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1.
系统测定了青海湟水河枯水期河水的硝酸盐(NO-3)含量及其氮同位素组成(δ15N-NO-3),详细分析了青海湟水河流域硝酸盐浓度及氮同位素组成的变化特征,基于此初步探讨了河水中可能的氮污染来源。结果显示,研究时段内湟水河河水的NO-3浓度范围为0.1~38.0 mg/L,平均值为15.9 mg/L,约56%的河水样品中的NO-3含量超过我国《地表水环境质量标准》中V类水氮含量的标准限值。湟水河河水δ15N-NO-3值的变化范围为+2.7‰~+16.8‰,平均值为+8.5‰,反映出受不同氮来源的影响。总体而言,湟水河NO-3浓度自源头至下游整体呈增大趋势,但各区段δ15N-NO-3值的变化幅度却存在较大差异。对比分析发现,流域内河水较高的δ15N-NO-3值可能指示河水中的硝态氮主要来源于工业生产以及人类生活排放的污水或粪便;而较低的δ15N-NO-3值指示河水中的硝态氮主要来源于大气氮沉降或与农业活动有关的土壤。  相似文献   

2.
崇明东滩湿地CO2 、CH4和N2O 排放的时空差异   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
汪青  刘敏  侯立军  程书波 《地理研究》2010,29(5):935-946
通过静态暗箱—气相色谱法研究了长江口崇明东滩四类典型湿地(围垦湿地、高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩)CO2、CH4和N2O排放特征及影响因素。结果表明,在生长季尺度下,CO2、CH4和N2O均以排放为主;在昼夜尺度下,CO2和CH4在夜间排放量大于白昼排放量,而N2O的排放高峰出现在下午;在潮水退去、潮滩暴露初期,CH4和N2O有大量排放,CO2正好相反。崇明东滩温室气体排放通量自岸向海有明显的梯度变化,总体趋势是越近岸通量值越大。观测与实验表明,温度、潮汐、土壤理化性质、植物和土地利用变化都对温室气体排放通量有明显的影响,其中滨海潮滩湿地特有环境因子潮汐以"淹没—暴露"光滩沉积物的方式控制温室气体的排放。  相似文献   

3.
内蒙古西部地区盐湖水化学特征   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
2008年9~10月和2009年9月对内蒙古西部地区14个盐湖进行了考察、采样和分析。研究发现,本区盐湖卤水主要离子含量顺序为Na+>Cl->SO2-4>Mg2+>K+,次要离子为Ca2+ >HCO-3>CO2-3,微量元素为B2O3>Br->Li+。Na+的分布特征为东部高,北部中等,西南部偏低;而Cl-为东高西低;K+大致为南高北低;Mg2+为中部高,西部低,北部与南部中等。SO2-4、 Ca2+和CO2-3的区域分布特征均不明显;微量元素Li+ 、Br-、B2O3含量虽局部(两大沙漠连接带)有所富集,但绝对含量不高。对天然盐湖和人工采盐池的卤水进行了对比。采盐池中卤水因为蒸发强烈,离子浓度显著高于天然盐湖。分析天然盐湖与采盐池卤水离子浓度的变化规律发现,卤水蒸发初期Na+、Cl-、SO2-4离子浓度随矿化度的升高而增大,Ca2+离子浓度明显下降,卤水蒸发后期Mg2+、K+大量富集,整个卤水蒸发过程中微量元素Li+与B2O3浓度一直随矿化度的升高而增大。这些结果对内蒙古西部盐湖的研究与开发都具有积极意义。  相似文献   

4.
在Pitzer电解质溶液理论的基础上采用两种模型计算了KCl-K2SO4-KBO2-H2O体系及其子体系的溶解度。模型I假设溶液中只有一种硼物种B(OH)4-,模型II假设溶液中有4种硼物种,分别对应于B(OH)3、B(OH)4-、B3O3(OH)4-和B4O5(OH)42-。模型I与模型II的溶解度计算结果接近,且与实验值吻合较好。采用模型II计算了上述体系溶液中的硼物种和OH-的浓度。各硼物种的浓度主要受溶液中总硼浓度的影响,而很少受KCl和K2SO4的影响。计算结果说明在计算偏硼酸钾溶液体系溶解度时,可近似认为溶液中硼物种只有B(OH)4-。模型II可用于计算含偏硼酸钾体系的pH值。本文的计算结果可为复杂偏硼酸钾体系模型的构建提供理论基础。  相似文献   

