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1.
Trends in six indices of precipitation in China for seasons during 1961-2007 were analyzed based on daily observations at 587 stations. The trends were estimated by using Sen＇s method with Mann-Kendall＇s test for quantifying the significance. The geographical patterns of trends in the seasonal indices of extremes were similar to those of total precipitation. For winter, both total and extreme precipitation increased over nearly all of China, except for a small part of northern China. Increasing trends in extreme precipitation also occurred at many stations in southwestern China for spring and the midlower reaches of the Yangtze River and southern China for summer. For autumn, precipitation decreased in eastern China, with an increasing length of maximum dry spell, implying a drying tendency for the post-rainy season. Wetting trends have prevailed in most of western China for all seasons. The well-known ＇flood in the south and drought in the north＇ trend exists in eastern China for summer, while a nearly opposite trend pattern exist for spring. 相似文献
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Seasonal Prediction of the Global Precipitation Annual Modes with the Grid-Point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG 
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下载免费PDF全文 A right annual cycle is of critical importance for a model to improve its seasonal prediction skill. This work assesses the performance of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG （GAMIL） in retrospective prediction of the global precipitation annual modes for the 1980 2004 period. The annual modes are gauged by a three-parameter metrics： the long-term annual mean and two major modes of annual cycle （AC）, namely, a solstitial mode and an equinoctial asymmetric mode. The results demonstrate that the GAMIL one-month lead prediction is basically able to capture the major patterns of the long-term annual mean as well as the first AC mode （the solstitial monsoon mode）. The GAMIL has deficiencies in reproducing the second AC mode （the equinoctial asymmetric mode）. The magnitude of the GAMIL prediction tends to be greater than the observed precipitation, especially in the sea areas including the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal （BOB）, and the western North Pacific （WNP）. These biases may be due to underestimation of the convective activity predicted in the tropics, especially over the western Pacific warm pool （WPWP） and its neighboring areas. It is suggested that a more accurate parameterization of convection in the tropics, especially in the Maritime Continent, the WPWP and its neighboring areas, may be critical for reproducing the more realistic annual modes, since the enhancement of convective activity over the WPWP and its vicinity can induce suppressed convection over the WNP, the BOB, and the South Indian Ocean where the GAMIL produces falsely vigorous convections. More efforts are needed to improve the simulation not only in monsoon seasons but also in transitional seasons when the second AC mode takes place. Selection of the one-tier or coupled atmosphere-ocean system may also reduce the systematic error of the GAMIL prediction. These results offer some references for improvement of the GAMIL seasonal prediction skill. 相似文献
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The Relationship between the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet and Summer Precipitation over East Asia as Simulated by the IAP AGCM4.0 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Based on a 30-year Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project（AMIP） simulation using IAP AGCM4.0, the relationship between the East Asian subtropical westerly jet（EASWJ） and summer precipitation over East Asia has been investigated, and compared with observation. It was found the meridional displacement of the EASWJ has a closer relationship with the precipitation over East Asia both from model simulation and observation, with an anomalous southward shift of EASWJ being conducive to rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley（YHRV）, and an anomalous northward shift resulting in less rainfall over the YHRV. However, the simulated precipitation anomalies were found to be weaker than observed from the composite analysis, and this would be related to the weakly reproduced mid-upper-level convergence in the mid-high latitudes and ascending motion in the lower latitudes. 相似文献
4.
