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G. Mastrantonio A. P. Viola S. Argentini G. Fiocco L. Giannini L. Rossini G. Abbate R. Ocone M. Casonato 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,71(1-2):67-80
In the period June–July 1992, four Doppler sodars were operated simultaneously in Rome and the surrounding area. The data have been used to investigate the contributions from sea breeze events to the local low-level circulation. Three days in which synoptic-scale pressure gradients were weak have been selected. A number of characteristics of the sea breeze are examined including the onset and cessation of the phenomenon, the behavior of the wind speed, and the depth of the density flow. The time propagation of the events and the influence of orography are obtained from a comparison between the data at different sites. The low-level circulation in the early morning is associated with the land breeze and appears to be enhanced by a mountain wind from the surrounding hills. The observed behavior of the vertical velocity field associated with the sea breeze is consistent with model predictions. 相似文献
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The surface wind field is an important factor controlling the surface mass balance of Antarctica. This paper focuses on the observed atmospheric circulation during summer of an Antarctic blue ice area in Queen Maud Land. Blue ice areas are characterised by a negative surface mass balance and henceforth provide an interesting location to study the influence of meteorological processes on large local mass balance gradients. During lapse conditions, synoptic forcing determines the surface-layer flow. No significant horizontal temperature gradient with coastal stations could be detected along isobaric surfaces, indicating weak or absent thermal wind. Observations performed at the coastal stations Halley and Georg von Neumayer show the pronounced effects of synoptic forcing. The surface winds in the valley of the blue ice area could be divided into two distinct flow patterns, occurring with about equal frequency during the experiment. Flow type I is associated with cyclonic activity at the coast, resulting in strong easterly winds, precipitation and drifting snow. Flow characteristics inside and outside of the valley are similar during these conditions. Flow type II occurs when a high pressure system develops in the Weddell Sea, weakening the free atmosphere geostrophic winds. A local circulation is able to develop inside the valley of the blue ice area during these tranquil conditions. The transition from flow type II to flow type I is associated with front-like phenomena inside the valley. Some simple theoretical considerations show that surface-layer stability and the upper air geostrophic wind determine the surface flow direction in the valley. Finally, the influence of the observed circulation on the energy and mass balance of the blue ice area is discussed. 相似文献
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简析风与城市工业企业合理布局的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
风场特征决定着污染物的输送方向，风向、风速不同，污染物的输送方向和稀释程度也不同。布局城市工业企业要充分考虑区域的输送特征，首先是城市的风场特征，包括局地环流的影响。本文依据太原市、临汾市风的特征，分析了太原市污染的主要原因，以及临汾金尧焦化项目安全边界的确定，并简要分析了局地环流及热岛以城市布局的影响。 相似文献
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利用2017年151个地面气象站的逐时观测数据和相关高空资料分析关中盆地近地面风场与输送特征。首先分析盆地内代表性站点的风速和风向观测事实,然后用CALMET风场诊断模式和轨迹计算模式获取当地逐小时风场和每日逐小时传输轨迹,分析风场类型。结果表明:关中盆地内日平均风速约1～3 m s?1,夏季风速高、秋冬季低;盆地中央的主导风向以沿地形走向的东北风和西南风为主,盆地四周测站的主导风向表现出顺着地形向盆地中央汇流的趋势。各站主导风向的季节变化不大。盆地内风场分为系统控制型、弱天气背景型和局地环流型3类,全年出现日数比例分别占8%、17.3%和74.7%。以山谷风日夜循环为特征的局地环流型风场最多。以西安城区为源点的大气输送轨迹显示,系统控制型风场以偏东北方向的输送为主,弱天气背景型和局地环流型风场的轨迹输送都大致以偏东北和偏西（以及偏西南）沿盆地走向以及偏东南朝向秦岭山地这三个方向为主。局地环流型的轨迹影响范围小,集中于盆地中央和南侧山地之间,表明这是一种不利于污染扩散的风场类型。 相似文献