5.
魏凤单  周桓  郝晴  赵鋆  阎波 《盐湖研究》2022,30(4):1-14
硫酸镁亚型盐湖老卤是MgCl2、MgSO4的饱和溶液体系,富集了Mg、B、Li等元素。本文针对含硼水盐体系热力学难以表达的问题,开展了硼在水盐体系存在形态及其平衡关系的研究。利用易于水解的Mg(BO2)2作为硼源,借助拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)为检测手段,定量研究Mg(BO2)2在MgSO4-H2O、MgSO4-MgCl2-H2O体系中水解硼物种转化规律。结果表明:(1)Mg(BO2)2在MgSO4溶液中的水解固相为MgB2O(OH)6、MgB4O7·9H2O和Mg(OH)2;在MgSO4-MgCl2-H2O溶液中水解固相为Mg2B6O11·15H2O、MgB4O7·9H2O、Mg2Cl(OH)3·4H2O。(2)Mg(BO2)2在MgSO4溶液中水解,液相硼物种主要有B3O3(OH)-4、B3O3(OH)52-、B(OH)-4、B4O5(OH)42-、H3BO3,其分布受MgSO4浓度影响很大,MgSO4浓度从0增加至饱和,B3O3(OH)-4始终占总硼量的50.07%以上,B3O3(OH)52-占液相总硼从4.77%上升至37.16%为第2化学物种。(3)在MgSO4-MgCl2-H2O溶液中,硼物种的主要形态有B3O3(OH)-4、B3O3(OH)52-、B(OH)-4,其分布 随[Cl22-]/([Cl22-]+[SO42-])变化很大,在MgCl2和MgSO4的共饱溶液中,分别占液相总硼量的58.91%,14.62%和12.81%。(4)液相硼物种之间平衡关系的活度商lnQ,不仅与溶液pH、水活度有关,还与MgSO4、MgCl2摩尔浓度呈二元线性关系,这样就可将硼在H3BO3-NaOH体系物种分布关系的lnQ扩展到 (MgSO4,MgCl2,MgSO4-MgCl2)水溶液的多元体系。由此获得硼物种的量化关系,可为推算硼在水盐体系的物种分布,进而计算含硼电解质溶液热力学性质提供依据。  相似文献   

6.
采用物种分布图与核磁共振实验研究了五硼酸钾溶液中含硼物种的类型、含量和溶液浓度间关系。研究表明五硼酸钾在稀溶液(0.05 mol/kg(H2O))中几乎全部水解,主要物种为B(OH)3和B(OH)-4;在较浓溶液(0.20 mol/kg(H2O))中主要物种为B(OH)3和B3O3(OH)-4,而B5O6(OH)-4和[B4O5(OH)2-4]的含量较小。核磁共振实验研究给出了B(OH)-4、B3O3(OH)-4和B5O6(OH)-4的生成常数K1、K3,、K5,研究得出B5O6(OH)-4含量很少的原因是其解聚为其它类型硼酸根离子。外加离子促进五硼酸根离子的生成,而高温条件促进B5O6(OH)-4发生解聚反应。  相似文献   

