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1.
中国大陆构造格架的动力学演化 总被引：26，自引：2，他引：24
指出中国大陆构造不仅呈现出“三横、两竖、两个三角”的宏观格架,而且与块体拼合的形成演化紧密相关,从中国大陆构造五幕演化史的动力学机制来看,中国大陆宏观构造演化可归纳为好像是一个“跷跷板”过程:以鄂尔多斯—四川为轴,古生代期间西低东高;中生代以后,从南大陆漂移而来的羌塘、冈底斯、印度等地体依次与塔里木块体碰撞、缝合,不仅出现不同时期特提斯的闭合,还形成了世界的第三极——青藏高原;几乎与此同时,太平洋板块向NW转向,俯冲于菲律宾海板块之下和菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块的聚敛,以及澳大利亚板块的向北运移,导致中国东部及海域的拉张与地壳减薄,造成中国地势西高东低。文中最后指出,中国大陆构造格架的动力学演化研究在寻找金属矿床、勘探油气资源等方面具有重要的实际意义。 相似文献
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谢鸣谦教授的《拼贴板块构造及其驱动机理》(以下简称《拼贴》)从板块观点对中国东北及邻区的大地构造进行了深入的探讨,书中提出的“微板块”与“拼贴”两词是讨论该区大地构造演化的关键词和核心内容。从书中体现出的学术思想看,作者并不唯板块是从。论述板块,但不拘泥于板块,反映出他对唯学说论的超越。岩石圈演化是客观存在,人们立足于局限的时间和空间试图去探知久远的岩石圈演化,不可能轻易得出结论;岩石圈演化的复杂性,决定它不可能成为某一学派绝对认识的试验场。这可能是作者必须拓宽视野的最根本的出发点,故《拼贴》一书熔断块构造、槽台学说和板块理论于一炉。 相似文献
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谢鸣谦教授的《拼贴板块构造及其驱动机理》(以下简称《拼贴》)从板块观点对中国东北及邻区的大地构造进行了深入的探讨,书中提出的“微板块”与“拼贴”两词是讨论该区大地构造演化的关键词和核心内容。从书中体现出的学术思想看,作者并不唯板块是从。论述板块,但不拘泥于板块,反映出他对唯学说论的超越。岩石圈演化是客观存在,人们立足于局限的时间和空间试图去探知久远的岩石圈演化,不可能轻易得出结论;岩石圈演化的复杂性,决定它不可能成为某一学派绝对认识的试验场。这可能是作者必须拓宽视野的最根本的出发点,故《拼贴》一书熔断块构造、槽台学说和板块理论于一炉。 相似文献
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据新地质资料 ,塔里木盆地和周边褶皱带的区域构造演化可分为四个阶段 :( 1)前震旦纪 :“古新疆克拉通”的形成 ;( 2 )震旦纪—中泥盆世 :“古南天山洋”的开合和“新疆克拉通板块”的重新拼合 ;( 3 )晚泥盆世—三叠纪 :“新疆克拉通板块”的局部裂解与拼贴 ,“新天山洋”的开与合 ;( 4 )侏罗纪—第四纪 :冈底斯地块北向碰撞 ,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞 ,塔里木盆地及周边区域构造格局最终形成。 相似文献
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试论“塔里木-扬子古大陆”再造 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
扬子古板块在地史演化中,是与塔里木板块靠近还是与华北古板块相近,这是中国大陆再造中长期争论的问题。在前人有限资料基础上,从岩石学、古气候学和古生物学等方面,论证扬子与塔里木古板块内部地质特征的可比性,从构造解析板块边缘造山带的岩石学记录,追踪扬子与塔里木古板块地史演化中的相关性,得出从新元古代至二叠纪扬子古板块多与塔里木古板块靠近,成为一个大陆,我们暂命名为“塔里木-扬子古大陆”。后经“峨眉地幔柱”的作用和“峨眉地裂运动”的拉张,古大陆解体,二板块分离,扬子古板块向东漂移到现今位置。二板块会聚和离散的演化模式若能成立,则涉及到中国一些基础地质科学的重新认识,也对预测大型矿产提供一点新思路。 相似文献
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本文介绍了朱夏教授研究大陆边缘构造演化的思路,概括了“活动论构造历史观”在时间上、空间上、属性上的特征。朱夏教授强调地球岩石圈水平运移演化历史,提出了中生代以前古老的“潘基亚”大陆边缘和以后的年青的巨板块边缘;结合中国地质构造独特点,精辟地论述了中国大陆边缘构造的网络格架。 相似文献
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本文在概略分析扬子板块内部构造变形特征和地史发展演化阶段的基础上，初步探讨了该板内构造形成的机制，认为其薄皮构造用“岩石圈内俯冲作用模式”予以解释。 相似文献
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东秦岭“开”“合”史 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
本文用“开”“合”观点探讨了东秦岭的构造演化历史。“开”“合”是构造演化中一对主要矛盾,根据矛盾主要方面的转化和“开”“合”的具体特征,将东秦岭构造演化划分为四个阶段:1.中晚元古代以“合”为主,通过板块俯冲—对接而使南北古陆连为一体;2.古生代及三叠纪“开”占优势,统一古陆解体,形成断裂造山带;3.中生代早期“合”成为矛盾主要方面,表现为断块逆冲及形成推覆构造;4.中生代晚期和新生代再次转为“开”占首要地位,在张性断裂控制下形成各种盆地。 相似文献
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根据分形理论和各板块的面积以及现代大陆各地块面积资料 ,分别进行了全球岩石圈板块和全球大陆地块自相似性特征尺度与频度关系的研究讨论。结果表明 ,现代全球岩石圈板块在特征线度r =30 0～ 180 0km的无标度空间范围内具有分形分布特征 ,其分维数D =0 72 ;现代全球大陆地块在特征线度r =30 0～ 150 0km的无标度空间范围内具有分形分布特征 ,其分维数D =1 16 ,比现代全球板块 0 72的分形值高出 6 1%。进一步讨论认为 :传统的“板块构造动力”应区分为岩石圈破裂形成板块动力的“板块构造动力Ⅰ”和板块水平运动驱动力的“板块构造动力Ⅱ”两个方面 ;全球板块总数为 18个左右、最小板块面积在 3× 10 5 km2 左右的板块分布 ,可能与板块的形成、演化有密切关系 ;原始岩石圈板块的分形分布 ,在地球构造演化过程中有一个降维演化趋势 ,其降维演化的速率约为 4 34× 10 -10 a-1;根据分维数反映分形客体复杂与不规则程度的物理意义 ,岩石圈破碎地块的降维演化意味着岩石圈地块的破碎状况及其分布 ,具有在总体上随时间演化而逐渐向简单、规则方向演化的趋势 ;原始岩石圈的破裂以及岩石圈破碎地块从古老大陆地块向现代板块的降维演化可能源于地球的膨胀 ,膨胀使各岩石圈块体面积以及地球总面积共同增长并从 相似文献
11.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献