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利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整理的热带气旋最佳路径资料,热带气旋云图、气象雷达回波图资料,ECMWF ERA-Interim再分析风场资料;并用大气运动方程和天气学原理分析得到热带气旋低层水平流场结构,根据流场建立平面非线性自治动力系统。结果表明,TC在成熟阶段或发展很强时期,由两组二维驻定微分方程组解确定水平流场,TC眼区以内气流沿顺时针方向流动,TC眼区以外气流沿逆时针方向流动。TC眼区内外相反方向风场之间为风向切变圆环,圆环上不断有气旋形成,并存在低空急流,是狂风暴雨出现区域。结论与合成雷达回波观测结果一致。 相似文献
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The influences of large areas of semi-unbounded cold water surface on the evolution, propagation and precipitation production of thunderstorms are simulated by using a fully elastic three-dimensional numerical hailstorm model. Real sounding profiles for temperature, humidity and wind are employed. The model has successfully simulated the significant modification of the propagation path of thunderstorms near the cold water area. The path change can be either ‘along-bank’ or ‘toward-bank’, depending on the position of the storm system relative to convergence zone of the water-land circulation. The simulations also show that thunderstorms developing or propagating within the convergence zone of local circulation will be intensified and produce much heavier hail, whereas those over cold water surface or the air that has been cooled by the water will be strongly inhibited.The influence of the cold water surface on thunderstorm characters is largely dependent upon the direction and intensity of the low-level wind. 相似文献
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利用2018年1月1日至12月31日在北京国家综合气象观测实验基地获得的风廓线雷达资料和同时期在河北香河的华北香河全大气层野外科学观测研究站获得的多普勒声雷达资料,比较分析北京城区和远郊区的低层（0～600 m）大气风场特征。结果表明:水平风速随高度增加而增大,同一高度层,远郊区的平均水平风速大于城区,且受湍流活动影响,城区和远郊区水平风速日变化趋势均为白天小于夜间。春、夏季城区风向受局地山谷风影响显著,以偏西南偏南气流为主,城区和远郊区秋冬季受冷空气活动影响,以西北风为主,且水平风向日变化特征具有季节性差异。远郊区低层大气垂直速度分布特征四季相同,正、负速度出现频率相当,日变化趋势为单峰型;城区冬春季有差异,在390 m高度以下正速度出现频率明显大于负速度,且日变化趋势在四季差异较大。北京城区和郊区风场特征差异与其他特大城市相比无特殊性,主要受大气环流、局地地形、下垫面环境等因素影响。 相似文献
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Detailed spatiotemporal structures for the submonthly-scale (7–25 days) intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in summer monsoon rainfall and atmospheric circulation were investigated in South Asia using high-quality rainfall and reanalysis datasets. The Meghalaya–Bangladesh–coast of the western Myanmar (MBWM) region is the predominant area of submonthly-scale ISO in the Asian monsoon regions. The distinct rainfall ISO is caused by a remarkable alternation of low-level zonal wind between westerly and easterly flows around the Gangetic Plain on the same timescales. In the active ISO phase of the MBWM, a strong low-level westerly/southwesterly flows around the plain and a center of cyclonic vorticity appears over Bangladesh. Hence, a local southerly flows toward the Meghalaya Plateau and there is strong southwesterly flow towards the coast along southeastern Bangladesh and western Myanmar, resulting in an increase in orographic rainfall. Rainfall also increases over the lowland area of the MBWM due to the low-level convergence in the boundary layer under the strong cyclonic circulation. The submonthly-scale low-level wind fluctuation around the MBWM is caused by a westward moving n = 1 equatorial Rossby (ER) wave. When the anticyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly related to the ER wave approaches the Bay of Bengal from the western Pacific, humid westerly/southwesterly (easterly/southeasterly) flows enhance around the Gangetic Plain on the northern fringe of the anticyclone (cyclone) and in turn promote (reduce) rainfall in the MBWM. Simultaneously, robust circulation signals are observed over the mid-latitudes. In the active phase, cyclonic anomalies appear over and around the TP, having barotropic vertical structure and also contributing to the enhancement of low-level westerly flow around the Gangetic Plain. In the upper troposphere, an anticyclonic anomaly is also observed upstream of the cyclonic anomaly over the TP, having wavetrain structure. The mid-latitude circulation around the TP likely helps to induce the distinct ISO there in conjunction with the equatorial waves. Thus, the distinct ISO in the MBWM is strongly enhanced locally (~500 km) by the terrain features, although the atmospheric circulation causing the ISO has a horizontal scale of ~6,000 km or more, extending across the whole Asian monsoon system from the tropics to mid-latitudes. 相似文献
