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1.
Documenting geographic distribution and spatial linkages between CO2 sources and potential sinks in areas with significant levels of CO2 emissions is important when considering carbon-management strategies such as geologic sequestration or enhanced oil recovery (EOR). For example, the US Gulf Coast overlies a thick succession (>6,000 m [>20,000 ft]) of highly porous and permeable sandstone formations separated by thick, regionally extensive shale aquitards. The Gulf Coast and Permian Basin also have a large potential for EOR, in which CO2 injected into suitable oil reservoirs could be followed by long-term storage of CO2 in nonproductive formations below reservoir intervals. For example, >6 billion barrels (Bbbl) of oil from 182 large reservoirs is technically recoverable in the Permian Basin as a result of miscible-CO2 flooding. The Gulf Coast also contains an additional 4.5 Bbbl of oil that could be produced by using miscible CO2. Although the CO2 pipeline infrastructure is well-developed in the Permian Basin, east Texas and the Texas Gulf Coast may have a greater long-term potential for deep, permanent storage of CO2 because of thick brine-bearing formations near both major subsurface and point sources of CO2.  相似文献   

2.
A variety of structural and stratigraphic factors control geological heterogeneity, inferred to influence both sequestration capacity and effectiveness, as well as seal capacity. Structural heterogeneity factors include faults, folds, and fracture intensity. Stratigraphic heterogeneity is primarily controlled by the geometry of depositional facies and sandbody continuity, which controls permeability structure. The permeability structure, in turn, has implications for CO2 injectivity and near-term migration pathways, whereas the long-term sequestration capacity can be inferred from the production history. Examples of Gulf Coast oil and gas reservoirs with differing styles of stratigraphic heterogeneity demonstrate the impact of facies variability on fluid flow and CO2 sequestration potential. Beach and barrier-island deposits in West Ranch field in southeast Texas are homogeneous and continuous. In contrast, Seeligson and Stratton fields in south Texas, examples of major heterogeneity in fluvial systems, are composed of discontinuous, channel-fill sandstones confined to narrow, sinuous belts. These heterogeneous deposits contain limited compartments for potential CO2 storage, although CO2 sequestration effectiveness may be enhanced by the high number of intraformational shale beds. These field examples demonstrate that areas for CO2 storage can be optimized by assessing sites for enhanced oil and gas recovery in mature hydrocarbon provinces.  相似文献   

3.
To stabilize the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG), a huge reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is required. Although some people believe that this necessitates a considerable reduction in the use of fossil fuels or fuel switching, other options are available that allow the use of fossil fuels and reduce atmospheric emissions of CO2. Sequestration of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion in the subsurface could prevent the CO2 from reaching the surface for millions of years. Geological sequestration of CO2 in deep aquifers or in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is a mature technology. Despite the huge quantities of CO2 that can be sequestered in this way, this approach does not provide any economic benefit. This paper discusses a third option, which consists of injecting CO2 in deep coal seams to sequester the carbon and enhance the recovery of coalbed methane (CBM). Waste CO2 from CBM-fueled power plants could be injected into CBM reservoirs to produce more methane (CH4) for the power plant. The 2:1 coal-sorption selectivity for CO2 over CH4 supports the feasibility of operating fossil-fueled power plants without atmospheric CO2 emissions. Other CO2 sequestration technologies, such as ocean disposal and biofixation, are briefly discussed and the suitability of these approaches is evaluated for use in Alberta, Canada.  相似文献   

4.
李玮  师庆三  董海海  侯锐 《中国地质》2022,49(2):485-495
[研究目的]克拉玛依油田X区克下组低渗透油藏存在物性差、水驱开发采收率低等问题,影响了油田的可持续发展.CO2是全球变暖的主要成分,世界各国都在想方设法减少CO2的排放量,本文试图利用CO2驱油气方式提高该油藏的采收率,变害为利.[研究方法]文章选取研究区60余口取心井目标层位岩心样品,开展扫描电镜及压汞测试分析等研究...  相似文献   