Thermal convective precipitation （TCP） often occurs over mainland China in summer when the area is dominated by the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH）. It is well known that the WPSH often brings about large scale subsidence, then why could deep moist convection occur and where does the water vapor come from？ In this paper, a deep convective precipitation case that happened on 2 August 2003 is studied in order to address these two questions. First, the characteristics of the TCP event are analyzed using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） satellite data, automatic weather station observations, and the data from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP）. Second, water vapor sources are identified through examining surface evaporation, water vapor advection, and water vapor flux divergence calculated by using a regionally averaged water vapor budget equation. Furthermore, using an Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model （AREM）, contributions of sensible and latent heat fluxes to the TCP are compared through four sensitivity experiments. The results show that in the regions controlled by the WPSH, surface temperature rises rapidly after sunrise. Upon receiving enough sensible heat, the air goes up and leads to convergence in the lower atmosphere. Then the water vapor assembled from the surroundings and the ground surface is transported to the upper levels, and a favorable environment for the TCP forms. A model data diagnosis indicates that about half of precipitable water comes from the convergence of horizontal fluxes of water vapor, and the other half from surface evaporation, while little is from advection. Additional sensitivity experiments prove that both sensible and latent heating are essential for the onset of the TCP. The sensible heat flux triggers thermodynamic ascending motion, and the latent heat flux provides water vapor, but the contribution to TCP from the latter is a little smaller than that from the former. 相似文献
5.
A Dipole Pattern of Summer Precipitation over Mid-high Latitude Asia and Related Snow Cover Anomalies in the Preceding Spring 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 A dipole pattern of summer precipitation over the mid-high latitudes of Asia, which is characterized by opposing summer precipitation variations between the Mongolian and Northeast China （MNC） region and the West Siberian Plain （WSP）, is found to be clear and stable on both interdecadal and interannual scales during 1981- 2011. Spring snow cover anomalies over a small region within the WSP and the Heilongjiang River （HR） region are closely related to the variation of this dipole mode during the subsequent summer, and they can therefore be considered as forecasting factors. Our statistical results imply a potential process explaining the relationship between the spring snow anomalies and the summer rainfall dipole. Corresponding to the snow anomalies, Rossby waves propagate along a path from the WSP region, via the Mongolian Plateau, to the Stanovoy Range during summer. At the same time, Rossby-wave energy divergences and convergences along this path maintain and reinforce an anomalous cyclone and anticyclone pairing over the Asian continent, which is significantly linked to opposite summer precipitation anomalies between the MNC and WSP regions. Numerical experiments are need- ed to further confirm the above conjecture and demonstrate the detailed physical mechanisms linking the spring snow cover anomalies and summer precipitation dipole. 相似文献
6.
影响云和降水的动力、热力与微物理因素的研究概述 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
由于云和降水的发生、发展是大气动力、热力过程与云中微物理过程相结合的产物，因而受到这些过程的共同制约和影响。为了更加详细地了解影响云和降水的动力、热力与微物理因素，分别从3个方面概要性地进行了阐述。（1）动力作用对云和降水发展的影响：主要讨论了风切变、天气系统抬升、地形动力作用和湍流的作用等因素的作用。（2）影响云和降水发展的热力因素：分别对热力扰动、潜热的作用、辐射作用等做了分析。（3）微物理过程对云和降水发展的影响：主要从微物理过程对动力热力过程的影响、带电过程对云降水粒子的影响、以及微物理过程对云降水影响的相对重要性等方面进行讨论。并在最后扼要地指出了在研究云和降水问题时，将动力、热力过程和微物理过程结合起来研究的必要性。 相似文献
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利用常规气象观测资料、自动站观测资料和探空资料等,对所选取的2004—2013年共78例降水过程进行分析,将中部区域春秋季降水过程分为3个类型:低槽/切变线冷锋型、低涡(西南涡/西北涡)气旋型、低槽/切变线冷高压型。统计结果表明,中部区域春秋季降水出现概率最多的类型依次为切变线冷锋型、低槽冷锋型和西南涡类型,各天气类型的雨区移动方向均以自西向东为主,低层700 h Pa和850 h Pa多存在西南或偏南急流,水汽主要来自于孟加拉湾。分析中部区域3种主要降水类型特征及其增雨潜力区位置发现:1)低槽冷锋类型降水一般出现在500 h Pa和700 h Pa低槽前部、地面冷锋后部,多为连续性降水;其增雨潜力区主要位于500 h Pa低槽前部、700h Pa槽前和西南急流出口区的左侧,以及地面冷锋后部或锋线附近区域。2)切变线冷锋类型降水多出现在地面冷锋后部、低层切变线两侧附近;其增雨潜力区主要位于700 h Pa和850 h Pa两切变线之间且较靠近700 h Pa切变线一侧、急流出口左侧的带状区域。3)西南涡波动类型降水一般出现在低涡中心及700 h Pa暖式切变线两侧附近,降水持续时间较长;其增雨潜力区主要位于700 h Pa和850 h Pa低涡中心附近及暖式切变线北侧区域。 相似文献
8.
