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1.
Andriy Gnyp 《Acta Geophysica》2013,61(5):1074-1087
An algorithm was designed for inverting the set of cross-correlation coefficients between the records of recurrent earthquakes by a single station for their relative locations based on an assumption of Menke (1999) that the cross-correlation is only a function of separation between the sources and decays exponentially with it. Tested on synthetic data sets, the algorithm easily recovered the true relative locations, the initial ones seeded randomly. Inversion of the cross-correlation coefficients between the records of the two groups of the Mukacheve 2005–2006 recurrent earthquakes by the station Mukacheve steadily produced an almost flat shape of hypocenter cloud for each of the groups, final relative locations of hypocenters being almost the same for different initial seedlings. The combined set of cross-correlation coefficients for both groups was also inverted, and the shape of the combined hypocenter cloud was almost flat again. These results compare well with ones obtained earlier (Gnyp 2010) by relocating the Mukacheve earthquakes with the use of differential arrivals and source specific station terms. 相似文献
2.
根据互相关系数不小于0.8的波形互相关意义上重复地震的定义, 利用国家数字地震台网中的乌什和巴楚台记录的区域地震波形数据, 识别并研究了新疆柯坪塔格断裂带及其周缘的板内重复地震. 对所有相互距离不超过30 km的地震事件的垂直分量采用0.5—5.0 Hz带通滤波后进行波形互相关计算. 其中乌什台共识别出460例重复地震, 组成重复地震对和多重地震对共171组, 占总事件数的15.5%; 巴楚台共识别出822例重复地震, 组成重复地震对和多重地震对共298组, 占总事件数的21.2%. 对重复地震的分析表明, 台站分布的不同和波形事件记录质量的差异, 是造成两个台站识别出的“重复地震”数目和比例不同的原因. 对重复地震复发的时间间隔统计表明, 重复间隔从数分钟到数百天不等, 最长重复间隔达10年. 相似文献
3.
从江苏省数字地震台网2011年的宽频带记录数据中, 选取了不同背景噪声区域下的两组不同台间距的台站(A, B每组4个台站), 两组台站的平均台间距分别为44.6和30.5 km. 首先, 运用滑动窗互相关技术, 测量出各台站对间背景噪声互相关格林函数随时间的偏移量ΔDSi-Sj, 然后通过奇异值分解来求解由ΔDSi-Sj与系数矩阵构成的超定方程, 从而计算出单个台站的时钟误差ΔSi;并引入协方差矩阵来估计不同置信水平下计算结果的误差范围. 计算结果表明, 除去明显的钟差误差(>3 s)外, 8个台站的时间误差平均均方根为0.4215 s, A与B两组台站在置信水平为95%时的时间误差范围分别为±0.4544 s和±0.4283 s; 而采用HYPOSAT定位方法对2010—2011年江苏地区的地震进行定位, 得到的平均走时残差约为0.386 s. 两者的计算精度基本相当, 表明基于背景噪声互相关格林函数计算出的单台时间误差是可信的. 相似文献
4.
Surface wave tomography method based on analysis of ambient noise is widely used during the last decade. It is assumed that correlated component of noise is composed of surface waves generated by sources distributed over the Earth’s surface more or less uniformly. In such a case the cross-correlation function (CCF) at two stations may be considered as the Green’s function of surface wave. This function should be symmetric relatively to zero time. However analysis of CCF at the stations located at the East-European Platform shows that as a rule CCF is characterized with a strong asymmetry. Since “purered noise cannot be extracted from seismic records due to superposition of earthquake signals, the method for calculation of CCF includes amplitude normalization for suppression of earthquakes that reduces signals from earthquakes to a noise level. The parts of records containing waves from earthquakes are neglected because of their short duration. Present study shows that this contribution turns out to be dominant at periods larger than 20–40 s. In other words, what is assumed as a “noisered in reality is a superposition of signals from earthquakes. This fact results in distortion of the Green’s function and of surface wave dispersion curve used in surface wave tomography if in the time interval used for calculation of CCF many earthquakes occur within a small area apart of an extension of the interstation path (clustering). Numerical modeling shows how clusters of sources affect CCF and dispersion curve correspondingly. Means for reducing this effect are outlined. 相似文献
5.
