obtained using advanced investigation methods, necessitated the compilation of the Petrological Atlas
of Fossil Organic Matter of a new formation. When assessing the atlas content, we should note a wide range of problems discussed
therein. The first part of the monograph is devoted to the characteristics of coal/combustible shale basins and deposits,
petroliferous basins, and interrelation of hydrocarbons and solid combustible minerals. 相似文献
15.
Atlas of karst area based on Web GIS technology 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Leszek Litwin 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(5):1029-1036
16.
利用1:20万地球化学勘查数据,编制小比例尺地球化学图,全国业已开展.经制图方法试验研究,本文提出了化探数据分析偏倚均值校正法,提出了1:50万等值线地球化学图编制方法技术,试验完成了1:50万和1:150万等值线地球化学图集. 相似文献
17.
实地科考,广博查询,长期探索,坚韧追求,人类首次、全面解开世界海拔8 000m以上雪山之迷:海拔8 000m级雪山地有17处(其中3处山地为新发现),面积共11.95414km2,海拔8 000m以上独立山峰39座.世界海拔8 000m级山地和山峰地貌形态、相互关系,己在即将出版的"世界八千米雪山地图集"中得到表示.该图集比例尺1∶100000,等高距40m,幅面550mm×790mm.该图集由序言、7幅地图和后记组成,是世界第一部关于海拔8 000m级雪山地图集. 相似文献
18.
Dieter Jkel 《第四纪研究》2005,25(4):409-431
斐迪南·冯·李希霍芬出生于1833年。少年时的教育和生活环境使他对地质学产生了兴趣。当他还是小孩子的时候,就随父母游历了家乡的许多地方,并且利用暑假到阿尔卑斯去旅行。在柏林学习地质学的时候,就显示出他宽厚的知识基础,他很快就意识到对他而言,未来工作的目标就是成为一个科学家。1859年,为了获得财政支持进行欧洲以外地区的研究,李希霍芬申请参加了普鲁士政府向东亚派遣的一支探险队,开始了他最初对中国地质的研究。1862年当探险队的成员开始返回柏林,他独自到了上海开始他自己在中国的研究工作。只是由于太平天国起义,他的计划没能立即实现。1868年新年前夕,他和他的朋友对全球地质勘探的状况做了一个回顾,认为中国无论在科学上,还是在应用上都是最有研究价值的国家之一。于是他选择了中国作为他进行地质研究的对象。在参考大量文献的基础上,他制定了详细的研究方向和工作方法。李希霍芬希望建立一个系统的中国地质学的基础。他认为野外工作是第一位的。除了对可开采的矿床进行了估计,他还特别注意了中国煤炭沉积的储量和产量。在1868到1872年期间,他在中国先后进行了7次旅行。他是第一位对中国地质从基础上进行研究的外国地质学家。旅行的资金有一部分是来自加利福尼亚银行和上海商业会馆。他提交了一份地区经济信息的报告,这个报告包括了中国的交通、贸易路线,煤矿的形成、品位和储量、可采性以及在世界市场上的竞争力等。他重要的科学文献是关于经济、运输和人口地理学。从他的著作《中国》我们可以看出,他对于“丝绸之路”的命名是在汉学家、古典文献学家以及地图学家共同合作研究之前。在综合大量的文献后,他在地图上详细地标注了“丝绸之路”,并且讨论了汉朝及其以后历史时期内中国境内主要的贸易路线。由于丝绸一直都是重要的贸易商品,因此他把这条贸易路线称之为“丝绸之路”。对于社会、经济问题与地质问题的综合认识,使他同时又成为一个地理学家。李希霍芬和德国的地图工作者一起开创了一种新的地形的描绘方法,并且修正了当时的中国地图,使中国地图有了更为详尽的内容。对比当时在中国出版的地图,他们绘制的地图在很多方面是全新的,如他们采用图解法(graphicpresentationsofmontains)来代表山脉和其他的地形形态特征。在地质学领域,他绘制了中国地质图,及《中国地图集》中的地形图,连同后来出版的4卷《中国》书稿中大量的横断面和地层剖面,奠定了中国乃至东亚的地质学基础。但是他从来没有把制图作为他旅行的一个主要目的。对他来说,制图只是作为来证实他的野外观察的一个方法,以尽可能正确地体现出地貌的基本特征。李希霍芬到中国旅行的最主要的目的是研究中国地质。他是第一个把中国地质按着现代组成物的分布、序列,发展成为一个系统。可以认为,他是把中国地质学发展成为一门科学的创始人。古生物学和地层学的知识使他很快就认识到了中国地质结构的原理。他的综合知识使他可以在地图上系统地标绘出他所观察到的现象。