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应用基于多层城市冠层方案BEP(Building Environment Parameterization)增加室内空调系统影响的建筑物能量模式BEM(Building Energy Model)方案的WRF模式,模拟研究重庆热岛的特征、成因以及局地环流对热岛形成的影响。文中共有两个算例,一为重庆真实下垫面算例,称之为URBAN算例,二为将城市下垫面替换为耕地下垫面的对比算例,称之为NOURBAN算例。结果表明:1)WRF方案模拟结果与观测2 m气温的对比吻合较好,误差主要出现在正午温度峰值和凌晨温度谷值处,由城市下垫面特性及城市内建筑分布误差引起。2)BEP+BEM方案较好地模拟出了重庆地区的热岛分布的空间和时间特征。重庆市温度的分布受地形和城市下垫面的双重影响,越靠近城区,温度的分布受城市化影响就越大,在海拔低处,温度就越高。3)城区立体三维表面对辐射的陷阱作用导致城市表面总体反射率小,向上短波辐射小于郊区约20 W/m~2。城市表面以感热排放为主,而郊区则表现为潜热的作用占主导。夜间城市地表储热以及空调废热向大气释放,是城市热岛形成的重要原因。4)模拟区域背景风场主要为东南风,局地环流呈现出越靠近山区风速越大、城市区域风速较小的特性,体现了城市密集的建筑群对低层大气流场的空气动力学效应,以及复杂山谷地形的山谷风环流特性。在市区的西侧和东南侧均有高大山脉阻挡,山脉对城市出流的阻碍作用、气流越山与绕流运动对城市热岛的形成有一定影响。 相似文献
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利用1981—2020年中国热带气旋最佳路径数据集、中国大气再分析资料(CMA-RA)、欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5及美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(NCEP-Ⅰ),对比不同资料在表征影响南海热带气旋活动环流背景的能力,探讨CMA-RA的适用性。结果表明:不同资料基本刻画出与热带气旋活动密切相关的环流特征,包括南方涛动、菲律宾至南海低层纬向风、热带低层纬向风反向分布型、菲律宾至南海中东部低层涡度、热带西太平洋垂直风切变及南海至菲律宾以东海域中层湿度。它们对南方涛动、关键区纬向风和中层湿度的刻画较相似,CMA-RA和ERA5对南方涛动、低层纬向风及其与热带气旋关系的描述一致性高,较NCEP-Ⅰ密切,但低层经向风、关键物理量差异较大。对极端年环流具有相似的表现能力,但异常程度存在差异,海平面气压、低层纬向风高度一致,以CMA-RA与ERA5最接近;中层湿度CMA-RA与ERA5接近,较NCEP-Ⅰ偏小;关键物理量差异较大。CMA-RA对南海热带气旋环流的刻画具有与ERA5和NCEP-Ⅰ相当的性能,并与ERA5一致性较高,可为相关工作提供可替换的再分析资料集。 相似文献
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In this paper,the frontogenesis forced by dust radiative heating and the radiative effects of an isolated duststorrn on a frontal circulation system are examined by means of two-and three-dimensional numerical models.Results indicate that as a duststorm breaks out,frontogenesis is caused in by dust radiative heating in the lower atmosphere.A marked isentropic potential temperature layer is formed in the middle troposphere.The low-level convergence occurs along the direction of the front movement.Atnight,dust radiative cooling results in frontolysis in the lower atmosphere.An obvious vertical circulation is forced by radiative heating of an isolated duststorm along the direction of the prevailing wind.It is stronger at day,weaker and reverse at night.The response of the horizontal wind field to dust radiative forcing is different at different levels. 相似文献
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In this paper,the frontogenesis forced by dust radiative heating and the radiative effects of an isolated duststorrn ona frontal circulation system are examined by means of two-and three-dimensional numerical models.Results indicatethat as a duststorm breaks out, frontogenesis is caused in by dust radiative heating in the lower atmosphere.A markedisentropic potential temperature layer is formed in the middle troposphere.The low-level convergence occurs along thedirection of the front movement.Atnight,dust radiative cooling results in frontolysis in the lower atmosphere.An obvious vertical circulation is forced by radiative heating of an isolated duststorm along the direction of the pre-vailing wind.It is stronger at day,weaker and reverse at night.The response of the horizontal wind field to dust radiativeforcing is different at different levels. 相似文献
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利用上海地基单多普勒雷达观测资料反演2004年7月12日17—19时(北京时,下同)上海市一次飑线过程的水平风场结构,并用自动站观测的风场资料、卫星云图以及根据雷达回波和时间的连续性和径向速度的特征是否吻合等方面进行综合检验,结果表明反演风场可对飑线进行详尽分析提供可靠的高分辨率资料。在综合多种观测资料的基础上,对这次飑线过程的中尺度系统进行分析,结果表明:(1)这次过程是前倾冷锋前暖区3个主要的β中尺度对流单体和新生的小单体共同作用所致,这3个主要的β中尺度对流单体不是通常个例表现的线状排列,而是冷锋前的两个单体与相对方向的一个单体共同作用,在气团的边缘形成强烈风切变;(2)200多公里长的飑线是由具有独立结构的较小的对流系统串成。在飑线前部存在中尺度的气旋流场,飑线北部末端存在一个气旋流场,南部末端存在一个反气旋流场。而每个单独的弓状回波有自己独立的结构,包括弓状回波后部很强的辐散气流和飑前低压。文中给出了水平风场和回波的结构示意图;(3)在飑线出现以前,低空存在有利于不稳定天气产生的顺时针垂直风切变,而高层则是逆时针垂直风切变。此外,低层入侵的浅薄冷空气为飑线过程提供形成低层不稳定的又一有利因素;(4)飑线中对流单体的移动方向与低层风场方向存在夹角,与锋面云带整体向东移动的趋势也不同,但与1.5 km以上到4.5 km左右的西南气流方向相同,即整体向东北方向移动。这种特征可以对系统短时间移动方向的预报提供帮助。 相似文献