G. A. Sobolev N. A. Zakrzhevskaya K. N. Akatova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2018,54(3):393-405
The records from 161 identical broadband seismic stations located in different regions of the world after the strong earthquakes off Sumatra Island on December 26, 2004 with magnitude M = 9.1, in Chile on February 27, 2010 with M = 8.8, and the Tohoku earthquake in Japan on March 11, 2011 with M = 9.0 are studied. Oscillations with a period of ~11 h are analyzed. They are observed as pulsations in the free radial oscillations of the Earth lasting more than one week. The stations located a few hundred kilometers apart from each other demonstrate identical records. As the distance between the stations becomes larger, the structure of the records becomes different. At interstation distances of about 3800 km, the records at the stations have opposite phases, and at distances of ~7600 km, the phases coincide. This is reflected in the spatial structure of the areas of the positive and negative phases of the oscillations on the Earth’s surface. This structure recurs at the same time instant after the three considered earthquakes, which indicates that this effect is independent of the properties of the sources. The spatial positions of the areas of positive and negative phases are also not correlated to the geological conditions in the vicinity of the stations which are located both in the subduction zone and within the platform. The structure of the pulsations and their spatial distribution differ from the variations of the Earth’s tides. 相似文献
6.
利用2013年10月—2015年6月山东乳山震群的地震波形资料,基于距离乳山震群最近的3个台站所记录的地震波形互相关系数c≥0.9的地震即为重复地震的原则,识别了乳山震群的重复地震．利用波形互相关时延法,计算分析了文登台和招远台这两个固定台站的走时差随时间的变化特征．结果表明:乳山震群的地震相似性很好,且震中位置较为集中,重复地震的时间跨度较大,有利于提高观测结果的时间分辨率;乳山震群中3次MS＞4.0地震前均出现了短期的走时差低值异常现象,反映了乳山震群震源区在中强震前会出现短期地壳介质速度明显升高的过程,可以为该区域的中强震预测提供一定依据． 相似文献
7.
The daily samples of the hourly measurements of the foF2 critical frequency, obtained on January 5–21, 1995, at the midlatitude and high-latitude automated ionospheric stations (geographic latitude higher than 60°), are considered. The {fo} sets are transformed into the {δfoF2} sets of relative variations, for which asymmetry (A) and excess (E) are calculated. The selected stations are grouped into 20 pairs of automated ionospheric stations (AISs) located at distances of 200–10 000 km from one another. Sign estimates of the cross-correlation coefficients between the sets of 16 A and E values for different pairs of stations are used. Two types of structures of the statistical invariant spatial distribution are established: the structures with a scale of about 300 km, invariant with respect to latitude, and with a scale of about 6000 km (for only high latitudes). 相似文献
8.