5.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(14):1792-1812
Abundant crude oil and CO2 gas coexist in the fourth member of the Upper Cretaceous Quantou reservoir in the Huazijing Step of the southern Songliao Basin, China. Here, we present results of a petrographic characterization of this reservoir based on polarizing microscope, X-ray diffraction, fluid inclusion, and carbon–oxygen isotopic data. These data were used to identify whether CO2 might be trapped in minerals after the termination of a CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project, and to determine what effects might the presence of CO2 have on the properties of crude oil in the reservoir. The crude oil reservoir in the study area, which coexists with mantle-derived CO2, is hosted by dawsonite-bearing lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites. These sediments are characterized by a paragenetic sequence of clay, quartz overgrowth, first-generation calcite, dawsonite, second-generation calcite, and ankerite. The dawsonite analysed during this study exhibits δ13 C (Peedee Belemnite, PDB) values of ?4.97‰ to 0.67‰, which is indicative for the formation of magmatic–mantle CO2. The paragenesis and compositions of fluid inclusions in the dawsonite-bearing sandstones record a sequence of two separate filling events, the first involving crude oil and the second involving magmatic–mantle CO2. The presence of prolate primary hydrocarbon inclusions within the dawsonite indicates that these minerals precipitated from oil-bearing pore fluids at temperatures of 94–97°C, in turn suggesting that CO2 could be stored as carbonate minerals after the termination of a CO2-EOR project. In addition, the crude oil in the basin would become less dense after deposition of bitumen by deasphalting the injection of CO2 gas into the oil pool.  相似文献   

6.
This paper reports a preliminary investigation of CO2 sequestration and seal integrity at Teapot Dome oil field, Wyoming, USA, with the objective of predicting the potential risk of CO2 leakage along reservoir-bounding faults. CO2 injection into reservoirs creates anomalously high pore pressure at the top of the reservoir that could potentially hydraulically fracture the caprock or trigger slip on reservoir-bounding faults. The Tensleep Formation, a Pennsylvanian age eolian sandstone is evaluated as the target horizon for a pilot CO2 EOR-carbon storage experiment, in a three-way closure trap against a bounding fault, termed the S1 fault. A preliminary geomechanical model of the Tensleep Formation has been developed to evaluate the potential for CO2 injection inducing slip on the S1 fault and thus threatening seal integrity. Uncertainties in the stress tensor and fault geometry have been incorporated into the analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. The authors find that even the most pessimistic risk scenario would require ∼10 MPa of excess pressure to cause the S1 fault to reactivate and provide a potential leakage pathway. This would correspond to a CO2 column height of ∼1,500 m, whereas the structural closure of the Tensleep Formation in the pilot injection area does not exceed 100 m. It is therefore apparent that CO2 injection is not likely to compromise the S1 fault stability. Better constraint of the least principal stress is needed to establish a more reliable estimate of the maximum reservoir pressure required to hydrofracture the caprock.  相似文献   

7.
Instances of gas leakage from naturally occurring CO2 reservoirs and natural gas storage sites serve as analogues for the potential release of CO2 from geologic storage sites. This paper summarizes and compares the features, events, and processes that can be identified from these analogues, which include both naturally occurring releases and those associated with industrial processes. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) carbon dioxide can accumulate beneath, and be released from, primary and secondary shallower reservoirs with capping units located at a wide range of depths; (2) many natural releases of CO2 are correlated with a specific event that triggered the release; (3) unsealed fault and fracture zones may act as conduits for CO2 flow from depth to the surface; (4) improperly constructed or abandoned wells can rapidly release large quantities of CO2; (5) the types of CO2 release at the surface vary widely between and within different leakage sites; (6) the hazard to human health was small in most cases, possibly because of implementation of post-leakage public education and monitoring programs; (7) while changes in groundwater chemistry were related to CO2 leakage, waters often remained potable. Lessons learned for risk assessment associated with geologic carbon sequestration are discussed. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.  相似文献   

8.
Geological storage of CO2 in the offshore Gippsland Basin, Australia, is being investigated by the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) as a possible method for storing the very large volumes of CO2 emissions from the nearby Latrobe Valley area. A storage capacity of about 50 million tonnes of CO2 per annum for a 40-year injection period is required, which will necessitate several individual storage sites to be used both sequentially and simultaneously, but timed such that existing hydrocarbon assets will not be compromised. Detailed characterisation focussed on the Kingfish Field area as the first site to be potentially used, in the anticipation that this oil field will be depleted within the period 2015–2025. The potential injection targets are the interbedded sandstones of the Paleocene-Eocene upper Latrobe Group, regionally sealed by the Lakes Entrance Formation. The research identified several features to the offshore Gippsland Basin that make it particularly favourable for CO2 storage. These include: a complex stratigraphic architecture that provides baffles which slow vertical migration and increase residual gas trapping and dissolution; non-reactive reservoir units that have high injectivity; a thin, suitably reactive, lower permeability marginal reservoir just below the regional seal providing mineral trapping; several depleted oil fields that provide storage capacity coupled with a transient production-induced flow regime that enhances containment; and long migration pathways beneath a competent regional seal. This study has shown that the Gippsland Basin has sufficient capacity to store very large volumes of CO2. It may provide a solution to the problem of substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions from future coal developments in the Latrobe Valley.  相似文献   

