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1.
敦煌地区大气气溶胶光学厚度的季节变化 总被引：5，自引：10，他引：5
讨论了利用太阳直接辐射资料反演大气气溶胶光学厚度的一种方法，并且用1981－1983年敦煌地区太阳直接辐射资料计算了该地区大气气溶胶光学厚度的季节变化特征，结果表明：敦煌地区大气气溶胶光学厚度冬季稳定，变化小，春季不稳定，变化幅度大，夏季次之；秋季较小。 相似文献
2.
中国地区大气气溶胶辐射强迫及区域气候效应的数值模拟 总被引：47，自引：5，他引：42
利用太阳直接辐射日总量和日照时数等多年观测资料,反演了中国地区大气气溶胶0.75 μm光学厚度的年、月平均值,分析了我国大气气溶胶状况的时空分布特征。据此,在中国区域气候模式中考虑气溶胶的辐射影响,模拟中国地区气溶胶直接辐射强迫的大小及气候响应的季节变化特征。计算结果表明: 我国大气气溶胶光学厚度多年平均分布状况是以四川盆地为大值中心向四周减少;长江中下游武汉附近和南疆盆地为另两个大值中心;青藏高原为气溶胶低值区;我国绝大部分地区春季气溶胶光学厚度值最大,各地气溶胶光学厚度最小值出现的季节则有所不同。气溶胶辐射强迫介于-5.3～-13 W/m2之间;辐射强迫具有春、夏季大,秋、冬季小,冬季南方偏大,夏季北方偏大的特征。气溶胶辐射强迫的分布与其光学厚度的分布基本一致。由于气溶胶的影响,中国大陆地区地面气温均有所下降,四川盆地到长江中下游地区以及青藏高原北侧到河套地区降温最为明显,分别可达-0.4℃和-0.5℃。气候响应具有明显的季节特征。地面气温的变化除与辐射强迫的大小有关外,还受大气环流的影响。 相似文献
3.
贺兰山地区大气气溶胶光学特征研究 总被引：24，自引：9，他引：24
利用M－120型太阳光度表的观测资料并结合有关资料，分析了贺兰山地区大气气溶胶的光学特征，并对在各类天气条件下，大气气溶胶光学厚度以及Angstrom浑浊度系数和波长指数的变化规律进行了讨论。利用实测地面大气气溶胶粒子谱资料，探讨了大气气溶胶粒子数浓度与Angstrom浑浊系数β之间的关系以及大气气溶胶粒子几可平均尺度与波长指数α之间的相关关系。 相似文献
4.
北方沙尘气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的反演 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11
利用CE-318太阳光度计在内蒙古额济纳旗、东胜、锡林浩特三地观测的2002年6月喇3年5月间的太阳直接辐射数据，应用消光法反演大气气溶胶光学厚度[AOT（λ），Aerosol Optical Thickness]和粒子谱分布，并分析其变化特征。结果表明，该地区气溶胶光学厚度具有明显的时空变化：春季最大，冬季最小，AOT（λ=440nm）平均最大值为0．78，最小值为0．13。3个观测点中，额济纳旗的光学厚度最大，东胜最小。光学厚度的日变化主要有4种形式：1）早晨高傍晚低；2）早晨低傍晚高；3）早晚低中午高；4）变化平缓。这主要与沙尘天气的发生、大气层结稳定度和人类活动等因素有关。气溶胶粒子谱分布基本符合Junge谱，在粒径0．3μm、0．6μm和1．0μm处出现峰值。但是在不同天气条件下粒子谱有很大差异，在沙尘暴天气中，大粒子和巨粒子数有明显的增加，粒子数浓度要比晴天背景大气大了约一个量级。春季气溶胶粒子数浓度最大，夏秋季次之，冬季最小，但相差不超过一个量级。 相似文献
5.
本文在1986年6月西藏拉萨市十通道太阳光度计六天观测工作基础上，计算了高原地区的整层大气垂直光学厚度，与北京西郊1981年6月的资料对比表明，在可见和近红外波段，拉萨市的大气光学厚度只有北京的一半，甚至更小。分析了在高原地区利用臭氧的Chappuis吸收带反演大气臭氧总量的可行性、方法、结果及其合理性。接着，本文讨论了双通道法和多通道法计算水汽光学厚度的差别，并简要分析了影响水汽总量变化的原因。本文还讨论了拉萨地区六月份大气浑浊度的时变规律及其变化机制。大气浑浊度不仅与地面大气状况（对流、地面风速等）有关，而且取决于大气的湍流结构。最后，本文利用Philips—Twomey方法反演了气溶胶的谱分布，结果表明，高原六月份气溶胶谱形大多接近Junge分布形式。另外，文中还简单讨论了折射率对反演气溶胶谱的影响。 相似文献
6.
