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四川盆地东北部三叠系飞仙关组硫酸盐还原作用对碳酸盐成岩作用的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
四川盆地东北部三叠系飞仙关组存在广泛的硫酸盐还原作用,同时地层中也存在锶含量异常高的成岩流体。研究表明:热化学硫酸盐还原作用（TSR）和（或）细菌硫酸盐还原作用（BSR）造成的SO42-离子的消耗对成岩孔隙流体中SrSO4溶解度的改变是三叠系中高Sr成岩流体的形成机制之一,该机制使得孔隙流体从白云石化作用和碳酸盐矿物的新生变形作用中获得的Sr在流体中以高浓度的Sr2+形式存在,并使之在流体中极度富集,这也是四川盆地东北部三叠系中大型和超大型天青石矿床的形成机制之一。H2S和CO2是硫酸盐还原作用的重要产物,不同温度条件下溶于水中的H2S和CO2,与不溶于水的气体分子之间的平衡反应H2S（aq）H2S(g)和CO2(aq)CO2(g)的平衡常数和吉布斯自由能增量计算表明,当温度从25℃升高至220℃时,两个反应的平衡常数分别大致从10增至240和从20增至500,两个反应的平衡常数都始终大于1,说明H2S和CO2更趋向于以气体形式存在,同时温度越高,系统中以气体形式存在的H2S和CO2会越多,溶解于水中的H2S和CO2会越少,因而在深埋藏的高温条件下,H2S和CO2对碳酸盐矿物的溶解能力可能相对很小。相对低温的成岩环境、高温流体的向上和侧向运移、构造抬升、富氧流体与含有H2S流体的混合以及金属硫化物的沉淀是提高含H2S和（或）CO2流体对碳酸盐矿物溶解能力的五个途径。因此,与较早成岩阶段相对浅埋藏环境的碳酸盐溶解作用有关的H2S和CO2流体可能与细菌硫酸盐还原作用（BSR）关系更为密切;断层或其它流体运移通道是高温含有H2S和CO2流体向上运移的基础条件,具有原生孔隙度和渗透率的礁、滩相高能沉积物也是流体发生侧向运移的先决条件;大幅度的构造抬升造成的地层温度降低是提高含H2S和（或）CO2地层流体对碳酸盐矿物溶解能力的重要因素,地壳抬升至近地表造成的古喀斯特作用也可以为H2S的氧化提供良好的地质环境。在有关的勘探中应注意:在断层等流体运移通道造成高温含H2S和CO2流体向上运移的条件下,与之有关的构造低点应该是主要的勘探目标;在燕山运动导致的地层抬升并导致深部热流体降温的条件下,与之有关的构造高点应该是主要的勘探目标,应分别对待。 相似文献
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四川盆地飞仙关组气藏硫化氢成因及其依据 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
四川盆地东北部下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩气藏天然气烃类气体以甲烷为主,含量主要分布在75%～90%之间,C2＋含量为0～0.15%;非烃气体以H2S和CO2为主,含量分别为5%～20%和1%～10%。已有观点认为H2S为飞仙关组气藏附近的石膏经硫酸盐热化学还原作用（TSR）而成。随着川东北气区大中型高含硫化氢气田的发现,硫化氢成因机理的研究备受关注。应用金管、高压釜和石英管等实验方法模拟了硫化氢气体的生成,同时检测了模拟生成的硫化氢和石膏、硫磺等硫化物的硫同位素。实验结果表明:硫磺与正己烷在较低温度即可生成大量的硫化氢气体,而正己烷与硫酸钙的反应总体上比较困难,且生成的H2S量较少;富含黄铁矿的低成熟泥灰岩模拟生烃过程中可以生成与甲烷相当,甚至超过甲烷含量的硫化氢气体;含硫化合物与烃类反应生成的硫化氢的硫同位素值比原始物质的硫同位素值重。地层中的SO2－4是海相地层中H2S气体形成的最初来源。含硫烃源岩直接生成高硫化氢天然气和储层中单质硫与烃类的反应是川东北飞仙关组天然气中硫化氢形成的主要原因。 相似文献
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通过对大磨曲家金矿床不同类型矿石、蚀变岩中石英单矿物流体包裹体群体气液相成分,探讨金成矿流体由高温到低温流体成分演化与金成矿过程,结果证实:流体包裹体气相成分以H2O为主,其次为CO2,其余为CH4,C2H6,H2S,少量样品检测到少量N2和Ar2.流体包裹体液相成分中,阳离子主要为Na 和K ,Ca2 次之,少数样品检测到Mg抖;阴离子主要为Clˉ和SO42-,Fˉ含量也较高.高温阶段CO2含量缓慢降低,CH4 C2H6总量变化较大;低温阶段CO2含量快速降低,H2S含量缓慢降低,CH4 C2H6总量呈现增加趋势.由高温阶段到低温阶段K 含量降低,Na 含量增加,Ca2 变化不明显;阴离子组成SO42-含量急剧降低,Fˉ含量缓慢增加,Cl-含量快速增加.成矿流体稳定同位素组成δD水(SMOW)为-106.48‰～-95.52‰,δ18O石()(SM()w)为10.64‰～12.68‰,换算与之平衡δ18O水(SMOw)为1.88‰～5.78‰,δ13Cco2(PDB)为-6.264‰～-4.271‰.稳定同位素组成说明大磨曲家金矿床成矿流体可能为深部来源,可能与地幔排气和矿区内煌斑岩岩浆活动有关. 相似文献
