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1.
已有研究认为华北岩石圈减薄的时空不均一是显著的,主要表现在软流圈来源的岩浆最早出现的时间呈现南北差异。本文通过40Ar-39Ar法获得胶莱盆地西官庄拉斑玄武岩的年龄为96±3Ma,属于青山群火山岩的一部分,早于王氏群大西庄碱性玄武岩(73Ma)。两套岩石均缺乏Nb、Ta负异常,分别具有与E-MORB和OIB类似的微量元素配分特征。西官庄拉斑玄武岩((87Sr/86Sr)t=0.7058,εNd(t)=0.37～0.57)和大西庄碱性玄武岩((87Sr/86Sr)t=0.7040,εNd(t)=5.5～5.7)的同位素组成特征均显示软流圈的印记。前者为软流圈熔体与古老富集岩石圈地幔相互反应的产物,而后者是软流圈部分熔融的产物。研究区岩浆的εNd(t)值随年龄的降低而逐渐增大,暗示古老岩石圈减薄过程中软流圈的上涌,说明研究区晚白垩世-早新生代岩石圈仍在经历减薄作用。类似的岩浆演化趋势在辽西和辽东地区也有发现,不过演化的时间分别为120～100Ma和80～60Ma,再次证明华北岩石圈减薄作用的时空不均一性。  相似文献   

2.
晚白垩世（95Ma)，白垩纪末（69Ma)和古新(6765Ma)玄武质岩石，呈脉状零星露头产于燕山期崂山岗岩体中，岩性分别为碱性玄武岩，碧岩和斑玄武岩，碱性玄武岩和碧玄岩以高度富集LILE和LREE为特征，（La/Yb)N=25.5-46.6，两者表现为程度不等的Nb,Ta,Zt,Ti等高场强元素亏损，与我国华北新生代碱性玄武岩相比，Ba,Rb,Th更为富集，Sr,Nd同位素比值（碧玄岩）为^87Sr/^86Sr=0.705517,^143Nd/^144Nd=0.512777.它们很可能均起源一刊中生代扬子板块玄武岩类似，微量元素总量及LILE和LREE含量均较低，（La/Yb)N=4.7-6.4，其典型的微量元素比值（如Zr/Nb,Rb/Nb,Nb,Ta等）与EM1型OIB类似，^87Sr/686Sr=0.706054-0.706146;^143Nd/^144Nd=0.572387-0.512392,它可能起于受上涌软流圈交代的大陆岩石圈（软流圈顶部的“metasome”）的部分熔融，是软流圈流体与大陆岩石圈相互作用的产物。上述不同类型玄武岩的顺序侵位，可能反映在晚白垩世一早第三纪期间，本区曾经历地壳拉张强度逐渐增大一地壳持续减薄－软流圈不断上涌的动力学过程。  相似文献   

3.
内蒙古贝力克玄武岩地球化学特征及地质意义   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
内蒙贝力克地区存在一片面积为400km2、以发育三级熔岩台地为特征的新生代玄武岩,台地时代分别为2.31 ～2.41Ma、1.56～1.61Ma、0.51～0.61Ma.岩性为具有过渡性质的拉斑玄武岩,分为石英拉斑玄武岩与橄榄拉斑玄武岩,它们都起源于具有交代性质的石榴石橄榄岩源区.地球化学特征显示这两种岩性之间没有演化关系,而是源区不同程度、深度部分熔融的结果;并且在上升过程中,都受到下地壳麻粒岩的混染作用,其中石英拉斑玄武岩混染程度最大.大地构造背景上,贝力克与赤峰同处在兴蒙造山带南缘,它们表现出与华北西部北缘(集宁、大同、汉诺坝、繁峙)相似的岩浆源区和岩石圈地幔热状态,但不同的富集岩石圈地幔类型,即兴蒙造山带南源呈现DMM-EMⅡ特点,而华北西部北缘具有DMM-EM Ⅰ混合趋势.这种差异可能与岩石圈地幔不同的时代及构造背景有关.在软流圈熔体与上覆岩石圈地幔相互反应的拉斑玄武岩成因模式基础上,认为华北岩石圈减薄现象不仅局限于克拉通内部,其处在克拉通西北部,乃至兴蒙造山带南缘也同样经历了岩石圈减薄过程,只是存在不同时间、程度的岩石圈减薄过程.  相似文献   