7.
在闽江河口塔礁洲采集土样,在室内设置4个实验组,分别添加盐度为5‰、15‰和25‰的人造海水以及盐度为0‰的去离子水,通过室内淹水厌氧培养实验,研究模拟海水入侵对淡水洲滩土壤潜在反硝化速率的影响。结果表明,培养1 d,盐度为0‰的实验组土壤的潜在反硝化速率最大,其次是盐度为5‰的实验组,盐度为15‰的实验组土壤的潜在反硝化速率更低,盐度为25‰的实验组土壤的潜在反硝化速率最小,盐度为0‰实验组的土壤潜在反硝化速率显著高于其他实验组(p0.05);培养3 d,盐度为25‰的实验组土壤的潜在反硝化速率最大,其次是盐度为5‰的实验组,盐度为15‰的实验组土壤的潜在反硝化速率更低,盐度为0‰的实验组土壤的潜在反硝化速率最小,盐度为0‰实验组的土壤潜在反硝化速率显著低于其他实验组(p0.05);培养3 d以后,各盐度实验组之间的土壤潜在反硝化速率无显著差异(p0.05)。盐度对淡水洲滩土壤潜在反硝化速率的影响可能是短暂的,随着时间的延续,影响可能消失。指数函数模型较好地描述了4个盐度实验组的土壤潜在反硝化速率与培养时间的关系;除盐度为0‰的实验组,其他盐度实验组的洲滩土壤反硝化活性都随时间的推移而增强;洲滩土壤有较好的潜在脱氮效率,整个培养期以盐度15‰实验组潜在脱氮效率最大,潜在脱氮总量为(436.54±45.04)mg/kg,潜在脱氮效率为(87.31±9.01)%。  相似文献   

8.
基于密度泛函理论,采用ωB97XD方法和6-311++G(d,p)基组,系统研究了[K(H2O)n]+,[NO3(H2O)n]-和KNO3(H2O)n水合团簇的结构和性质;并结合经典分子动力学、OPLS-AA全原子力场以及SPC/E水模型模拟了不同水盐比(WSR) KNO3溶液,目的在于深入理解KNO3溶液中K+和 NO-3的微观水合结构,以及K+-NO-3离子间缔合作用特征。研究发现,对于KNO3(H2O)n (n=6,8,10和12)水合团簇,K+第一水合层稳定结构为四、五和六水合结构,其中五水合结构最稳定。K+和NO-3主要以溶剂共享离子对形式存在。随着团簇尺寸减小,直接接触离子对(CIP)物种出现。同时,分子动力学模拟证实KNO3溶液中形成了直接接触K+-NO-3离子对,且随着溶液浓度增加,CIP物种形成需越过更大能垒。以上结果表明在KNO3稀溶液中主要存在物种为水合K+和NO-3,随浓度增大,单齿直接接触离子对(MCIP)逐渐出现。在高浓溶液或过饱和溶液中,K+-NO-3离子缔合主要以单齿CIP和少量双齿CIP结构存在。  相似文献   

9.
基于盐湖尾卤溶液结构变化的镁锂分离研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
盐湖卤水提锂工艺的难点之一在于卤水中镁锂比过高。采用红外光谱对非平衡动态降温过程中溶液结构变化进行分析,测定不同类型单盐溶液和卤水的结构变化,并基于此规律强化盐湖尾卤的镁锂分离。结果表明,MgSO4 溶液在40 ℃及以上时, 984 cm-1 处的特征峰显示可能出现接触式离子对结构(Mg2+-SO42-);1 280 cm-1处出现溶剂共享型离子对结构( Mg2+-H2O-SO42-);Li2SO4溶液中出现溶剂共享型离子对结构的可能性低,镁锂之间会出现结构差异。基于如上溶液结构的变化,通过非平衡动态降温过程,实现盐湖尾卤中的镁锂分离,镁锂质量比值可由最初的40降至20左右,Mg2+以MgSO4·nH2O型混合结晶产品的形式从卤水中析出,而液相中Li+的损失率可低至5.01%以下,以此达到了脱镁及锂富集的效果。  相似文献   

