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黄河入海水、沙通量变化对黄河口及邻近海域环境资源可持续利用的影响 Ⅱ. 黄河断流和入海流量锐减所引起的海洋环境变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
传统的观点认为，河水流入大海是一种浪费。为了充分利用河水资源，在大河干流筑坝引水、发电，据美国学者Milliman(1997)统计，1950年世界上大坝的数量约为5000座，20世纪80年代疾增到40000多座。大量淡水被贮存或用在陆地，入海径流便大幅度减少，导致大河河口及其邻近海域生态环境发生重大变化，海洋生物资源遭受到重大损失。加利福尼亚湾内科罗拉多河河口三角洲及其滨海区原为美国西南部最大的沙漠湿地，湿地资源极为丰富，海湾区曾是世界上鱼类最多、捕鱼量最高的海区之一，具有海洋生物资源非常丰富的良好生态环境。然而，由于科罗拉多河多道筑坝截流、入海径流量锐减，导致部分湿地干枯、生态环境退化、水质下降，海湾内捕鱼量急剧减少，许多依赖河流冲淡水发育的生物之生存发育面临毁灭的威胁；密西西比河三角洲区的湿地、潟湖区也因该河干流上大坝的不断兴建而导致生态环境退化；埃及阿斯旺大坝兴建后，由于入海水、沙等物质通量的大幅度减少，使地中海东部海区的沙丁鱼产量下降了近83%，海岸遭受强烈侵蚀，三角洲面积不断缩小。20世纪70年代初期，印度的恒河兴建法拉卡大坝，河口三角洲西岸陆域出现了明显的海水倒灌现象，同时引起了印、孟两国20多年的分水之争。 相似文献
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I~IOXThe sea level rise threatens China's coastal plains and river deltas and makes them the vulnerable areas due to their loW elevation.Since the 1980s, the Chinese scientists have paid great attention to the problem of the sealevel rise caused by the global warming. They have analyZed and calculated the trend of the relative sea level change along the China's coast in the past 50 a. The result of study shows that therising rate of the sea level along China's coast is (1. 7 i 0. 3) rum/a.… 相似文献
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Modern sediment characteristics and accumulation rates from the delta front to prodelta of the Yellow River (Huanghe) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Liangyong Zhou Jian Liu Yoshiki Saito Maosheng Gao Shaobo Diao Jiandong Qiu Shaofeng Pei 《Geo-Marine Letters》2016,36(4):247-258
Since 1976, the main channel of the Yellow River (Huanghe) has been on the east side of the delta complex, and the river has prograded a broad new delta lobe in Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea. In 2012, extensive bathymetric and high-resolution seismic profiles were conducted and sediment cores were collected off the new delta lobe. This study examined delta sedimentation and morphology along a profile across the modern subaqueous Yellow River delta and into Laizhou Bay, by analyzing sediment radionuclides (137Cs, 210Pb and 7Be), sedimentary structure, grain-size composition, organic carbon content, and morphological changes between 1976 and 2012. The change in the bathymetric profile, longitudinal to the river’s course, reveals subaqueous delta progradation during this period. The subbottom boundary between the new delta lobe sediment and the older seafloor sediment (before the 1976 course shift) was identified in terms of lithology and radionuclide distributions, and recognized as a downlap surface in the seismic record. The accumulation rate of the new delta lobe sediment is estimated to be 5–18.6 cm year–1 on the delta front slope, 2 cm year–1 at the toe of the slope, and 1–2 cm year–1 in the shelf areas of Laizhou Bay. Sediment facies also change offshore, from alternations of gray and brown sediment in the proximal area to gray bioturbated fine sediment in the distal area. Based on 7Be distribution, the shorter-term deposition rate was at least 20 cm year–1 in the delta front. 相似文献
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渤海中部沉积物铅来源的同位素示踪 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本研究对渤海中部表层和柱状沉积物中Pb的含量和同位素进行了分析,研究了其时空分布规律,并探讨了其物质来源。结果表明,表层沉积物中Pb的含量为14.54×10-6~59.42×10-6,其含量在渤海湾近岸、黄河口附近、研究区的东北部较高,而在研究区的中部和渤海湾北部含量较低;Pb同位素207Pb/206Pb的值为0.8341~0.8489,208Pb/206Pb的值为2.0828~2.0980。岩心沉积物中Pb含量、同位素组成与表层沉积物相似,整体上较为稳定,但在1990s以来呈现增大的趋势。渤海中部沉积物中Pb以自然来源为主,黄河沉积物是其主要物质来源,但渤海湾北端则与滦河源物质或沿岸侵蚀相关;人类活动影响主要出现在1990s以后,与中国含Pb矿石的燃烧等工业活动相关,但影响微弱,仅在黄河口西北近岸海域、渤海湾等个别站位得到体现。 相似文献
