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《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):189-198
Analytical methods for the automatic determination of micronutrients in seawater based on the TECHNICON Auto Analyzer (AAII) principles are described. The methods are adaptations and modifications of existing photometric methods already described in the literature. Automated methods are presented for the determination of the different forms of nitrogen available to plant life, namely nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and total nitrogen, as well as for phosphate-phosphorus and silicate-silicon. All these methods are in routine use by the Sea Fisheries Research Institute. 相似文献
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Many methods are used to calculate the positron lifetime, these methods could be divided into two main types. The first method is atomic superposition approximation method and the second one is the so called energy band calculation method. They are also known as the non-self-consistent field method and self-consistent field method respectively. In this paper, we first introduce the two basic methods and then, we take Si as an example and give our calculation results, these results coincide with our latest experimental results, finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. 相似文献
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利用低应变,高应变,垂直静力载荷,水平静力载荷四种方法进行钻孔灌注标质量检验,对比研究了各种方法和检验效果。 相似文献
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CODAR systems employ compact antenna elements such as electrically small loops and monopoles to extract bearing information in ocean surface observations. Past analysis methods have assumed that these element patterns are perfect, i.e., cosine and omnidirectional. Operations from metallic offshore platforms usually distort these patterns because of unavoidable objects in their near field. When such distortions are ignored, previous methods are shown to producesim35deg rms bearing errors. Therefore least-squares methods are presented and demonstrated that deal with differential element pattern distortions. It is shown how the required relative patterns are easily measured by a boat circling the antenna, and these patterns are then stored as look-up tables in the least-squares inversion methods. Relative patterns (i.e., one element pattern divided by the other), rather than absolute, are all that are required for extraction of surface current, wave-height directional spectra, wind direction, and drifting transponder information with CODAR. 相似文献
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Tetrapod, one of the well-known artificial concrete units, is frequently used as an armor unit on breakwaters. Two layers of tetrapod units are normmaly placed on the breakwaters with different placement methods. In this study, the stability of tetrapod units with two different regularly placement methods are investigated experimentally in irregular waves. Stability coefficients of tetrapod units for both placement methods are obtained. The important characteristic wave parameters of irregular waves causing the same damage ratio as those of the regular waves are also determined. It reveals that the average of one-tenth highest wave heights within the wave train (H1/10) causes the similar damage as regular waves. 相似文献
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《Ocean Modelling》2011,38(3-4):85-111
We assess and compare four sequential data assimilation methods developed for HYCOM in an identical twin experiment framework. The methods considered are Multi-variate Optimal Interpolation (MVOI), Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI), the fixed basis version of the Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman Filter (SEEK) and the Ensemble Reduced Order Information Filter (EnROIF). All methods can be classified as statistical interpolation but differ mainly in how the forecast error covariances are modeled. Surface elevation and temperature data sampled from an 1/12° Gulf of Mexico HYCOM simulation designated as the truth are assimilated into an identical model starting from an erroneous initial state, and convergence of assimilative runs towards the truth is tracked. Sensitivity experiments are first performed to evaluate the impact of practical implementation choices such as the state vector structure, initialization procedures, correlation scales, covariance rank and details of handling multivariate datasets, and