4.
江汉盆地早第三纪火山岩主、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素以及精确的40 Ar/39 Ar年代学研究表明该火山岩形成于57.3±0.4Ma,由亚碱性的玄武岩和玄武质安山岩组成,富集LILE和HFSE,(La/Yb)cn=3.5～10.4,Eu/Eu*=0.99～1.08,具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似的地球化学特征.微量元素比值和Sr-Nd同位素组成上表明,其地球化学特征与源于EMⅡ型富集岩石圈-软流圈相互作用而形成的华北南缘早第三纪火山岩以及东南沿海新生代玄武质岩石相似.结合长江中下游地区中生代玄武岩Pb同位素的资料,暗示扬子北缘新生代岩石圈地幔属性可能是其中生代属性的继承.江汉盆地早第三纪玄武质岩石是在陆内的岩石圈伸展拉张构造背景下,对流软流圈上涌导致EMⅡ型岩石圈地幔部分熔融的结果.  相似文献   

5.
吉林伊通-大屯地区有长达80Ma的火山喷发历史,为探讨该区深部地质演化提供了条件。从晚白垩长春大屯火山(92．5±0．5Ma)到伊舒地堑内第三纪伊通火山群(31Ma、9～15Ma),玄武岩碱性逐渐增强,Dy/Yb比值逐渐升高,根据地幔动态熔融模型计算获得的玄武岩最终形成深度由约50km变深至110km。根据岩石圈盖效应推测该区晚白垩纪以来岩石圈厚度逐渐增厚。伊通第三纪碱性玄武岩显示了均一的地球化学组成;类似洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的微量元素分配模式和Nb/U比值,以及低(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i、正ε_(Nd)(t)同位素特征暗示它主要来源于软流圈。与第三纪碱性玄武岩相比,晚白垩大屯拉斑玄武岩具有相对偏高的Ni、Cr和Sc,高Ba/Th、Rb/Nb、Ba/Nb比值,高(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i和低(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i。这些特征可能与软流圈熔体与古老富集地幔之间的相互反应有关。伊通-大屯玄武岩的演化特征反映了岩石圈在板内岩浆作用中所担当的不同角色:第三纪时,岩石圈并没有在物质上直接参与岩浆作用,但岩石圈对上涌软流圈起到了机械阻挡作用;而在晚白垩岩浆作用中,岩石圈的间接和直接作用都得到了体现。  相似文献   

6.
报道了大兴安岭-太行山重力梯度带以西河北阳原和山西大同新生代玄武岩的元素和 Sr- Nd同位素地球化学数据.含幔源包体的阳原早第三纪碱性玄武岩具有均一的 Sr- Nd同位素组成(ε Nd≈ 5.7)和相似于 OIB的微量元素特征,玄武岩主要来自软流圈地幔,岩浆起源较深.大同地区第四纪时期同时产出碱性和拉斑玄武岩 , 碱性玄武岩也主要来自软流圈地幔,岩浆起源深度小于阳原样品 ; 拉斑玄武岩具有较低的ε Nd( 1～ 4),可能是软流圈和岩石圈地幔相互作用的产物,岩浆起源较浅.大同两类玄武岩在空间上分野明显,可能与桑干河断裂对软流圈地幔上涌的控制以及区域上岩石圈-软流圈作用程度的变化有关.  相似文献   

7.
对广泛分布于伊通地堑边界断裂的新生代玄武岩稀土元素组成进行了岩石圈厚度反演,得到了新生代岩石圈厚度变化情况,并结合该区构造演化特征综合分析得出晚白垩世至更新世发生两期深部熔岩上涌：第一期发生于晚白垩世至古新世,软流圈上涌强度大,上涌至约50km,直接导致伊通盆地的断陷和沉降;第二期发生于中新世11．5～11．0Ma,持续时间短,软流圈上涌强度较弱,表现为隆起构造,对盆地断陷后期起改造作用,控制着莫里青地区尖山构造带的形成以及该地区沉降中心的迁移。  相似文献   