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1973 年以来射阳河口附近海岸蚀淤变化遥感分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以射阳河口北部扁担港口和射阳河口南部斗龙港口之间的海岸作为研究区,基于1973,1987,2000和2013年四期Landsat影像提取了该岸段岸线,并进行了时空变化分析。结果表明,射阳河口以北的扁担港口—射阳河口岸段仍处于侵蚀状态,呈现侵蚀—淤积—缓慢侵蚀的变化格局,40 a间侵蚀面积为12.6 km2,淤积面积为1.0 km2;射阳河口以南的射阳河口—斗龙港口岸段处于淤积的态势,呈现淤积—快速淤积—缓慢淤积的格局,40 a间淤积的面积为223.1 km2,仅在2000~2013年间该岸段北部出现了侵蚀。结论是虽然射阳河口以南岸段仍总体处于淤积的过程中,但是近年来江苏海岸的侵蚀范围已经扩展到了射阳河口以南,这证明了江苏海岸侵蚀岸段有进一步扩大的趋势。 相似文献
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Changes in climatic characteristics of Northern Hemisphere extratropical land in the 21st century: Assessments with the IAP RAS climate model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. V. Eliseev M. M. Arzhanov P. F. Demchenko I. I. Mokhov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2009,45(3):271-283
Assessments of future changes in the climate of Northern Hemisphere extratropical land regions have been made with the IAP RAS climate model (CM) of intermediate complexity (which includes a detailed scheme of thermo- and hydrophysical soil processes) under prescribed greenhouse and sulfate anthropogenic forcing from observational data for the 19th and 20th centuries and from the SRES B1, A1B, and A2 scenarios for the 21st century. The annual mean warming of the extratropical land surface has been found to reach 2–5 K (3–10 K) by the middle (end) of the 21st century relative to 1961–1990, depending on the anthropogenic forcing scenario, with larger values in North America than in Europe. Winter warming is greater than summer warming. This is expressed in a decrease of 1–4 K (or more) in the amplitude of the annual harmonic of soil-surface temperature in the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia and North America. The total area extent of perennially frozen ground S p in the IAP RAS CM changes only slightly until the late 20th century, reaching about 21 million km2, and then decreases to 11–12 million km2 in 2036–2065 and 4–8 million km2 in 2071–2100. In the late 21st century, near-surface permafrost is expected to remain only in Tibet and in central and eastern Siberia. In these regions, depths of seasonal thaw exceed 1 m (2 m) under the SRES B1 (A1B or A2) scenario. The total land area with seasonal thaw or cooling is expected to decrease from the current value of 54–55 million km2 to 38–42 in the late 21st century. The area of Northern Hemisphere snow cover in February is also reduced from the current value of 45–49 million km2 to 31–37 million km2. For the basins of major rivers in the extratropical latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, runoff is expected to increase in central and eastern Siberia. In European Russia and in southern Europe, runoff is projected to decrease. In western Siberia (the Ob watershed), runoff would increase under the SRES A1B and A2 scenarios until the 2050s–2070s, then it would decrease to values close to present-day ones; under the anthropogenic forcing scenario SRES B1, the increase in runoff will continue up to the late 21st century. Total runoff from Eurasian rivers into the Arctic Ocean in the IAP RAS CM in the 21st century will increase by 8–9% depending on the scenario. Runoff from the North American rivers into the Arctic Ocean has not changed much throughout numerical experiments with the IAP RAS CM. 相似文献
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KANG Yan PAN Delu BAI Yan HE Xianqiang CHEN Xiaoyan CHEN Chen-Tung Arthur WANG Difeng 《海洋学报(英文版)》2013,32(1):79-88