9.
The utilization of anthropogenic CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can significantly extend the production life of an oil field, and help in the reduction of atmospheric emission of anthropogenic CO2 if sequestration is considered. This work summarizes the prospect of EOR and sequestration using CO2 flooding from an Indian mature oil field at Cambay basin through numerical modelling, simulation and pressure study based on limited data provided by the operator. To get an insight into CO2-EOR and safe storage process in this oil field, a conceptual sector model is developed and screening standard is proposed keeping in mind the major pay zone of the producing reservoir. To construct the geomodel, depth maps, well positions and coordinates, well data and well logs, perforation depths and distribution of petrophysical properties as well as fluid properties provided by the operator, has been considered. Based on the results from the present study, we identified that the reservoir has the potential for safe and economic geological sequestration of 15.04×106 metric ton CO2 in conjunction with a substantial increase in oil recovery of 10.4% of original oil in place. CO2-EOR and storage in this mature field has a bright application prospect since the findings of the present work could be a better input to manage the reservoir productivity, and the pressure field for significant enhancement of oil recovery followed by safe storage.  相似文献   

10.
Interpretation of carbon dioxide diffusion behavior in coals   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
Storage of carbon dioxide in geological formations is for many countries one of the options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thus to satisfy the Kyoto agreements. The CO2 storage in unminable coal seams has the advantage that it stores CO2 emissions from industrial processes and can be used to enhance coalbed methane recovery (CO2-ECBM). For this purpose, the storage capacity of coal is an important reservoir parameter. While the amount of CO2 sorption data on various natural coals has increased in recent years, only few measurements have been performed to estimate the rate of CO2 sorption under reservoir conditions. An understanding of gas transport is crucial for processes associated with CO2 injection, storage and enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) production.A volumetric experimental set-up has been used to determine the rate of sorption of carbon dioxide in coal particles at various pressures and various grain size fractions. The pressure history during each pressure step was measured. The measurements are interpreted in terms of temperature relaxation and transport/sorption processes within the coal particles. The characteristic times of sorption increase with increasing pressure. No clear dependence of the characteristic time with respect to the particle size was found. At low pressures (below 1 MPa) fast gas diffusion is the prevailing mechanism for sorption, whereas at higher pressures, the slow diffusion process controls the gas uptake by the coal.  相似文献   

11.
鄂尔多斯盆地是我国CO2地下埋藏的潜在目标区,位于伊金霍洛旗附近的中神监X井与CO2地下注入井中神注1井相邻,两者钻遇地层系统和岩石组合一致。为对示范区储层的固碳潜力和泥岩改造状况做出预测,为CO2地质储存的数值模拟研究提供基础地质信息和相关数据,通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X射线荧光等多种技术手段,开展了中神监X井石千峰组的岩石学和地球化学特征研究。结果表明石千峰组的砂岩岩石类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩;泥岩主要由石英、粘土矿物和长石组成,其中,粘土矿物主要为伊利石,其次为蒙皂石、高岭石和绿泥石。预测在CO2注入后的流体-砂岩长期相互作用过程中,石千峰组砂岩可以通过形成片钠铝石、方解石、铁白云石和菱铁矿等固碳矿物,形成对CO2泄露而言的矿物圈闭,进而实现CO2的长期和安全封存;红色泥岩夹层将发生金属离子活化,导致泥岩褪色。  相似文献   

12.
结合CO_2地质利用与封存技术机理,在国际权威潜力评估公式的基础上,系统地提出了适合中国地质背景的次盆地尺度CO_2封存潜力评估方法及关键参数取值。同时,以四川盆地为例,依次开展了枯竭油田地质封存与CO_2强化石油开采、枯竭气田与CO_2强化采气、不可采煤层地质封存与CO_2驱替煤层气,以及咸水层地质封存技术的CO_2地质封存潜力。结果表明,四川盆地利用深部咸水层与枯竭天然气田CO_2地质封存潜力最大,期望值分别达154.20×10~8t和53.73×10~8t。其中,枯竭天然气田因成藏条件好、勘探程度高、基础建设完善,为四川盆地及其周边利用枯竭气田CO_2地质封存技术实现低碳减排提供了早期示范机会。CO_2地质利用与封存潜力评估方法,对进一步开展全国次盆地尺度理论封存潜力评估与工程规划具有重要意义。  相似文献   