to identify an effective configuration for each assimilation method. The performance of the methods are then compared by examining the relative convergence of the assimilative runs towards the truth. All four methods show good skill and are able to enhance consistency between the assimilative and truth runs in both observed and unobserved model variables. Prediction errors in observed variables are typically less than the errors specified for the observations, and the differences between the assimilated products are small compared to the observation errors. For unobserved variables, RMS errors are reduced by 50% relative to a non-assimilative run and differ between schemes on average by about 5%. Dynamical consistency between the updated state space variables in the data assimilation algorithm, and the data adequately sampling significant dynamical features are the two crucial components for reliable predictions. The experiments presented here suggest that practical implementation details can have at least as much an impact on the accuracy of the assimilated product as the choice of assimilation technique itself. We also present a discussion of the numerical implementation and the computational requirements for the use of these methods in large scale applications. 相似文献
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Helical piles are structural deep foundation elements, which can be categorized as torque-driven piles without any limitations to implement in marine situations. Different methods are used to predict the axial capacity of helical piles, such as static analysis, but have some limitation for this type of piles on marine conditions. In situ testing methods as supplement of static analysis have been rarely used for helical piles. In geotechnical engineering practice, the most common in situ tests particularly applicable for coastal or offshore site investigation are cone penetration test (CPT) and piezocone penetration test (CPTu). The CPT is simple, repeatable, and prepares the continuous records of soil layers. In this paper, a data bank has been compiled by collecting the results of static pile load tests on thirty-seven helical piles in ten different sites including CPT or CPTu data. Axial capacities of thirty-seven helical piles in different sites were predicted by direct CPT methods and static analysis. Accuracy estimation of ten direct CPT methods to predict the axial capacity of helical piles was investigated in this study. Comparisons have been made among predicted values and measured capacity from the pile load tests. Results indicated that the recently developed methods such as NGI-05 (2005), ICP-05 (2005), and UWA-05 (2005) predicted axial capacity of helical piles more accurately than the other methods such as Meyerhof (1983), Schmertmann (1978), Dutch (1979), LCPC (1982), or Unicone (1997). However, more investigations are required to establish better correlation between CPT data and axial capacity of helical piles. 相似文献
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Methods for joint ocean-channel estimation and data recovery are derived using an optimal, maximum likelihood (ML) estimation criterion. The resulting ML problems may be complex, thus iterative algorithms are used, e.g. the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The different methods correspond to different assumptions about the ocean channel. The theoretical derivation of these methods as well as preliminary results on simulated ocean data experiments are presented 相似文献
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现代海洋/大气资料同化方法的统一性及其应用进展 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9
海洋／大气资料同化的理论基础是用数值模式作为动力学强迫对观测信息进行提炼，或者说，从包含观测误差(噪声)的空间分布不均匀的实测资料中依据动力系统自身的演化规律(动力学方程或模式)来确定海洋／大气系统状态的最优估计。本文对主要的现代海洋／大气资料同化方法，包括最优插值(()ptimal Interpolation，简称()Ⅰ)、变分方法(3—Dimensional Variational和4—Dimensional Variational，分别简称3DVAR和4DVAR)和滤波方法(Filtering)的原理、算法设计和实际应用进行系统地回顾，并对这些资料同化方法的优缺点进行分析和讨论。在滤波框架下，所有的现代资料同化方法都被统一了：()Ⅰ和3DVAR是不随时间变化的滤波器，4DVAR和卡曼滤波是线性滤波器，即非线性滤波的退化情形；而集合滤波能构建非线性的滤波器，因为集合在某种程度上体现了系统的非高斯信息。一个非线性滤波器的主要优点是能计算和应用随时间变化的各阶误差统计距，如误差协方差矩阵。将非线性滤波器计算的随时间变化的误差协方差矩阵引入到（）Ⅰ或4DVAR中，也许能实质性地改进这些传统方法。在实际应用中，方法的优劣可能取决于所选用的数值模式和可获得的计算资源，因此需针对不同的问题选取不同的资料同化方法。由于各种资料同化方法具有统一性，因此可建立测试系统来评价这些方法，从而对各种方法获得更深入的理解，改进现有的资料同化技术，并提高人们对海洋／大气环境的预测能力。 相似文献
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研究不同提取方法对中国对虾肌肉提取物中含氮化合物组成和含量的影响。以ＴＣＡ、ＰＣＡ、ＳＳＡ和ＡＬ法沉淀蛋白质后得到对虾肌肉提取物中总氮量分别为８３３、８７８、８４０和７０１ｍｇ·Ｎ／１００ｇ。前三种方法处理的提取物中游离氨基酸总量相近，而结合氨基酸含量相差甚大。ＴＣＡ法和ＡＬ法对肌肉提取物中大分子化合物沉淀效果较好。提取对虾肌肉中的核着酸以ＴＣＡ、ＳＳＡ法较好。氧化三甲胺和甜菜碱含量分别为８０～１００ｍｇ／１００９和３００～３２０ｍｇ／１００ｇ之间，ＴＣＡ、ＰＣＡ、ＳＳＡ三法比较接近，而ＡＬ法明显偏低。提取物中含氮化合物的分布为：游离和结合氨基酸氮占７１～７８％，核苷酸类氮占９～１１％，甜菜碱氮占３～５％，氧化三甲胺占１～２％。 相似文献