It is a common opinion that only crustal earthquakes can occur in the Crimea–Black Sea region. Since the existence of deep earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region is extremely important for the construction of a geodynamic model for this region, an attempt is made to verify the validity of this widespread view. To do this, the coordinates of all earthquakes recorded by the stations of the Crimean seismological network are reinterpreted with an algorithm developed by one of the authors. The data published in the seismological catalogs and bulletins of the Crimea–Black Sea region for 1970–2012 are used for the analysis. To refine the coordinates of hypocenters of earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region, in addition to the data from stations of the Crimean seismological network, information from seismic stations located around the Black Sea coast are used. In total, the data from 61 seismic stations were used to determine the hypocenter coordinates. The used earthquake catalogs for 1970–2012 contain information on ~2140 events with magnitudes from–1.5 to 5.5. The bulletins provide information on the arrival times of P- and S-waves at seismic stations for 1988 events recorded by three or more stations. The principal innovation of this study is the use of the original author’s hypocenter determination algorithm, which minimizes the functional of distances between the points (X, Y, H) and (x, y, h) corresponding to the theoretical and observed seismic wave travel times from the earthquake source to the recording stations. The determination of the coordinates of earthquake hypocenters is much more stable in this case than the usual minimization of the residual functional for the arrival time of an earthquake wave at a station (the difference between the theoretical and observed values). Since determination of the hypocenter coordinates can be influenced by the chosen velocity column beneath each station, special attention is focused on collecting information on velocity profiles. To evaluate the influence of the upper mantle on the results of calculating the velocity model, two different low-velocity and high-velocity models are used; the results are compared with each other. Both velocity models are set to a depth of 640 km, which is fundamentally important in determining hypocenters for deep earthquakes. Studies of the Crimea–Black Sea region have revealed more than 70 earthquakes with a source depth of more than 60 km. The adequacy of the obtained depth values is confirmed by the results of comparing the initial experimental data from the bulletins with the theoretical travel-time curves for earthquake sources with depths of 50 and 200 km. The sources of deep earthquakes found in the Crimea–Black Sea region significantly change our understanding of the structure and geotectonics of this region. 相似文献
9.
The detection and location of low magnitude earthquakes in northern Norway using multi-channel waveform correlation at regional distances 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Steven J. Gibbons Mathilde Bttger Srensen David B. Harris Frode Ringdal 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2007,160(3-4):285-309
A fortuitous sequence of closely spaced earthquakes in the Rana region of northern Norway, during 2005, has provided an ideal natural laboratory for investigating event detectability using waveform correlation over networks and arrays at regional distances. A small number of events between magnitude 2.0 and 3.5 were recorded with a high SNR by the Fennoscandian IMS seismic arrays at distances over 600 km and three of these events, including the largest on 24 June, displayed remarkable waveform similarity even at relatively high frequencies. In an effort to detect occurrences of smaller earthquakes in the immediate geographical vicinity of the 24 June event, a multi-channel correlation detector for the NORSAR array was run for the whole calender year 2005 using the signal from the master event as a template. A total of 32 detections were made and all but 2 of these coincided with independent correlation detections using the other Nordic IMS array stations; very few correspond to signals detectable using traditional energy detectors. Permanent and temporary stations of the Norwegian National Seismic Network (NNSN) at far closer epicentral distances have confirmed that all but one of the correlation detections at NORSAR in fact correspond to real events. The closest stations at distances of approximately 10 km can confirm that the smallest of these events have magnitudes down to 0.5 which represents a detection threshold reduction of over 1.5 for the large-aperture NORSAR array and over 1.0 for the almost equidistant regional ARCES array. The incompleteness of the local network recordings precludes a comprehensive double-difference location for the full set of events. However, stable double-difference relative locations can be obtained for eight of the events using only the Lg phase recorded at the array stations. All events appear to be separated by less than 0.5 km. Clear peaks were observed in the NORSAR correlation coefficient traces during the coda of some of the larger events; the local stations confirm that these are in fact aftershocks exhibiting very similar waveforms to the main events. Many of the more marginal correlation detections are not made when the calculations are repeated using shorter signal segments, fewer sensors or more distant stations. We demonstrate in addition how these almost repeating seismic sources have been exploited to detect and measure timing anomalies at individual sites within the arrays and network. 相似文献
10.