8.
湘赣地区中生代镁铁质岩浆作用与岩石圈伸展   总被引：53，自引：4，他引：53  
综合分析了华南内部中生代 (178～ 80Ma)镁铁质岩石的年代学和元素同位素地球化学特征。研究表明区内主要发育 4期镁铁质岩浆活动 :2 2 0Ma± ,175Ma± ,12 0～ 15 0Ma ,80～ 90Ma ,其中 2 2 0Ma仅在道县发育辉长岩包体。地球化学上区内 175Ma左右的宁远太阳山和赣中项家碱性玄武岩和 80～ 90Ma的镁铁质岩石主要表现为Hawaii OIB玄武岩的元素同位素地球化学特征 ,而175Ma的其他镁铁质岩石表现为岩石圈地幔属性。 12 0～ 15 0Ma的镁铁质岩石则介于岩石圈地幔端员与软流圈地幔端员之间。时、空上表现为以郴州—临武断裂为界 ,西侧自 170Ma左右的EMI型为主向 80～ 90Ma的OIB型为主迁移演化 ,而东侧则自老而新自EMII型 (175Ma)为主演变为以OIB型 (80～ 90Ma)为主。上述资料暗示区内至少存在 4期强烈的岩石圈减薄作用 ,软流圈物质上涌和岩石圈伸展减薄是华南中生代岩浆作用形成的主要机制。但 2 2 0Ma左右的伸展减薄范围局限 ,而较大规模的岩石圈伸展减薄和软流圈上涌始于 178Ma ,其形成可能与华南印支造山作用的后造山 (或后碰撞 )拉张裂解地球动力学背景有关。同时也暗示郴州—临武断裂可能是界定中生代EMI型扬子岩石圈和EMII型华夏岩石圈地幔的重要边界。  相似文献   

9.
中国东部深部构造特征及其与矿集区关系   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  
文中以地震层析原始数据为基础,结合大地电磁测深和热流值数据,对老资料重新开发,编制了中国东部岩石圈厚度图、大地热流值图、岩石圈构造与矿集区关系图等,在此基础上对中国东部上地幔岩石圈-软流圈构造及其变异进行了初步研究,认为:(1)中生代燕山期较大型深部构造(如软流圈上涌体)的地震层析影象可存留至今,运用大地热流值及其相应浅表岩浆岩、矿集区等特征差异可以将中、新生代深部构造加以区分;(2)中国东部深部构造总特征:上地幔岩石圈-软流圈构造起伏变化,岩石圈西厚东薄,软流圈上涌发育且形式各异。大体可分为华南(构造线呈NWW)、华北(构造线近SN)、东北(构造线呈NNE)三大块,其基本特征各异。整个中国东部深部构造中,软流圈上涌起主导作用;(3)中生代软流圈上涌是相应浅表燕山期花岗质岩形成的根源,并与金属矿集区密切相关,新生代软流圈上涌则是大陆裂谷、玄武岩喷发及大型油气田形成的基础;(4)岩石圈减薄的主因是软流圈上涌,中生代燕山期主要减薄于中国东部大陆内部,新生代主要减薄于偏东部沿海区域。  相似文献   

10.
通过对华北地区地震层析成像成果的研究，将其深部构造划分为三带：①大型软流圈上涌柱带，主要出现两个大型软流圈上涌柱；②过渡带，呈现4个小型软流圈上涌柱（软块）与岩石圈较厚区（硬块）相间的构造格局；③巨厚岩石圈带，为巨厚岩石圈（鄂尔多斯硬块）稳定区。依据岩石圈热力学衰减原理，一定体积的深部构造可存留200～300Ma之久，而传导人浅表的热量则扩散较快。故以大地热流值为主，结合浅层岩浆活动可将本区中生代与新生代的软流圈上涌柱区分开来：渤海湾柱、大同柱和南阳柱属新生代，邯郸柱、中条柱和吕梁柱则属于中生代燕山期。在此基础上，建立了燕山期深部构造与浅表岩浆构造活动关系的模式：在强大的分散热力作用下，软流圈上涌柱柱头中大量热浮物质向上熔蚀薄的岩石圈及下地壳，混染而主要形成中酸性岩及有关矿产；而在软流圈上涌柱与岩石圈的陡接触处，由于该处热力集中，致使幔源物质底侵下地壳，并再熔融上侵形成偏碱性-碱性杂岩及相应矿产。  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

16.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
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17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

19.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

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