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Summary The wind regime of the Lake Tekapo Basin is examined with reference to the interaction of multi-scale local, regional and synoptic circulations. Analysis of the historical wind direction record from Mt John identifies airflow from three principal directions to most frequently affect the study area. Both seasonal and diurnal trends in the frequency of each directional category are identified, which reflect the influence of local thermal forcings and seasonal changes in synoptic circulation on the Lake Tekapo windfield. Meteorological observations from a network of automatic weather stations and anemographs within the study area identified Lake Tekapo to generate its own circulation system, a lake/land breeze. This combines with the larger scale valley wind, which during ideal conditions continues after sunset in the upper reaches of the lake catchment. During light to moderate foehn northwesterly conditions, the combined lake breeze/valley wind system remains decoupled from the prevailing synoptic airstream. Towards evening when local thermal circulations weakened, a channelised foehn airstream often becomes dominant over the entire field area. Observations made during this investigation have a number of applied implications with respect to air pollution dispersion modelling and forecasting within alpine lake basins.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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A mesoscale boundary-layer model (BLM) is used for running 12-h low-level wind forecasts for the La Plata River region. Several
experiments are performed with different boundary conditions that include operational forecasts of the Eta/CPTEC model, local
observations, as well as a combination of both. The BLM wind forecasts are compared to the surface wind observations of five
weather stations during the period November 2003–April 2004. Two accuracy measures are used: the hit rate or percentage of
cases with agreement in the wind direction sector, and the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the horizontal wind components.
The BLM surface wind forecasts are always more accurate, since its averaged hit rate is three times greater and its averaged
RMSE is one half smaller than the Eta forecasts. Despite the large errors in the surface winds displayed by the Eta forecasts,
its 850 hPa winds and surface temperature forecasts are able to drive the BLM model to obtain surface winds forecasts with
smaller errors than the Eta model. An additional experiment demonstrates that the advantage of using the BLM model for forecasting
low-level winds over the La Plata River region is the result of a more appropriate definition of the land–river surface temperature
contrast. The particular formulation that the BLM model has for the geometry of the river coasts is fundamental for resolving
the smaller scale details of the low-level local circulation. The main conclusion of the study is that operational low-level
wind forecasts for the La Plata River region can be improved by running the BLM model forced by the Eta operational forecasts.
L. Sraibman and G. J. Berri—Members of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) of Argentina.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
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基于计算流体力学(CFD)模拟开展了一系列理想数值试验, 分析了城市建成区的热力作用对局地环流的影响, 模拟结果表明: 在没有背景风的情况下, 城市热岛效应可破坏海陆环流的固有转换模式, 使近地面风场总是在城市建成区上空辐合; 在有微弱背景风的情况下, 热岛效应也会导致近地层风场出现线型辐合。而城市上空总是容易出现辐合风场, 可部分解释城市局地高污染带形成的物理机制。 相似文献