本文以宁夏区域地震台网为例,分析了波形互相关法在判定重复地震中可能存在的问题并讨论了相应的处理方法,通过构建三维非均匀体模型并利用谱元法数值模拟地震波的传播,统计了不同台站观测到的地震对波形互相关系数的分布,进一步研究了互相关系数与非均匀体性质及震源机制解之间的关系。结果表明:针对宁夏区域地震台网,利用波形互相关法判定重复地震比地震定位方法更有效;互相关系数在不同台站的取值与震源附近三维非均匀体强度和直达波与尾波的振幅比有关,对于相同的震源间距,较弱震源、较弱非均匀体或者较强振幅的直达波均会导致波形互相关系数变高,因此应选取更高的互相关系数阀值来判定重复地震。宁夏区域地震台网平均台间距为30—50 km,通过选取直达波较弱的台站或只截取尾波窗口计算互相关系数并设定较高的阀值,利用波形互相关法可有效地判定ML1.0—3.0重复地震,进而为重复地震的监测与研究提供依据。 相似文献
11.
12.
V. S. Ismaguilov Yu. A. Kopytenko K. Hattori M. Hayakawa 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2006,46(3):403-410
Results of studying the behavior of the vectors of gradients and phase velocities of ULF geomagnetic disturbances (F < 1 Hz) in the Japan seismic zone are presented. The gradient and phase velocity vectors along the Earth’s surface were determined using data of the group of three high-sensitivity three-component magnetovariation stations (MVC-3DS) located at triangle vertices at a small (～5 km) distance from one another (magnetic gradiometer). Two such groups of stations were installed in 1999 southwest and southeast of Tokyo at a distance of ～150 km from each other. It has been indicated that, several months before strong earthquakes (M > 5), the values of gradients and phase velocities start anomalously changing, and directions toward sources of impending strong earthquakes appear in the distribution of gradient vector directions. Directions from sources of impending earthquakes appear in the distribution of phase velocity vector directions. It is proposed to use gradients and phase velocities of ULF and ELF geomagnetic disturbances as one of the factors in a short-term prediction of strong earthquakes. 相似文献
13.
The method of coda waves was applied to two different sets of data for the evaluation of the relative site response.The first set of data consists of low magnitude earthquakes with closely spaced locations, recorded at a small aperture array of velocimeters located in the Abruzzo region, central Italy. The second set of data is composed of events with epicentral distance ranging from 20 to 300 km, recorded at a seismological network with an aperture of about 100 km located in the Puglia region, southern Italy.Results show that the coda wave method furnishes stable estimates of the site effect. An amplification, relative to an arbitrary site, of a factor of about 2 occurs in the 1.7–6 Hz frequency band for two stations of the Abruzzo network, while an amplification factor of about 0.5 occurs in the whole frequency band (1–24 Hz) for one of the stations of the Puglia network. This station is located in an area which is correlated with a low macroseismic intensity anomaly. 相似文献
14.
We analyze temporal variations of seismic velocity along the Karadere-Düzce branch of the north Anatolian fault using seismograms
generated by repeating earthquake clusters in the aftershock zones of the 1999 Mw7.4 İzmit and Mw7.1 Düzce earthquakes. The analysis employs 36 sets of highly repeating earthquakes, each containing 4–18 events. The events
in each cluster are relocated by detailed multi-step analysis and are likely to rupture approximately the same fault patch
at different times. The decay rates of the repeating events in individual clusters are compatible with the Omori's law for
the decay rate of regional aftershocks. A sliding window waveform cross-correlation technique is used to measure travel time
differences and evolving decorrelation in waveforms generated by each set of the repeating events. We find clear step-like
delays in the direct S and early S-coda waves (sharp seismic velocity reduction) immediately after the Düzce main shock, followed by gradual logarithmic-type
recoveries. A gradual increase of seismic velocities is also observed before the Düzce main shock, probably reflecting post-seismic
recovery from the earlier İzmit main shock. The temporal behavior is similar at each station for clusters at various source
locations, indicating that the temporal changes of material properties occur in the top most portion of the crust. The effects
are most prominent at stations situated in the immediate vicinity of the recently ruptured fault zones, and generally decrease
with normal distance from the fault. A strong correlation between the co-seismic delays and intensities of the strong ground
motion generated by the Düzce main shock implies that the radiated seismic waves produced the velocity reductions in the shallow
material. 相似文献
15.