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利用GPS高求取正常高的几种拟合方法 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
全面系统地研究了GPS点正常高的拟合方法,对平面拟合、二次多项式拟合、移动曲面拟合、多曲面拟合的GPS水准拟合方法,采用不同参数进行了论述。并结合实际测区,对GPS水准点进行了计算分析。提出了不同测区、不同地形、不同大地水准面的拟合方法,部分拟合方法已用于实际生产中,结果表明,这些方法是切实可行的。通过计算分析,得出结论：不同地形、不同面积的测区需要采用不同的拟合模型,并且拟合时采用的参数也不同。利用GPS高求定正常高,能够降低劳动强度和作业成本,提高作业效率。 相似文献
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The paper presents an overview of the recent contributions of centrifuge modelling to the understanding of soil-structure interaction and the development of design and predictive methods in the field of mobile jack-up drilling rig foundations. Both advantages and limitations of the centrifuge methods are detailed and key examples are presented. The benefits provided by centrifuge modelling to the development of analysis methods that are now being used within the jack-up industry are highlighted. To conclude, industry trends and research opportunities are discussed, as is the possible role of the geotechnical centrifuge in finding solutions to these new needs. 相似文献
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石英示踪物源研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
综述了石英的性质和它作为有效指示剂来示踪物源的理论基础,进而详细介绍了使用扫描电镜、质谱、电子自旋共振和阴极发光等仪器对石英矿物的表面微结构、氧同位素比值、形成年龄和阴极发光颜色等特征进行研究来追踪物源的方法以及这些方法的可行性。还根据近年来研究者应用石英矿物来示踪物源的研究进展提出了今后利用石英研究物源需要注意的4个问题。 相似文献
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Scour around piles could endanger the stability of the structures placed on them. Hence, an accurate estimation of the scour depth around piles is very important in coastal and marine engineering. Due to the complex interaction between the wave, seabed and pile group; prediction of the scour depth is not an easy task and the available empirical formulas have limited accuracy. Recently, soft computing methods such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have been used for the prediction of the scour depth. However, these methods do not give enough insight about the process and are not as easy to use as the empirical equations. In this study, new formulas are given that are easy to use, accurate and physically sound. Available empirical equations for estimating the pile group scour depth such as those of Sumer et al. (1992) and Bayram and Larson (2000), are less accurate compared to the given equations. These equations are as accurate as other soft computing methods such as ANN and SVM. Moreover, in this study, safety factors are given for different levels of acceptable risks, which can be so useful for engineers. 相似文献
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峰高与峰面积统计量表示岩心黏土矿物相对含量的差异 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
目前黏土矿物分析主要依据XRD衍射峰的峰高或峰面积统计量,为了分析两种统计量计算黏土矿物相对含量的差异。对取自黄海的YSZD02岩心短柱开展了黏土矿物XRD测试,分别利用峰高和峰面积表示4种主要黏土矿物蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石的相对百分含量,探究两种统计量表示黏土矿物相对含量随深度变化的差异,结果发现两算法都能显示黏土矿物的相对组成特征,对YSZD02岩心而言,其黏土矿物主要为伊利石,其次为高岭石,再次为绿泥石,最次为蒙皂石。两种算法得到的4种矿物的相关系数由高到低依次为:高岭石0.94,绿泥石0.93,蒙皂石0.82,伊利石0.73,呈正相关。峰面积法求4种矿物的相对含量随深度变化的离散程度比峰高法大。用峰高、峰面积法表示黏土矿物相对含量随深度的变化,两种方法相对差异由小到大依次为伊利石,高岭石,绿泥石和蒙皂石。以上结果表明两种算法既有共性又有明显的差异。随着分析技术的不断更新,相较于峰高法较难解决的误差问题,未来峰面积法会得到更广泛的应用。因此研发更精确的计算机分析软件、统一研究方法将是未来发展的必然趋势。本文的研究加深了对峰高与峰面积统计量的理解,为其他分析方法的比较与选择提供了参考。 相似文献
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Asymptotic methods of calculating the propagation of centimeter radio waves in a neutral atmosphere in space-space paths are considered. The methods are based on the technique of Fourier integral operators. The approximations that allow the representation of the corresponding operators as compositions of nonlinear coordinate changes, multiplications by reference signals, and Fourier transformations are constructed. The approximations are based on a technical procedure using a linearized canonical transform. This approach makes it possible to devise fast numerical algorithms. Numerical simulations are conducted with the use of realistic global gridded fields of meteorological parameters including the turbulence. The numerical simulations show high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods. 相似文献
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介绍海洋大数据序列主成分分析的两种显著性检验方法,采用该两种方法可以辨别具有真实意义的主成分模与代表随机噪声信号的模态。此二法均能很好地应用于大数据序列主成分模的显著性检验。在进行海洋大数据序列时-空变化主成分分析中,为尽可能减少或避免数据中随机噪声的影响,建议对主成分模进行显著性检验。 相似文献