10.
The crystal structure of metal borates has been extensively investigated by X-ray and neutron diffraction,but,the structure of aqueous polyborate solutions are still largely unknown.Over the last decade,our group has focused on studying the structure of complex aqueous polyborate solutions of Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,and Mg using synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering(XRS),EXAFS,Raman,NMR,and DFT,as well as determining the density,conductivity and pH of such solutions.Polyborate species distributions were calculated using pH measurements,and the main species in the solution have been confirmed by NMR and Raman spectra.For alkali-metal metaborates,the dominant species is always B(OH)-4in a wide range of concentration,while the presence of others species is negligible.For alkali metal tetraborates,when concentration is in the extreme low range,only B(OH)3 and B(OH)-4 are present in these solutions.As the total boron concentration increases,B(OH)3 and B(OH)-4 polycondensated to form more complex oligomers.Of them,while B4O5(OH)2-4 in the tetraborate solutions is the main species,B(OH)3,B(OH)-4,and B3O3(OH)-4 are minor species,and B3O3(OH)2-5 and B5O6OH)-4 are present only in negligible amounts.As solution continues to concentrate,B4O5(OH)2-4 eventually becomes the dominant species,which is consistent with the congruent compound M2B4O7·nH2O(M=Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs) in the system M2O-B2O3-H2O(M=Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs).For alkali metal pentaborates,B(OH)3 and B(OH)-4 are the main species at low concentrations.The species distribution,Raman and NMR spectroscopy results verified that the dominant species in concentrated pentaborate solutions with Li and Na is pentaborate B5O6OH)-4,but it is surprising that the main species with K,Rb,and Cs is always the triborate monoanion B3O3(OH)-4.Although all M[B5O6OH)4]·nH2O(M=Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs) are all congruent compounds in the system M2O-B2O3-H2O(M=Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs) ,the main species in aqueous solutions are quite different because of various cation hydration distance(d),hydration number(CN),and configuration,especially charge(Z).For bivalent Mg2+,three borate minerals,namely,Inderite(2MgO·3B2O3·15H2O),Hungchaoite(MgO·2B2O3·9H2O),and Mcallisterite(MgO·3B2O3·7.5H2O),exist in the system MgO-B2O3-H2O at 298K.Inderite is a congruent compound,but Hungchaoite and Mcallisterite are incongruent compounds.The species distribution and Raman spectra demonstrat that the predominant species in all the solutions with magnesium borates is bivalent triborate B3O3(OH)2-5,while the subordinate species are B(OH)-4 at a low B2O3/MgO ratio and B(OH)3at a high B2O3/MgO ratio,and the other anions are negligible,as the high Z of the borate anion must match that of Mg2+.The disappearance of divalent B4O5(OH)2-4 is in agreement with its incongruent nature.The DFT and XRS results showed that tetrahedral Li(H2O)+4(d=0.20 nm,CN=4),octahedral Na(H2O)6+(d=0.236 nm,CN=6),and Mg(H2O)2+6(d=0.210 nm,CN=6) in the first hydration shell belong to Platonic polyhedra.However,K(H2O)+8(d=0.28 nm,CN=8,XRS and DFT),Rb(H2O)+8(d=0.293 nm,CN=7.7-8.2,EXAFS),and Cs(H2O)+8(d=0.320-0.326 nm,CN=7.6-7.9,EXAFS) are inclined Voronoi polyhedra.Therefore,the effects of cation Z and d on the structure of polyborates in aqueous solutions are deterministic,while the effect of hydrated-cation symmetry is secondary.Their hydrolysis order was:Mg>Li>Na>K>Rb>Cs,in step with hydration power.Among them,Mg2+ and Li+have a strong tendency towards hydrolysis,but Na+ scarcely hydrolyzes,especially Rb+ and Cs+ have a little protonation.X-ray scattering of aqueous alkaline sodium borohydride solutions confirmed that dihydrogen bonds exist in an aqueous solution.The four distinct features of dihydrogen bonds in aqueous solution-unidirectionality,divaricativity,multicentricity,and multidentativity have been also described here in brief.  相似文献   