The arrival time difference for the AB branch of PKP from deep Tonga earthquakes is constant over years with a standard deviation
of ±0.05 seconds at seismographs located 10 to 50 km from each other. If published travel time curves are used to calculate
the relative residuals of PKP the standard deviation from the constant mean is improved by approximately 0.01 seconds for
AB branch data. For the BC branch, standard deviations of relative travel times of ±0.06 seconds are reduced to less than
±0.05 seconds by calculating relative residuals. We conclude that changes of crustal transit time forP-waves could be resolved, based on careful PKP arrival time measurement at two or more neighboring stations if the changes
exceed 0.05 sec and last for more than one year. The conditions for achieving this result are that PKP from Tonga earthquakes
is clearly recorded, and that time-keeping is accurate. The data on which these conclusions are based were obtained from the
Graefenberg seismograph array, which is located in West Gemany and consists of 13 stations separated by distances of 10 km
to 100 km. We propose that relative arrival times of PKP from Tonga could be used in the Mediterranean - Middle East area
to search for precursory travel time changes before large earthquakes. 相似文献
16.
John Douglas Didier Bertil Agathe Roullé Pascal Dominique Philippe Jousset 《Journal of Seismology》2006,10(3):271-299
Strong-motion networks have been operating in the Caribbean region since the 1970s, however, until the mid-1990s only a few analogue stations were operational and the quantity of data recorded was very low. Since the mid-1990s, digital accelerometric networks have been established on islands within the region. At present there are thought to be about 160 stations operating in this region with a handful on Cuba, 65 on the French Antilles (mainly Guadeloupe and Martinique), eight on Jamaica, 78 on Puerto Rico (plus others on adjacent islands) and four on Trinidad.After briefly summarising the available data from the Caribbean islands, this article is mainly concerned with analysing the data that has been recorded by the networks operating on the French Antilles in terms of their distribution with respect to magnitude, source-to-site distance, focal depth and event type; site effects at certain stations; and also with respect to their predictability by ground motion estimation equations developed using data from different regions of the world. More than 300 good quality triaxial acceleration time-histories have been recorded on Guadeloupe and Martinique at a large number of stations from earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 4.8, however, most of the records are from considerable source-to-site distances. From the data available it is found that many of the commonly-used ground motion estimation equations for shallow crustal earthquakes poorly estimate the observed ground motions on the two islands; ground motions on Guadeloupe and Martinique have smaller amplitudes and are more variable than expected. This difference could be due to regional dependence of ground motions because of, for example, differing tectonics or crustal structures or because the ground motions so far recorded are, in general, from smaller earthquakes and greater distances than the range of applicability of the investigated equations. 相似文献
17.
C. Wright 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1983,32(2):168-181
A method for analysing travel times measured at a large array or a network of seismographs from many earthquakes within a specific region has been developed. Approximate relative station corrections are calculated from the residuals on a least-squares line or least-squares quadratic form fitted through the times for each earthquake, and may be improved by iteration after a preliminary travel-time curve has been derived. Accurate relative baseline corrections for each earthquake are also calculated iteratively, and an optimum slowness-distance curve is determined from the combined corrected travel times from all earthquakes using a trade-off procedure. Calculations using synthetic travel-time data suggest that abrupt changes in slowness of ～ 0.4 s deg?1 due to the presence of triplications are generally resolvable, provided that the effects of lateral variations are small, even with random epicentre mislocations in the range ± 0.5°. Slowness measurements at a network of temporary stations deployed across Australia do not show any discontinuities in slowness greater than 0.2 s deg?1 in the distance range 45–54°. Similar measurements at the Warramunga array from the same source regions, however, suggest the presence of complexity in the slowness curve at distances close to 50°. Relative arrival times at the temporary network generally have standard deviations less than 0.25 s, thus suggesting that details of structure finer than those derived from conventional travel-time studies can be resolved. 相似文献
18.