River plumes are the regions where the most intense river-sea-land interaction occurs, and they are characterized by complex material transport and biogeochemical processes. However, due to their highly dynamic nature, global river plume areas have not yet been determined for use in synthetic studies of global oceanography. Based on global climatological monthly averaged salinity data from the NOAA World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09), and monthly averaged salinity contour maps of the East and South China Seas from the Chinese Marine Atlas, we extract the monthly plume areas of major global rivers using a geographic information system (GIS) technique. Only areas with salinities that are three salinity units lower than the average salinity in each ocean are counted. This conservative estimate shows that the minimum and maximum monthly values of the total plume area of the world’s 19 largest rivers are 1.72 × 10 6 km 2 in May and 5.38 × 10 6 km 2 in August. The annual mean area of these river plumes (3.72 × 10 6 km 2 ) takes up approximately 14.2% of the total continental shelves area worldwide (26.15 × 10 6 km 2 ). This paper also presents river plume areas for different oceans and latitude zones, and analyzes seasonal variations of the plume areas and their relationships with river discharge. These statistics describing the major global river plume areas can now provide the basic data for the various flux calculations in the marginal seas, and therefore will be of useful for many oceanographic studies. 相似文献
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在海堤建设等人类活动和三角洲蚀淤等自然演变的共同作用下,黄河三角洲岸线水深近年来发生了剧烈变化,同时也将引起邻近海域潮波系统及物质输运路径的重要变化。本文基于FVCOM数值模式,建立了黄河三角洲及邻近海域三维高分辨率潮汐、潮流及拉格朗日粒子追踪数值模型。通过与环渤海长期验潮站的潮汐调和常数、黄河三角洲临时潮位站和测流站的实测资料对比,模型结果验证良好,能较好反映黄河三角洲及邻近海域潮汐、潮流运动特征,并获得了2019年M2分潮无潮点位置。通过设置1980年、2019年黄河三角洲岸线自然演变、海堤建设及相应水深地形变化的5个数值实验,结果表明:在人类活动与自然演变共同驱动下,黄河三角洲海域的M2分潮无潮点向东南方向移动,主要影响因素为水深。黄河口向海延伸和海堤丁坝建设导致的岸线变化,对无潮点位置影响较小,但在该凸出岸段两侧形成余流流涡,使得黄河入海物质在莱州湾内停留时间变长,向渤海输运扩散的时间推迟。 相似文献
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为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km2,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km2;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。 相似文献
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基于地学信息图谱的河道、海岸线演变对黄河三角洲景观格局影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用1988、1998、2009和2016年四期遥感影像,运用GIS技术,将地学信息图谱的图形思维与景观生态学的定量思维相结合,以距今不同时期的亚三角洲和滨海湿地为研究区,从景观结构和景观演替两个方面探究黄河三角洲河道、海岸线演变对景观格局的影响。结果表明:(1)距今不同时间的河道对黄河三角洲景观结构的影响程度不同,距今时间越长的亚三角洲研究区内耕地占总面积的比例越大且耕地是亚三角洲研究区中的第一优势景观类型。在1855—1889亚三角洲研究区内,除耕地和建筑用地外,其他各类景观占总面积的比例都较小且随时间变化不明显;在1929—1934亚三角洲研究区内,盐田、养殖池占总面积的比例从2009年到2016年增加了近40%,涨幅明显;在1964—1976亚三角洲研究区内,各类景观占总面积的比例趋于平均;在2017至今的亚三角洲研究区内,耕地和光滩占总面积的比例较高,达到24%左右。(2)距今不同时间的海岸线对黄河三角洲景观结构的影响程度也不同,在1855滨海湿地研究区内,耕地占总面积比例为60%左右,而海域占总面积比例接近于0,极差较大;在1934和1974滨海湿地研究区内,光滩、柽柳、碱蓬群落、芦苇、白茅群落占总面积比例随时间变化几乎呈逐渐下降趋势,而建筑用地和盐田、养殖池则呈逐渐上升趋势;2009滨海湿地研究区,河流、人工水域占总面积比例在2009年和2016年均达到32%以上。(3)根据景观类型重心变化特征,分析河道、海岸线演变对景观演替的影响程度,将不同时期亚三角洲和滨海湿地研究区景观演替分为如下几类:亚三角洲人类活动主导型、废弃河道主导型、行水河道主导型、滨海湿地人类活动主导型、废弃海岸主导型、新海岸主导型。 相似文献
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根据历史资料、数据和相关研究,结合研究区域背景,分析苏北废黄河三角洲的演变。结果显示,岸线演变在发育阶段和侵蚀阶段分别为向海延伸约90 km和侵蚀后退约22 km,面积相差约800 km2,三角洲地貌演变表现为岸线平直-曲折-平滑-平直的过程。在废三角洲陆海相互作用的基础上,运用演化模式分析三角洲的演变过程。该三角洲演变可以分为7个演变阶段,发育期在径流和潮流作用下以沙洲并陆淤积延伸方式进行,侵蚀期在波浪和潮流作用下以沙洲合并侵蚀后退和淤积外长交替侵蚀的方式。泥沙输运、人类活动和气候变化对废三角洲的演变有重要影响,巨量的来沙是三角洲发育的原因,泥沙平衡被打破是侵蚀的主要原因。发育期中,泥沙输运影响淤积速度和位置,人类活动和气候变化影响黄河河道迁移、输沙量和产沙量;侵蚀期中,泥沙输运影响侵蚀状态,人类活动在一定程度上影响海岸带冲/淤,气候变化将影响三角洲的演变趋势。 相似文献
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《Ocean & Coastal Management》2005,48(1):65-83