准确量化高寒湿地下垫面冻结过程中土壤热通量的变化特征,对认识高寒湿地—大气间水热交换过程有重要的科学意义。本文利用中国科学院麻多气候与环境综合观测站2014年5月至2015年5月的观测资料,分析了下垫面冻结过程中土壤热通量变化特征,探讨了冻结潜热对土壤热通量的贡献。基于温度积分计算土壤热通量的算法,指出在计算冻结过程中的土壤热通量时,需要同时考虑土壤热通量板以上的土壤热贮存及热通量板以上的冻结潜热。研究表明:（1）冻结锋面形成后,锋面所在深度土壤体积含水量迅速降低,锋面以下土壤热通量接近于零,土壤液态水开始冻结,冻结潜热向上穿过热通量板所在土壤层;降水下渗土壤后冻结所释放的潜热能使次日凌晨5 cm深度土壤热通量接近于零。（2）季节性冻结期,凌晨气温较高时穿过5 cm土壤层的向上土壤热通量很小,可能是由表层土壤发生了日冻融循环所致。土壤水释放的冻结潜热使土壤温度波动减弱并维持在冰点附近。高寒湿地下垫面仅在很浅的表层发生日冻融循环,无法通过5 cm土壤温度资料判断下垫面循环出现日期。（3）加入冻结潜热项,土壤热通量的计算值与实测值之间的均方根误差将会从11.5 W m-2下降到6.2 W m-2。以上研究结果对认识寒区陆面过程有重要的贡献。 相似文献
9.
华北一次暴雨过程中潜热对中尺度系统和降水影响的数值研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对2005年7月22日的发生于华北的暴雨中尺度对流系统,在用中尺度ARPS模式数值模拟和分析云场、动力场以及微物理过程释放的潜热垂直分布和作用特征的基础上,通过改变主要微物理过程潜热做敏感性数值试验,研究和分析了潜热对云系发展演变、云系宏观动力场、水汽场、云场和降水的影响,总结出云暖区潜热的影响途径。结果表明,在对流云团中,5000 m以上微物理过程起加热作用,以下起冷却作用。不同物理过程潜热加热的云层高度不同:高层起加热作用的主要为水汽凝结、云冰初生和雪凝华增长、霰撞冻云水过程;中层起加热/冷却作用的主要为水汽凝结、霰/雹融化过程;低层雨水的蒸发过程起冷却作用。微物理过程潜热通过影响云系和降水发展过程、云系动力场,进而影响水汽场、云场和降水。忽略霰/雹融化潜热,相当于增加云系暖区潜热,促进了低层气旋性环流的形成,增强了低层动力场的辐合,使得低层辐合区增多、增强;中低层水汽通量辐合区增多、面积扩大,明显地促进了对流云系的发展,增大了含水量和覆盖范围,云系的降水量显著增加,强降水区覆盖范围扩大。即使减少20%的凝结潜热,云系的发展也受到极大抑制,没有气旋性环流生成,低层辐合区缩小、强度降低,水汽通量辐合区也同样缩小、强度降低,云系对流发展减弱、含水量降低,因此,降水量大为减小,降水范围也显著缩小。此外,微物理过程潜热还影响到此次中尺度对流系统发展演变过程,改变了云系的形态、影响到系统的移动和系统中对流云团的发展强度和分布情况。 相似文献
10.