根据普洱、 西双版纳地区6个地震观测台站在2008——2009年获取的5级以上的地震资料, 利用接收函数和面波衰减系数, 反演得到了研究区域的S波速度结构和Qβ结构. 基于该结构模型, 采用随机振动理论方法, 预测了2007年宁洱MS6.4地震发生后, 在震中距为10——300 km范围内引起的地面运动, 并借助获取的强震观测记录检验、 评价了该预测结果. 同时, 将地面运动预测结果与利用回归衰减公式计算得到的结果进行对比, 进而讨论该地震动预测方法在地面运动预测中的可行性． 结果表明, 该预测结果与实测结果吻合． 相似文献
19.
本文使用唐山地区部分数字地震观测台网2013年1月~2015年12月的连续背景噪声记录, 采用波形互相关方法来监测研究区地下物性介质随时间的变化特征。 首先采用背景噪声互相关技术获取台站间的经验格林函数, 然后通过观测台站对之间参考经验格林函数和当天格林函数中直达的瑞利波走时偏移来计算台站对之间的瑞利波速时空变化。 结果显示, 在2013年1月至2015年12月期间, 大部分台站对的瑞利波速度未发生明显改变, 预示着唐山地区中上地壳的物性介质处于相对稳定阶段。 但是, 部分台站对之间的瑞利波速在2015年9月14日昌黎ML4.7地震前出现上升变化, 而震后随着时间的流逝又慢慢恢复到背景值附近波动。 目前, 虽然难以确定瑞利波速的震前上升变化跟震源区的应力积累过程有直接关系, 但这种现象值得持续关注和深入研究。 相似文献
20.
For the Fiji-Tonga-Kermadec area and for the period from January 1977 to July 2003, the Harvard CMT catalogue lists 1022 shallow,
410 intermediate and 633 deep earthquakes of moment magnitude from 4.9 to 8.0. The magnitude threshold, above which the catalogue
is complete, is 5.3–5.4, and the number of earthquakes of magnitude above this value is 691 for shallow, 329 for intermediate
and 476 for deep events, respectively. The proportion of earthquakes associated with doublets and multiplets against the total
number of earthquakes is approximately the same in both data sets and therefore all earthquake pairs were considered regardless
of their magnitude. We investigated all the pairs of earthquakes that occurred at a centroid distance of less than 40, 60
or 90 km from each other and within a time interval of 200, 300 or 450 days, depending on their magnitude. We found 208 pairs
of shallow, 31 of intermediate and 92 of deep events. To ascertain whether these earthquakes in pairs are not connected by
chance, the possibility of their occurrence in an uncorrelated Poissonian catalogue was considered. It was assumed that in
such a catalogue the inter-event time is exponentially distributed, the earthquake magnitude follows the Gutenberg-Richter
relation, and the distribution of centroid distances between the events in pairs is controlled by its non-parametric kernel
estimate. The probability of the appearance of the observed proportion of doublets of shallow earthquakes in the Poissonian
catalogue was found to be very low. The low probability of occurrence in a semi-random catalogue, created by randomising centroid
locations in the actual data set, also indicates major importance of the distance criterion used for a doublet specification.
In general, shallow earthquakes tend to form pairs at shorter distances and within shorter time intervals than deep earthquakes.
Both the distance and the time intervals do not depend on the magnitude of involved events. The largest number of pairs of
deep earthquakes is observed at a depth of about 600 km, and the proportion of deep events associated with doublets against
the number of all events increases with depth. From comparison of the focal mechanism of earthquakes in pairs, measured by
the 3-D rotation angle, it follows that deep earthquakes forming pairs have a more diverse focal mechanism than shallow events;
the rotation angle for three quarters of shallow pairs and only for about one third of deep pairs is reasonably small. The
azimuth between two events forming a doublet is in about 60–65% of cases close to the strike of one of nodal planes of the
first or the second event. 相似文献