13.
CO2 injection in unmineable coal seams could be one interesting option for both storage and methane recovery processes. The objective of this study is to compare and model pure gas sorption isotherms (CO2 and CH4) for well-characterised coals of different maturities to determine the most suitable coal for CO2 storage. Carbon dioxide and methane adsorption on several coals have been investigated using a gravimetric adsorption method. The experiments were carried out using both CO2 and CH4 pure gases at 25 °C from 0.1 to 5 MPa (1 to 50 bar). The experimental results were fitted using Temkin's approach but also with the corrected Langmuir's and the corrected Tóth's equations. The two last approaches are more accurate from a thermodynamical point of view, and have the advantage of taking into account the fact that experimental data (isotherms) correspond to excess adsorption capacities. These approaches allow better quantification of the adsorbed gas. Determined CO2 adsorption capacities are from 0.5 to 2 mmol/g of dry coal. Modelling provides also the affinity parameters of the two gases for the different coals. We have shown these parameters determined with adsorption models could be used for classification and first selection of coals for CO2 storage. The affinity ratio ranges from a value close to 1 for immature coals to 41 for high rank coals like anthracites. This ratio allows selecting coals having high CO2 adsorption capacities. In our case, the modelling study of a significant number of coals from various ranks shows that anthracites seem to have the highest CO2 storage capacities. Our study provides high quality affinity parameters and values of CO2 and CH4 adsorption capacities on various coals for the future modelling of CO2 injection in coal seams.  相似文献   

14.
富CO_2流体-砂岩相互作用是砂岩储层次生孔隙的重要形成机制。苏北黄桥地区作为中国重要的CO_2气产区,富CO_2流体对上二叠统龙潭组砂岩储层的改造问题备受关注。为揭示富CO_2流体的作用特征及其对储层的影响,对黄桥地区典型钻井开展了系统的岩心描述和岩矿鉴定,并进行了微区原位观测和相关地球化学分析。结果表明,在靠近CO_2流体活动强烈的断裂带部位(特别是断层上盘),砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物基本溶蚀殆尽,仅存少量交代成因菱铁矿,同时钾长石类碎屑溶蚀非常强烈,并伴随高岭石等矿物沉淀,以及石英次生加大,还发育片钠铝石等指示高浓度CO_2作用的特征矿物,形成与CO_2流体作用相关的特征矿物组合(片钠铝石+高岭石+次生石英+菱铁矿);而在远离断裂的部位,受CO_2流体影响较弱,溶蚀作用也较弱,有较多的次生方解石沉淀,形成了以方解石+菱铁矿为主的自生矿物组合。前者次生孔隙发育,后者则更加致密。据此提出了深源断裂主控下与富CO_2流体作用相关的储层发育模式,为油气勘探和开发提供了新的思路。  相似文献   

15.
Geologic carbon sequestration is the capture of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) and its storage in deep geologic formations. The processes of CO2 seepage into surface water after migration through water-saturated sediments are reviewed. Natural CO2 and CH4 fluxes are pervasive in surface-water environments and are good analogues to potential leakage and seepage of CO2. Buoyancy-driven bubble rise in surface water reaches a maximum velocity of approximately 30 cm s−1. CO2 rise in saturated porous media tends to occur as channel flow rather than bubble flow. A comparison of ebullition versus dispersive gas transport for CO2 and CH4 shows that bubble flow will dominate over dispersion in surface water. Gaseous CO2 solubility in variable-salinity waters decreases as pressure decreases leading to greater likelihood of ebullition and bubble flow in surface water as CO2 migrates upward.  相似文献   

16.
Geological sequestration of CO2 is an option for significantly reducing emissions into the atmosphere. Various hydrocarbon companies in western Canada are currently injecting acid-gas (CO2 and H2S) into deep subsurface formations. At West Stoddart, in northeast British Columbia, acid-gas has been injected since 1998 at 1600 m depth into sandstones of the Triassic Halfway Formation, which forms a regional aquifer. A comprehensive subsurface characterization was conducted of the regional and local-scale geology, reservoir characteristics, mineralogy, in situ fluid properties, and hydrogeology. Preliminary results from geochemical and numerical multi-phase flow modelling suggest that the majority of the injected acid-gas will dissolve in the formation water and remain within a radius of a few kilometres of the injection well. The experience with the acid-gas injection at West Stoddart and other operations in the Alberta Basin has shown that the process of large-scale CO2-injection into deep aquifers is technically feasible.  相似文献   