Substantial changes are taking place in the coastal landscape as a result of rapid urbanization. A series of environmental and resource problems have emerged owing to rapid urban development, including encroachment of agricultural land, land reclamation, silt deposition in rivers, and severe flooding. These problems have had a significant impact on sustainable development in Lingding Bay, the largest estuary of the Pearl River. This paper demonstrates that remote sensing can be effective in monitoring the dynamics of coastal zones, such as coastline movement, urban expansion, land-use changes, and migration of shoals and deep-water channels. Remote sensing data from 1978 to 1998 were used to detect the accelerating changes that have taken place in the study area. A hybrid approach has proved to be an effective way of improving remote sensing image classification, with multi-temporal compound imaging, for coastal change analysis. Geographic information system (Intergraph's modular GIS environment, MGE) software was used to assist planners in the analysis of such changes, by combining the maps from 1974, 1989 to 1997 and integrating the multiple (spatial and attribute) databases. The result demonstrates that: (1) the Pearl River estuary is being reclaimed, estuarine waterways are getting narrower; the area of water near Humen town has narrowed by 4–6 km; (2) shoals in Lingding Bay have reduced the area of water by 114 km2 over the past 23 years; the area of deep-water channels has declined by ∼24 km2, even with dredging; on average, the area of water has decreased by 5.9 km2 annually; western channels migrated eastwards 0.8 and 1.1 km during the first and second 10-year period, respectively; according to this scenario, the western channel will disappear from Lingding Bay in approximately 183 years; (3) land-use changes: 92% of shoal reclamation occurred in the 1980s and 80% of waterway reclamation happened during the 1990s; Panyu District of Guangzhou city leads the table in land reclamation, Zhongshan city is second, and Zhuhai city third; the area of reclamation in the last 10 years is slightly more (1.18 times) than in the previous 10 years, in particular, there was a 1.6- and 1.8-fold increase, respectively, for the Zhongshan and Zhuhai coastal regions; at the current rate of reclamation, Tangjia Bay in Zhuhai and Jiaoyi Bay in Dongwan will vanish in approximately 25 and 70 years, respectively; the decline of the bays will cause large-scale destruction of the aquatic environment—the consequences should not be ignored. The impact of such changes on flood control and prevention, and coastal planning, are also discussed. We stress the importance of regulating and controlling the long-term development of coastal areas in the Pearl River Delta. 相似文献
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将1855年、1934年、1959年、1984年的海图的深度基准面换算成为当地黄海平均海水面,把它们的深度变化转换成泥沙的冲淤变化。研究了套尔河湾海域及黄河改道后三角洲的冲淤演化规律,行水时是快速淤进;改道后,初期是强烈的侵蚀和冲刷,随着时间的推移,其速率均逐渐减慢,达到岸滩平衡剖面塑造后,发育为轻微淤进或此冲彼淤的稳定海岸。提出:冲淤速率≤0.056km/a,贝壳堤迅速发育是海岸稳定的标志;冲淤速率≤±0.084km/a,贝壳滩开始发育是海岸向稳定演化的标志。本海域5—10m海区的坡度小于1/2000,是平衡剖面海域的标志;坡度小于1/1500,是向平衡剖面发育的标志。这对认识近代黄河三角洲的冲淤演变以及对套尔河湾海岸的开发建设,都具有重要意义。 相似文献
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辽河三角洲地区海平面上升趋势及其影响评估 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
根据潮位资料分析,辽河三角洲平原和辽东湾东岸近四五十年来相对海平面处于上升趋势,从70年代以来平均每年上升量为5mm左右.考虑到辽河三角洲平原地面下沉以及全球性海平面将加速上升,预计下个世纪内,辽河三角洲平原相对海平面上升的速率将达到8-10mm/a,到2050年相对海平面上升量将达到40～55cm.利用遥感和地理信息系统,对不同的海平面上升量将造成的土地淹没损失进行了预测.如不加防护,相对海平面上升0.5m时,将淹没近4000km2,包括整个营口市区和半个盘锦市区;上升1.0m时,将淹没5000km2.对海平面上升将造成海岸侵蚀、风暴潮和洪涝等灾害加剧等影响也进行了分析. 相似文献
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黄河干流长5464km，流域面积752443km2，流经我国西北、华北地区，降水量较少，水资源贫乏。20世纪50、60年代以前，由于人口较少，经济处于低水平运转的时代，水资源尚能满足沿黄地区经济发展和生活的需要。20世纪70年代以来，随着经济的迅速发展，工农业及生活用水量急剧增加，水的供需矛盾充分暴露出来，下游断流日趋严重，成为制约沿黄流域经济发展的重大障碍。黄河水资源问题不但给中、下游的经济发展和人民生活带来很多危害，而且危及河口及其邻近海区海洋生态环境和生物资源的可持续利用，人口、环境和资源得不到协调发展。由于以前黄河口区的治理与开发很少考虑到黄河入海物质通量变化对海洋环境和生物资源的影响，因而给该区今后海洋经济的持续发展带来很大困难。陆地和海洋是通过大江、大河联系起来的统一有机体，但世界上因只顾治河、不顾海洋而贻害无穷者不乏其例。黄河是一条水少、沙多，受人类活动影响巨大的河流，其水资源利用率高达60%左右，为世界大河之最。大量提水、引水造成下游严重断流，给黄河口及其近海区生态环境和生物资源带来了灾害性的影响。本文通过研究历史资料，对关于黄河水、沙通量变化对黄河口及其邻近海域环境资源可持续利用的影响问题进行了初步分析，为解决黄河断流、全面开发利用黄河，也为实施河口及其邻近海区可持续发展战略提供科学依据。 相似文献