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地下气体的形成与地质构造或活动有关,导致地下气体的喷发或溢出主要有自然或人为（钻探或采矿等地下工程等）2种因素。20世纪初国内外开始关注地下气体的喷发或溢出,主要目的是用于地震监测或预报。随着人类活动空间的扩展和地球内部能量周期性聚集释放,地下气体向其它空间排放现象日趋频发,其主要成分有CH4、CO2、H2S等,是造成大气、地下水、土壤污染和人身伤害的主要原因之一。同时,大量文献和证据证明地震、温室效应、雾霾等与地下气体喷发或溢出有关。所以,地下气体泄漏是一种新型的地质灾害,属于民生地质的重要部分,涉及了诸多科学问题。本文结合南太行山前（鹤壁）由钻井工程诱发多起地下气体喷发或溢出现象,就其危害和成因进行了分析研究,并提出了具体的地质科学问题和建议。 相似文献
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南海北部沉积物常量元素变化、碳酸盐旋回及其古环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对南海北部ODP1145站沉积物的常量元素和碳酸盐分析,探讨了早更新世南海北部沉积物常量元素和碳酸盐含量变化特征及其古环境意义.结果表明,南海北部沉积物中主量元素CaO、Fe2O3、K2O、Na2O、MnO和P2O5受碳酸盐含量影响相对较小,而SiO2、MgO、Al2O3和TiO2受到碳酸盐含量影响相对较大.碳酸盐校正后的常量元素变化可以划分为3种类型,即PC1、PC2和PC3,它们的主要特点有:PC1元素组合包括了SiO2、CaO、Na2O、P2O5、Fe2O3和K2O,主要反映了与季风强度有关的生源物质产率变化,指示了距今2.5～1.5Ma时段生产力的逐渐降低;PC2元素组合(Al2O3、TiO2)代表了陆源物质的输入,指示了在约2Ma开始陆源物质输入的明显增加;PC3元素组合(MgO、MnO)可能与海洋自生作用有关,反映了海底氧化/还原环境的相对变化.早更新世南海北部CaCO3含量呈阶段性降低,一方面受陆源物质稀释作用的影响,另一方面可能更与生物生产力逐渐降低有关.主量元素组合及碳酸盐含量在约2Ma和1.7Ma左右均发生显著变化,可能指示了早更新世时期东亚冬季风的两次增强. 相似文献
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由于广泛而强烈的岩浆作用,我国东部的松辽、渤海湾、莺歌海以及西部的塔里木等盆地中都有富CO2深部流体的活动。富CO2深部流体与碳酸盐岩相互作用可用Duan and Li(2008)所建立的CO2-H2O-CaCO3-NaCl体系的热力学模型来进行模拟计算。计算结果表明,富CO2深部流体在自深部向浅部运移过程中对CaCO3的溶解度会逐渐增加,到达一定深度后溶解度达到最大值,再向浅部溶解度开始逐渐降低; 也就是深部流体具有深部溶蚀碳酸盐岩-浅部沉淀碳酸盐矿物的规律。与浅部地层中的流体发生混合会使流体的CO2含量和盐度降低,会导致CaCO3的沉淀充填; 深部流体进入开启性断裂/裂缝体系中时,由于压力的降低,也会发生CaCO3的沉淀充填。深部流体的CO2含量、盐度、温度和压力的变化影响着实际的溶蚀-充填过程。塔中地区钻井也揭示了深部下奥陶统碳酸盐岩中发育有丰富的溶蚀孔隙,而在相对浅部的奥陶系灰岩和志留系砂岩中见有大量方解石的充填,这是富CO2流体深部溶蚀-浅部充填的一个较好的实例。基于理论和实际分析,本文认为在岩浆火山作用广泛发育的塔里木等盆地中下古生界深部优质碳酸盐岩储层存在的可能性。 相似文献
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青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区天然气水合物的地质、地球化学异常 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区重点地段野外冻胀、坍塌、冷泉冒气现象的观测及对低空大气、冷泉气体、表层冻土沉积物、地下冰等不同介质中气体的地球化学分析,发现部分冻土区如托纠山、昆仑山口、雁石坪等地区存在着明显的地质地球化学异常。这些气体地球化学异常可能主要是由青藏高原多年冻土区不同类型的断裂作用把深部气体带至浅部冻土沉积物中形成的,另一部分可能与浅部有机质转化成烃的作用相关,还有一部分可能与冰川发生位移造成的烃类气体聚集体重新分配有关;地质异常现象可能与该区构造热活动或天然气水合物形成的演化有关。对比前人的模拟计算结果,本次地质地球化学异常区的冻土厚度基本能满足天然气水合物形成的温压条件,这些异常可能与天然气水合物有关。 相似文献
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碳酸盐倒退溶解模式的化学热力学基础——与H_2S有关的溶解介质及其与CO_2的对比 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以化学热力学中的吉布斯自由能增量为基础,计算了与H2S(g)/ H2S(aq) /HS-/ H+/S2-系统有关反应在不同温度下的平衡常数,同时根据方解石和白云石在酸性条件下的溶解过程,获得了这两种碳酸盐矿物溶解过程中地层中流体pH值与PCO2、地层压力和埋藏深度的关系。在此基础上,对比了从地表到深埋藏的温度和压力条件下,与CO2和H2S有关的酸性介质对流体\[H+\]贡献的差异性,以及对于碳酸盐溶解作用的差异性。