不同降水方案对"03.7"一次暴雨过程模拟的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
观测和数值模拟研究已经表明,潜热释放对中国东部夏季梅雨锋系统及其锋面降水的维持和发展发挥着非常重要的作用.然而,目前对于梅雨锋降水模拟中各种降水方案的相互协调和系统评估方面的工作仍不多见,为了增进对梅雨锋暴雨模拟中降水过程的认识,作者针对2003年7月4～5日一次梅雨锋暴雨过程,构造了四组试验,利用MM5模式考察了两种分辨率(36 km、12 km),各种隐/显式方案搭配下,对所生成的雨带、雨量和降水类型的配置进行了仔细的研究,得到了一些有意义的结论,为今后更好地使用模式、利用数值模式来认识中尺度降水过程中的气象问题打下基础.主要结论包括:模拟总降水的水平分布和强度,以及显式降水和隐式降水的划分对积云参数化方案的选择非常敏感.但对特定积云参数化方案而言,降水的模拟对36 km、12 km水平分辨率不敏感(除Betts-Miller方案外);在中尺度网格分辨率10～50 km范围内,不同积云参数化方案对梅雨锋降水分布和降水量模拟的影响比不同显式方案带来的变化大得多. 相似文献
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12.
A statistical regression downscaling method was used to project future changes in precipitation over eastern China based on Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIPS） the Representative Concentration Pathway （RCP） scenarios simulated by the second spectral version of the Flexible Global Ocean- Atmosphere-Land System （FGOALS-s2） model. Our val- idation results show that the downscaled time series agree well with the present observed precipitation in terms of both the annual mean and the seasonal cycle. The regres- sion models built from the historical data are then used to generate future projections. The results show that the en- hanced land-sea thermal contrast strengthens both the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific and the east Asian summer monsoon flow under both RCPs. However, the trend of precipitation in response to warming over the 21 st century are different across eastern Chi- na under different RCPs. The area to the north of 32°N is likely to experience an increase in annual mean precipitation, while for the area between 23°N and 32°N mean precipitation is projected to decrease slightly over this century under RCP8.5. The change difference between scenarios mainly exists in the middle and late century. The land-sea thermal contrast and the associated east Asian summer monsoon flow are stronger, such that precipitation increases more, at higher latitudes under RCP8.5 compared to under RCP4.5. For the region south of 32°N, rainfall is projected to increase slightly under RCP4.5 but decrease under RCP8.5 in the late century. At the high resolution of 5 km, our statistically downscaled results for projected precipitation can be used to force hydrological models to project hydrological processes, which will be of great benefit to regional water planning and management. 相似文献
13.
Characteristics of diurnal cycle precipitation over China are investigated using twice-daily observations by the China Meteorological Administration during 1960–2000. Characteristics investigated include nighttime/daytime precipitation amount（PA）, intensity, and frequency. Geographically, the region is separated into western and eastern China by the 110°E longitude. Our analysis shows that there generally is more night-time than daytime precipitation in western China, particularly in the Sichuan Basin. Over eastern China, the opposite holds true, particularly along the southeast coast. Regional average monthly daytime and night-time precipitation peaks in the same month for both western and eastern China. Over western China, monthly night-time precipitation is always greater than that during daytime, but the night-time precipitation frequency（PF） is only greater in non-summer（June–August） months. Over eastern China, daytime precipitation is greater than that in the night-time during the warm season（May–August） in both amount and frequency. The night-day difference（night-time minus daytime） in PA over western China is mainly influenced by precipitation intensity, while over eastern China the night-day difference in rainfall amount is mostly driven by PF. 相似文献
14.