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Quantity, timing, duration, and fluctuation of freshwater inflow are important factors affecting the development and health of aquatic and adjacent wetland ecosystems in coastal estuaries. This study assessed six decades of freshwater inflow from the Amite River, Tickfaw River, and Tangipahoa River watersheds to Lake Pontchartrain, a large oligohaline estuary in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, whose flood waters caused recent damage to the city of New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. By utilizing the long-term (1940–2002) river discharge and climatic data from the three major tributary watersheds, monthly and annual freshwater inflows have been quantified and their spatial and temporal variations have been analyzed. On average, the three rivers discharged (±standard error) 0.27 ± 0.04 km3 freshwater monthly and 3.29 ± 0.15 km3 freshwater annually into the lake estuarine system, with the highest inflow from the Amite River (0.16 ± 0.03 m3 mon−1, and 1.91 ± 0.09 km3 yr−1) and the lowest inflow from the Tickfaw River (0.03 ± 0.00 km3 mon−1, and 0.34 ± 0.02 km3 yr−1). A distinct seasonality was evident with over 69% of the total annual inflow occurring during December and May (wet months) and with a low flow period from August to November (dry months). The monthly inflow during the wet months was positively correlated with the monthly precipitation (r2 = 0.64), while the monthly inflow during the dry months was subject to evapotranspiration. Furthermore, the study found a 20-year low flow period from 1954–1973 (2.76 ± 0.24 km3 yr−1) and a 24-year high flow period from 1975–1998 (3.84 ± 0.24 km3 yr−1), coinciding with both the climate variation and population growth in the watersheds. 相似文献
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1 Introduction T aking the average riverbed elevation ofthe riverm outh from its upstream side to its dow nstream sidew ithin a m outh area as a base line, there is usually asand sw ell standing higher than the base line. If thesw ellis form ed in the distributary channel,itis consid-ered as “a longitudinalbar”;ifitis offornearthe riverm outh,itis called “m outh bar”(Jiand H uang,1995a),such as the cases in the C hangjiang R iver andQ iantang R iverm outh areas(see Figs 1 and 2). Fig. … 相似文献
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James R. Hein Tracey A. Conrad Rachel E. Dunham 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):160-176
Regulations are being developed through the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) for the exploration and mining of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. This paper lays out geologic and geomorphologic criteria that can be used to determine the size and number of exploration and mine-site blocks that will be the focus of much discussion within the ISBA Council deliberations. The surface areas of 155 volcanic edifices in the central equatorial Pacific were measured and used to develop a mine-site model. The mine-site model considers areas above 2,500 m water depth as permissive, and narrows the general area available for exploration and mining to 20% of that permissive area. It is calculated that about eighteen 100 km2 exploration blocks, each composed of five 20 km2 contiguous sub-blocks, would be adequate to identify a 260 km2 20-year-mine site; the mine site would be composed of thirteen of the 20 km2 sub-blocks. In this hypothetical example, the 260 km2 mine site would be spread over four volcanic edifices and comprise 3.7% of the permissive area of the four edifices and 0.01% of the total area of those four edifices. The eighteen 100 km2 exploration blocks would be selected from a limited geographic area. That confinement area is defined as having a long dimension of not more than 1,000 km and an area of not more than 300,000 km2. 相似文献