11.
李超伦  孙松  张光涛  吉鹏 《极地研究》2000,12(3):183-190
于 1 998年 1 2月至 1 999年 1月南极夏季 ,对南大洋普里兹湾临近海域两种主要浮游桡足类Calanoides acutus和 Metridia gerlachei的耗氧率和排氨率进行了现场调查 ,同时对其代谢产物对海洋初级生产的贡献进行了探讨。调查结果表明 ,C. acutus的体碳、氮含量占干重百分比分别为 48.4%~ 48.6%和 6.1 %~ 6.5% ;M.gerlachei分别为 47.1 %~ 50 .1 %和 5.9%~ 7.4%。C.acutus在不同海区耗氧率有一定的差异 (0 .2 2 6~ 0 .558μl O2 mg- 1h- 1)。排氨率变化范围为 0 .0 1 4~ 1 .0 58μg N mg- 1h- 1,最高值位于浮冰区 - 9站 ,在陆冰缘区 (FI站 )最小。不同海域其排氨率的高低与现场水温无相关性。不同站位上 C.acutus的 O:N比相差 5~ 6倍。M.gerlachei耗氧率为 0 .488~ 0 .644μl O2 mg- 1h- 1,排氨率为 0 .0 1 5~ 0 .0 34μg N mg- 1h- 1。根据代谢实验结果和桡足类自身碳氮含量推算 ,其维持正常代谢的碳、氮日损失率分别为 0 .59%~ 1 .99%和 0 .44%~ 3.2 7%。桡足类群体每天的碳需求量占初级生产力的 0 .6%~ 2 9.2 % ,氨氮日输出量占初级生产所需氮盐的 0 .2 %~ 38.0 %。  相似文献   

12.
东日本自然湿地的土壤反硝化   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
地表水和地下水中硝酸盐污染已成为重要的环境问题之一。随着对全球变暖的贡献增加,N2O(氧化亚氮)也得到IPCC越来越多的关注。反硝化在水生生态系统氮循环过程中起着极为重要的作用。反硝化过程中,厌氧细菌将硝酸盐转化成可溶性亚硝酸盐,最终以N2形式排放到大气。为理解自然湿地生态系统的脱氮机理,以日本千叶县的越智小流域为例开展研究。沿地下水流动方向取原状土,包括2个非饱和带点和2个饱和带点。用乙炔抑制法和带ECD检测器的气相色谱仪于0, 2, 6, 12, 24h测定土壤反硝化能力。同时分析土壤全碳、全氮和反硝化细菌。结果发现,饱和带的反硝化能力高于非饱和带。乙炔抑制后,N2O排放从0-1.17 g Nm-2h-1,前6h增至最大,随后降低。  相似文献   

13.
为了解中亚热带地区不同植被类型土壤真菌生物量特征及影响因子,采用玻璃珠细胞破碎提取麦角甾醇法对福建省建瓯市万木林自然保护区内米槠天然林和杉木人工林土壤真菌进行研究,结果表明:1)米槠天然林和杉木人工林0~10 cm土层真菌生物量均显著高于10~20 cm土层。2)相同植被类型,随着海拔高度增加,米槠天然林0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层真菌生物量分别由1.34 mg·g^-1和0.63 mg·g^-1增加到3.28 mg·g^-1和1.46 mg·g^-1,增幅分别达到144.8%和131.7%,但只有0~10 cm土层差异显著。3)不同植被类型,米槠天然林0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层真菌生物量均显著高于杉木人工林相应土层,分别是杉木人工林的1.65和1.91倍。真菌生物量与土壤理化因子的相关分析结果表明:中亚热带地区森林土壤真菌生物量主要受pH值、土壤有机碳、硝态氮、总氮和C/N的影响,表现为真菌生物量与总氮呈显著正相关,与土壤有机碳和C/N呈极显著正相关,与pH值和硝态氮呈极显著负相关。  相似文献   

14.
High N2O emissions have been observed in semi-arid grasslands, especially during freeze/thaw periods, when denitrification might be the main process of N2O production. However, there have been few denitrification studies in semi-arid grassland. This study was designed to determine the denitrification potential of four representative land cover types (typical steppe, meadow steppe, marshland, arid steppe) in two grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China. We found that soils from different land cover types exhibited significantly different denitrification potentials, with highest rates in marshland and lowest rates in arid steppe. Denitrification potentials were maximal in the upper layer and generally decreased with depth for all soils. Soil water content, soil carbon and nitrogen availability, and C/N ratio were found to be significantly correlated with denitrification potentials in all soils. Addition of glucose or/and nitrate significantly increased denitrification activities throughout the profile for all soils, suggesting that both bioavailable carbon and nitrogen were limiting factors of denitrification in these grasslands soils. However, further field studies are needed to translate the denitrification potentials determined in laboratory measurements to denitrification rates under field conditions.  相似文献   