A Case Study of the Error Growth and Predictability of a Meiyu Frontal Heavy Precipitation Event 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model (AREM) is used to explore the predictability of a heavy rainfall event along the Meiyu front in China during 3-4 July 2003.Based on the sensitivity of precipitation prediction to initial data sources and initial uncertainties in different variables,the evolution of error growth and the associated mechanism are described and discussed in detail in this paper.The results indicate that the smaller-amplitude initial error presents a faster growth rate and its growth is characterized by a transition from localized growth to widespread expansion error.Such modality of the error growth is closely related to the evolvement of the precipitation episode,and consequcntly remarkable forecast divergence is found near the rainband,indicating that the rainfall area is a sensitive region for error growth.The initial error in the rainband contributes significantly to the forecast divergence,and its amplification and propagation are largely determined by the initial moisture distribution.The moisture condition also affects the error growth on smaller scales and the subsequent upscale error cascade.In addition,the error growth defined by an energy norm reveals that large error energy collocates well with the strong latent heating,implying that the occurrence of precipitation and error growth share the same energy source-the latent heat.This may impose an intrinsic predictability limit on the prediction of heavy precipitation. 相似文献
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基于中国东南沿海冬季强降水的统计分析,采用EOF、REOF、North检验等方法对2011—2016年冬季(12、1、2月)欧洲中期天气预报中心降水资料进行分类,选取位于内陆的第1、第4 REOF模态,对该两模态的降水样本进行合成分析,合成的降水中心与东南沿海福建的多年统计暴雨中心吻合。与强降水相配合,1 000 hPa上有自北向南的渐近线型辐合气流,并伴有锋区,从而形成天气尺度渐近线型锋生辐合线,强降水位于辐合轴线左侧气旋式风切变处。这是一类以前未曾受到关注和讨论的东南沿海地区冬季暴雨系统。利用客观判定方法和建立系统坐标系,以确认并诊断该系统的结构。在冷干少雨、低层盛行偏北风的冬季,此类系统兼有锋区热力抬升与辐合气流动力抬升,在雨区形成旺盛的上升运动;同时,通过辐合线正交风分量将邻近的海面水汽汇集到降水区,与中高层副高边缘偏南气流相向而行,构成较为深厚的交汇式水汽输送层;通过非绝热加热,形成深厚的热力对流不稳定,并通过干区向湿气团下楔入,形成下干上湿的湿动力不稳定,以及假相当位温随高度增加而递减,形成上暖湿、下冷干的对流不稳定层。因此,该系统对冬季强降水的发生发展及落区具有重要影响。通过WRF模式的模拟结果探讨环境热力机制的影响,结果显示,凝结潜热加热可影响辐合线的辐合位置和强度、锋生区的位置及强度,进而影响系统的活跃程度。中层潜热加热抑制平流感热冷却进入暖气团,维持降雨区的热力不稳定和降水强度。渐近线型锋生辐合线有利于东南沿海冬季大范围降水出现暴雨,其中凝结潜热释放具有重要贡献。 相似文献
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本文利用基于变分客观分析方法的物理协调大气分析模型,构建了青藏高原试验区大气热力—动力相互协调的数据集,并通过该数据集对青藏高原试验区夏季深厚及浅薄对流降水过程的热动力特征进行分析,结果表明:变分客观分析后的垂直速度场能更好地与实际观测的对流降水过程相吻合;深厚对流降水期高云含量多,整层大气为较强的上升运动,上升运动可达100 hPa左右,浅薄期高云含量少,上升运动仅能延伸到300 hPa左右;两种对流降水过程中视热源Q1在低层为冷却作用,高层为加热作用,在深厚期中高层Q1存在两个加热中心,中层受较强的水汽凝结释放潜热加热所影响,高层主要受过冷云水凝结成冰晶形成高云时释放的热量所影响;在浅薄期中高层Q1只存在一个加热中心,大气的加热主要来源于水汽的凝结潜热释放;深厚对流降水期视水汽汇Q2的加热作用可以延伸到200 hPa,而浅薄期仅到340 hPa左右。 相似文献
17.