北京地区气溶胶光学厚度中长期变化特征 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
利用1977～1985年北京地区太阳直接辐射谱资料，分析获得了气溶胶光学厚度谱特性，使用PIS光谱仪从1993年3月到1995年3月，持续观测了北京地区晴天和少云天气的太阳直射光谱。得到了至今较为长期系统的城市大气气溶胶光学性能及特征。研究表明:（1）气溶胶光学厚度有春夏季大，秋冬季小的统计规律；（2）能见度分级后，同一能见度下气溶胶光学厚度各季节之间的差别大为减小，地面能见度对整层光学厚度表现出了较强的约束作用，文中给出了统计关系；（3）气溶胶光学厚度有逐年增高的趋势，1977年至1994年间增长了约三分之二。 相似文献
7.
利用美国SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II)卫星最新版（6.0版）1.020 μm通道逐日气溶胶消光系数资料，得出了对流层中上层及平流层（10 km以上高度）气溶胶光学厚度的平均分布和变化特征。结果表明:气溶胶光学厚度在低纬度大，在印度洋的岛屿上空有三个高值中心，气溶胶光学厚度高值中心与对流层中上层的上升气流的高值中心相对应。与17年(1984～2000年)年平均相比，近6年（1995～2000年）孟加拉湾至青藏高原东南部上空气溶胶光学厚度明显增加；中国东部地区上空气溶胶光学厚度增加，中西部地区则减小。气溶胶光学厚度存在三个经向的增加带和两个经向的减小带。中纬度与赤道之间的布鲁尔-多普森环流（Brewer-Dobson Circulation）带来的低层大气与对流层中上层及平流层之间的气溶胶输送是导致气溶胶这种经向一致变化的主要因素。气溶胶的这种输送产生的近地面大气污染物向中上层大气输送有可能产生重要的气候变化。 相似文献
8.
近年来对大气气溶胶的观测受到越来越多的重视。很多国家都利用对太阳光谱的观测来推算大气气溶胶,并且对计算气溶胶谱分布的反演方法也进行了很多理论上的分析。这里,我们介绍一种计算谱分布的简便方法及某些观测结果。一、方法从太阳直接辐射的测量可以算出大气总的光学厚度,在扣除空气分子的影响后,便得到大气气溶胶的光学厚度式中。n(r)——气溶胶谱分布 r——粒子半径Q_(ex)(r,λ,m)——削弱的有效因子 m——气溶胶折射率如果测出不同波长的大气气溶胶光学厚度,即可由(1)式反演出气溶胶谱分布。为了使反演过程简单化,引入以下两项假定: 相似文献
9.
利用北京等46个甲种日射站1961～1990年逐日太阳直接辐射日总量和日照时数等资料,反演了30年来各站逐年、逐月0.75μm大气气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol OpticalDepth,简称AOD)平均值,分析了我国大气气溶胶光学厚度的年、季空间分布特征和年代际之间的变化.结果表明:我国大气气溶胶光学厚度的多年平均分布具有典型的地理特征,除个别大城市外,100°E以东,AOD以四川盆地为大值中心向四周减少;100°E以西,南疆盆地为另一个相对大值中心.气溶胶光学厚度的各季分布具有各自的特征.20世纪60年代,我国大气气溶胶光学厚度的平均分布特征是以四川盆地和南疆盆地为两个大值中心向四周减少;70年代,绝大多数地区AOD值增加,其中从四川盆地到长江中下游地区以及华南沿海等地,AOD增加较为明显,AOD的分布和60年代较相似;到80年代,我国大范围地区AOD继续呈增加趋势,其中长江中下游地区,AOD增加相当明显,气溶胶光学厚度的分布发生了一定的变化. 相似文献
10.
渤海西岸气溶胶光学厚度测量研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据2003年在天津大气边界层观测站获得的CE318太阳光度计观测资料，探讨了仪器的定标、渤海西岸大气气溶胶不同波段的光学厚度及其变化规律。结果表明，渤海西岸大气气溶胶受渤海海洋和人类活动共同影响，各波段光学厚度都较大；气溶胶光学厚度谱基本满足Angstrom关系。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
13.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
16.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
17.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
20.
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed. 相似文献