15.
Oxygen isotopes and geochemistry from lake sediments are commonly used as proxies of past hydrologic and climatic conditions, but the importance of present-day hydrologic processes in controlling these proxies are sometimes not well established and understood. Here we use present-day hydrochemical data from 13 lakes in a hydrologically connected lake chain in the northern Great Plains (NGP) to investigate isotopic and solute evolution along a hydrologic gradient. The 18O and 2H of water from the chain of lakes, when plotted in 2H - 18O space, form a line with a slope of 5.9, indicating that these waters fall on an evaporation trend. However, 10 of the 13 lakes are isotopically similar (18O = –6 ± 1 VSMOW) and show no correlation with salinity (which ranges from 1 to 65). The lack of correlation implies that the isotopic composition of various source waters rather than in-lake evaporation is the main control of the 18O of the lakes. Groundwater, an important input in the water budget of this chain of lakes, has a lower 18O value (–16.7 in 1998) than that of mean annual precipitation (–11) owing to selective recharge from snow melt. For the lakes in this chain with salinity < 15, the water Mg/Ca ratios are strongly correlated with salinity, whereas Sr/Ca is not. The poor correlation between Sr/Ca and salinity results from uptake of Sr by endogenic aragonite. These new results indicate that 18O records may not be interpreted simply in term of climate in the NGP, and that local hydrology needs to be adequately investigated before a meaningful interpretation of sedimentary records can be reached.  相似文献   

16.
生物结皮恢复过程中土壤生态因子分异特征   总被引:19,自引:14,他引:5  
对新疆古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮恢复过程中土壤因子的动态变化进行关联性测度、方差分析、相关性分析相结合的定量研究,着重分析结皮恢复年限对土壤微生物数量、养分、盐分、土壤酶的影响,有机质与土壤盐分、pH值、土壤酶的线性关系及土壤生态因子间的相关性。结果表明:相对于土层深度,有机养分、土壤酶等生态因子与生物结皮恢复年限的联系更加紧密。结皮恢复年限对全P、全K、有机质、脲酶、真菌的影响极显著(P<0.01);对速效P、速效K、全N、总盐、中性碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶的影响显著(P<0.05)。随结皮恢复年限的增加,结皮层和结皮以下土层中有机养分、土壤酶均有不同程度的增加,逐步具备较高的生物学活性,沙土性状变化较快,渐渐形成抗风蚀、抗干扰能力较强的地衣苔藓结皮。结皮恢复过程中pH值与有机质呈显著线性负相关(R2=0.701,P<0.05),土壤盐分与有机质存在线性正相关(R2=0.653),但显著性不强(P>0.05)。电导率、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶与有机质存在极为显著的线性正相关(R2分别为0.888、0.993、0.958、0.948、0.911,P<0.01),土壤生态因子的协调发展和紧密配合促进了生物结皮的恢复。  相似文献   

17.
草原土壤的碳氮含量及其与温室气体通量的相关性   总被引:61,自引:0,他引:61  
通过采样分析研究内蒙古锡林流域温带草原土壤有机碳及全N的含量特征,探讨它们的含量与温室气体CO2、N2O、CH4通量的相关性。结果表明:沿470-150mm年降水梯度线,土壤表层(0-20cm)有机碳含量从2.38%递减到1.23%,全N含量从0.218%递减到0.136%,而且放牧和开垦都有使有机碳及全N含量降低的趋势;CO2通量与有机碳含量、全N含量、C/N及N2O通量显著相关,N2O通量与有机碳含量、C/N及CO2通量显著相关,且CO2和N2O的通量都有沿降水梯度递减的趋势;CH4通量与有机碳含量、全N含量、C/N、CO2通量及N2O通量都没有显著相关性。  相似文献   