他的主要成果集中体现在《中国地图集》中的27张地质图,《中国》书稿中另外14张地质图以及大量的剖面图。另外矿产资源也是他研究的主要的内容。他不仅研究了煤炭资源,同时也经常记录贵金属矿产资源。他是最早注意到中国黄土具有风成特征的地质学家。他在研究黄土剖面时,注意到大部分没有层理的沉积物都保存有大量的陆生软体动物的壳。由此,他得出与前人相反的结论,认为黄土不是湖相沉积物,而是风成沉积物。并以北美大草原所见到的草将粉尘固定的过程作为他风成假设的证据。他认为黄土沉积是草原环境下形成的,当时的植被是草原。并且认识到粉尘来源于西部和北部的中亚的沙漠地区。他只是没能将冰期、间冰期的粉尘沉积加以区分。他研究的另一个科学领域是地貌学。在地貌学中他是最先描述一些地表变化过程的先驱者之一。正如他一直意识到的自然与人类活动的相互关系一样,他同样将地球生态系统看作是地质结构、地貌过程、与气候有关的生态环境和人类活动所组成的一个复合体。他是最早萌生地球系统的科学思想的科学家。李希霍芬对中国的研究起初并没有得到人们的重视。直到他的《中国》出版以后,他对中国地质学和地理学的影响才明显起来:他的著作和地图很快就传入中国,在学术界被广泛地阅读和讨论;他的书是地质学和地理学专业的基础教材。不仅在中国,在世界范围内,他的发现也得到了认可,并获得了很高的评价。19世纪末,世界上没有哪个科学家像他那样了解中国和东亚。他也从一个地质学家成为一个跨越多个学科的大科学家,他的影响在他的那个时代体现在科学领域的很多学科之中。李希霍芬在中国现在仍然有很高的赞誉。他的方法学的研究以及他的《探险家指南》,对于年轻的地质科学工作者,仍然具有指导意义。他的地球系统科学的思想对当前土地退化、生态不平衡等环境问题的解决仍然起着指导性作用。 相似文献
19.
Balassanian S. Yu. Martirosyan A. H. Nazaretian S. N. Arakelian A. R. Avanessian A. S. Igumnov V. A. Ruttener E. 《Natural Hazards》1998,18(3):227-236
An evaluation of seismic hazard assessment in the territory of Armenia is presented in this work. The catastrophic M = 7.0
Spitak earthquake in 1988 revealed the drawbacks of the acting seismic zoning map. Two seismic hazard maps have been compiled
in NSSP RA during 1991–1996. The deterministic approach was applied in the first one and the probabilistic in the second one.
Both maps were compiled on the basis of the same database. Comparison between the maps shows good correlation.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
An atlas of isoseismal maps for South Africa, dating from as far back as 1932–2005, is provided. This work involved searching
through historical reports to find records of macroseismic effects. In many instances, when there was a large tremor, questionnaires
were distributed to local towns to assess the severity of the tremor and the damage it caused. Based on the results of these
questionnaires and site investigations, isoseismal maps were drawn. These isoseismal maps were revisited and digitised for
this study. Five additional isoseismal maps were prepared by the authors based on the results of questionnaires alone. Most
isoseismal maps in the historical record use the Modified Mercalli scale. All maps are hence provided according to this scale.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献