计算结果表明:1）无论以CO2还是以H2S作为溶解介质,温度增加和（或）PCO2增加,都会造成方解石和白云石溶解所需要的\[H+\]增加,在深埋藏相对高温和高压条件下,高PCO2条件会使得碳酸盐矿物的溶解更加困难,如果\[H+\]受到缓冲,CO2的增加不仅不能造成碳酸盐矿物的溶解,反而会造成碳酸盐矿物的沉淀;2）无论在何种酸性介质中,碳酸盐矿物的倒退溶解模式在化学上都是成立的,低温的成岩环境,深部地层中高温流体的向上运移、构造抬升所造成的温度降低（-ΔT）都会提高H2S和（或）CO2流体（也包括其它酸性介质）对碳酸盐矿物溶解能力;3）在地表和近地表条件下（几百米深度范围内）,在同时存在CO2和H2S的环境中,CO2对应酸的电离提供的\[H+\]略多于H2S对应酸的电离,与CO2有关的酸性流体对碳酸盐矿物溶解相对重要,而在深埋藏条件下、尤其是深度大于4 000 m的深埋藏地层中,H2S对应酸的电离提供的\[H+\]显著大于CO2,其对碳酸盐矿物的溶解更为重要,在存在硫酸盐还原作用的深埋藏地层中,碳酸盐的深部溶解作用会更为发育,这可能是川东北地区深埋藏条件下次生孔隙发育的重要原因之一。 相似文献
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海洋沉积记录中环境与生物地球化学信息及其对全球变化的指示 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
文章研究了南海北部陆坡沉积柱中常量元素钠、钾、镁、铝和营养元素磷以及碳酸钙的含量变化特征,并从环境与生物地球化学的角度揭示了它们对全球变化的响应.研究结果显示,海洋沉积物中钾、铝含量变化与陆源区化学风化程度有关,而钠、镁含量变化受温度的控制;海洋沉积磷的积累与大气圈CO2的变化相关联,沉积磷积累量的减少和碳酸钙积累量的增加,可能是引起冰期大气圈CO2降低的一个关键性原因. 相似文献
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Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
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Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
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东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。 相似文献
14.
Fouad N. Ibrahim Dr. 《GeoJournal》1988,17(1):133-141
Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators. 相似文献
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Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base. 相似文献
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The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献
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The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time. 相似文献
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Yu. L. Rebetskii 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2016,469(1):743-747
The problem of formation of additional planetary stresses in the crust initiated by the action of tangential inertia mass forces that are caused by the daily rotation of the Earth is considered. It is established that the stress state formed in the crust has three levels of different geodynamic types: horizontal tension, shear, and compression with a meridional orientation of maximum compression. It is shown that the revealed deep zonality of planetary stresses can explain the regularity of representation of ruptures of various types for planetary fracturing. 相似文献
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