18.
青海可可西里东部盐湖水化学及沉积特征初步研究   总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
2008 a夏对可可西里地区东部4个新发现的盐湖,进行了卤水水化学组分、矿物组成及其石盐元素含量分析。结果表明,该区水体卤水矿化度高,湖表卤水富硼锂等组分。通过对化学组分及水化学特征系数的研究,卤水的水化学类型主要为硫酸镁亚型和硫酸钠亚型。卤水pH值随着矿化度的增加而降低。Na+、Cl-含量与总矿化度呈正相关,SO42-"与矿化度呈负相关。Li与Mg物源、迁移规律近似。本区盐类沉积物以石盐为主,石盐中Si、Al、Fe、Sr含量低,其间相关性好,物质来源可能为周围岩石风化。布查盐湖盐类沉积存在少量硬石膏、半水石膏和铁白云石,表明布查盐湖的盐类物质来源很可能与地下热水作用有关。  相似文献   

19.
We conducted a paleolimnological investigation of late Holocene deposits on a distal, constrained floodplain of the Cauca River, northern Colombia, i.e. the La Caimana sedimentary succession. The record starts sometime between 4,500 and 4,000 cal yr BP, when the first high-energy fluvial events inundated an ancient soil surface. From that time until about 3,260 cal yr BP, a stable and probably seasonal flooding regime was established on the floodplain. From ~3,260 to ~2,800 cal yr BP, ephemeral and shallow swamps developed on the floodplain. Their formation and duration depended on their connection with the Cauca River. From ~2,800 to ~2,400 cal yr BP, fluvial influence became more dominant, establishing a semi-permanent connection between the river and the floodplain. From ~2,400 to 1,400 cal yr BP, episodic formation of ephemeral swamps occurred. During this stage, floodplain lakes displayed high salinity and nutrient concentrations, and possibly alkaline conditions as a consequence of reduced water volume when the connection with the river was reduced or lost completely. A change in the hydrological regime occurred from ~1,400 to ~850 cal yr BP, when high-energy fluvial events were punctuated by periods of reduced flooding that enabled soil formation. Generally, connection with the Cauca River resulted in lake waters with low salinity and nutrient concentration, whereas loss of connection with the river led to lakes with greater salinity and nutrient content. Paleocurrent analyses indicate that flows came predominantly from the Cauca River, suggesting the lakes were formed by the impoundment of La Caimana Creek. The sedimentary succession of La Caimana offers a unique, high-resolution record of the evolution and dynamics of an ancient floodplain of the Cauca River and its aquatic ecosystems.  相似文献   

20.
The microhydration structure of nickel sulfate aqueous solution has been determined via density functional theory( DFT) calculation and extended X-ray absorption fine structure( EXAFS) spectroscopy. The geometric optimization and energy calculation of nickel sulfate hydrated clusters of the molecular formula [NiSO_4( H_2 O)_n]~0( n = 1-12) were determined via DFT using the B3 LYP method. Several possible initial structures were considered for clusters of each size to locate the equilibrium geometry.Based on the DFT calculation,the favorable structure of Ni~(2+)includes the six-coordinated form of [NiSO_4( H_2 O)_n]~0 clusters. The results of hydration energy calculation suggest that the six-coordinated contact ion pair( CIP) is the stable configuration for small hydration clusters( n≤5),while the solventshared ion pair( SSIP) represents the favorable structure for medium hydration clusters( 6≤n≤10).The solvent is separated by x water molecules( xSIP,x ≥2 is the number of water molecule between Ni~(2+)and SO_4~(2-)) in larger hydration clusters( n≥11). The EXAFS analysis of the NiSO_4 aqueous solutions and NiSO_4·6 H_2 O solid established that Ni~(2+)was surrounded by six water molecules tightly forming an octahedral structure in the first hydration shell,and no CIP was found from 0. 70 mol/L to 2. 22 mol/L( near saturation). The Ni-O distance and coordinated number were 2. 040 ± 0. 020 ? and 6. 0 ± 1. 0,respectively. These results are consistent with the DFT calculations for [NiSO_4( H_2 O)_n]~0 clusters. DFT and EXAFS are powerful techniques that can be used to enhance the resolution of NiSO_4 solution microstructure.  相似文献   

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