Regional climate simulations in Asia from May 1997 to August 1998 were performed using the Seoul National University regional climate model （SNURCM） and Iowa State University regional climate model （ALT.MM5/LSM）, which were developed by coupling the NCAR/Land Surface Model （LSM） and the Mesoscale Model （MM5）. However, for physical processes of precipitation, the SNURCM used the Grell scheme for the convective parameterization scheme （CPS） and the simple ice scheme for the explicit moisture scheme （EMS）, while the ALT.MM5/LSM used the Betts-Miller scheme for CPS and the mixed phase scheme for EMS.
The simulated precipitation patterns and amounts over East Asia for the extreme climatic summer in 1997 （relative drought conditions） and 1998 （relative flood conditions） were especially focused upon. The ALT.MM5/LSM simulated more precipitation than was observed in 1997 due to more moisture and cloud water in the lower levels, despite weak upward motion. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion resulted in more precipitation than that was observed in 1998, with more moisture and cloud water in the middle levels. In the ALT.MM5/LSM, weak upward motion, unchanged moisture in the lower troposphere, and the decrease in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation only by 3% for the 1998 summer event. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion, the increase in moisture in the lower troposphere, and the increase in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation by 48% for the summer of 1998. The main differences between both simulations were moisture availability and horizontal momentum transport in the lower troposphere, which were also strongly influenced by large-scale forcing. 相似文献
The simulated precipitation patterns and amounts over East Asia for the extreme climatic summer in 1997 （relative drought conditions） and 1998 （relative flood conditions） were especially focused upon. The ALT.MM5/LSM simulated more precipitation than was observed in 1997 due to more moisture and cloud water in the lower levels, despite weak upward motion. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion resulted in more precipitation than that was observed in 1998, with more moisture and cloud water in the middle levels. In the ALT.MM5/LSM, weak upward motion, unchanged moisture in the lower troposphere, and the decrease in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation only by 3% for the 1998 summer event. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion, the increase in moisture in the lower troposphere, and the increase in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation by 48% for the summer of 1998. The main differences between both simulations were moisture availability and horizontal momentum transport in the lower troposphere, which were also strongly influenced by large-scale forcing. 相似文献
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2020年7月17日20时～18日20时,在淮河至长江之间出现大范围降水,短时强降水维持时间长、雨强大。此次降水发生的环流背景是：中高层多短波槽波动,伴随低层的低涡发展以及低空急流加强。强降水主要发生在低涡、切变线南侧的暖区中,降水主要分为两个阶段：第一阶段（17日20时～18日06时）强降水发生在暖式切变线和第一个低涡的暖区中,是中层潜热释放导致中层扰动形成的急流自激过程。中层位涡发展,中层扰动加强,中层扰动导致其南部急流加强,急流的自激机制形成向南、向下的上升运动波动,当水汽、能量和上升运动区配合时,形成强降水。第二阶段（18日07时～18日20时）强降水发生在第二个低涡的暖区。中高层潜热释放形成扰动,导致深厚的中低层急流发展,形成了高、中、低层一致的上升运动区。同时配合深厚低空急流带来的水汽和能量条件,形成了强降水深对流。因此整个过程的潜热释放对强降水的发展有重要作用。 相似文献
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引入考虑凝结作用的连续性方程与积云对流参数化方案修正 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
文章研究了在热带海洋面上的水蒸发，发现水蒸发进入大气层将改变地面气压场，且蒸发潜热分为内潜热(水汽内能)和外潜热(水汽压力能)，蒸发内潜热立即成为大气热能的一部分，而蒸发外潜热直接对大气层作功，使得大气位能增加；研究了大气中的大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水对于环境气压场与位势高度场的直接影响。用郭晓岚积云对流参数化方案(已考虑凝结内潜热对大气的加热作用)，加入了考虑因大尺度凝结降水和积云对流参数化凝结降水造成地面气压场及高空位势高度场的变化，后者应是凝结外潜热过程作用的结果。在上述研究过程中，必须引入考虑凝结作用的连续性方程，且最终可以改变有积云对流凝结降水发生的数值预报模式动力框架。 相似文献