17.
An overview on the tectono-stratigraphic framework of the Arabian plate indicates obvious differences between two distinct areas: the hydrocarbon-prolific sector and non-hydrocarbon-prolific sector. These differences resulted from the interplay of a variety of factors; some of which are related to the paleo-geographic configuration (eustatic sea level fluctuations, climatic conditions, and salt Basins), others to differential subsidence (burial) and structural inversions. During the Paleozoic, the regional compression was caused by far field effects of the Hercynian orogeny. This led to major folded structures in central and eastern Saudi Arabia (e.g. Ghawar anticline). During the Mesozoic, the most important tectonic factor was the stretching of the crust (extension), accompanied with the increase in temperature, resulting in an increase of the accommodation space, and thicker sedimentary successions. Regional unconformities are mostly found where folded structures are dominant, and they acted as a carrier systems for the accumulation of hydrocarbon and groundwater. A good understanding of the stratigraphy and tectonic evolution is, thus, required to develop carbon capture and storage (CCS) and to design efficiently enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in both sectors. Oil and gas reservoirs offer geologic storage potential as well as the economic opportunity of better production through CO2-EOR. The world greatest hydrocarbon reservoirs mainly consist of Jurassic carbonate rocks, and are located around the Arabian Basin (including the eastern KSA and the Arabian Gulf). The Cretaceous reservoirs, which mainly consist of calcarenite and dolomite, are located around the Gotnia salt Basin (northeast of KSA). Depleted oil and gas fields, which generally have proven as geologic traps, reservoirs and seals, are ideal sites for storage of injected CO2. Each potential site for CO2-EOR or CCS should be evaluated for its potential storage with respect to the containment properties, and to ensure that conditions for safe and effective long term storage are present. The secured deep underground storage of CO2 implies appropriate geologic rock formations with suitable reservoir rocks, traps, and impermeable caprocks. Proposed targets for CCS, in the non-hydrocarbon-prolific sector, are Kharij super-aquifer (Triassic), Az-Zulfi aquifer (Middle Jurassic), Layla aquifer (Late Jurassic), and Wasia aquifer (Middle Cretaceous). Proposed targets for EOR are Safaniya oil field (Middle Cretaceous) (Safaniya, Wara and Khafji reservoirs), Manifa oil field (Las, Safaniya and Khafji reservoirs) (Late Jurassic), and Khuff reservoir (Late Permian-Early Triassic) in central to eastern KSA.  相似文献   

18.
During 2003–2006, a pilot project of alternating water and CO2 injection was performed on a limited part of the Upper Miocene sandstone oil reservoir of the Ivani? Field. During the test period oil and gas recovery was significantly increased. Additionally 4,440 m3 of oil and 2.26 × 106 m3 of gas were produced. It has initiated further modelling of sandstone reservoirs in the Ivani? Field in order to calculate volumes available for CO2 injection for the purpose of increasing hydrocarbon production from depleted sandstone reservoirs in the entire Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System. In the first phase, modelling was based on results of laboratory testing on the core samples. It considered applying analogies with world-known projects of CO2 subsurface storage and its usage to enhance hydrocarbon production. In the second phase, reservoir variables were analysed by variograms and subsequently mapped in order to reach lithological heterogeneities and to determine reliable average values of reservoir volumes. Data on porosity, depth and reservoir thickness for the “Gamma 3” and the “Gamma 4” reservoirs, are mapped by the ordinary kriging technique. Calculated volume of CO2 expressed at standard condition which can be injected in the main reservoirs of the Ivani? Field at near miscible conditions is above 15.5 billion m3.  相似文献   

19.
二氧化碳地质封存中的储存容量评估：问题和研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
张炜  李义连  郑艳  姜玲  邱耿彪 《地球科学进展》2008,23(10):1061-1069
二氧化碳地质封存被认为是一项非常有潜力的CO2减排技术。其中对CO2地质储存能力的评估可作为某一国家、某一区域或某一具体储层是否适合CO2地质封存开展的判断依据之一。但目前的研究结果表明,对CO2地质储存容量的评估并不是一个简单而直接的过程。介绍了由碳封存领导人论坛（CSFL）提出的用于不可采煤层、油气储层和深部咸水含水层中CO2储存容量评估的方法。总结了影响CO2地质储存容量评估的主要因素,为我国在CO2地质封存领域研究的广泛合作提出了建议,有助于推动该技术在中国的深入开展。  相似文献   

20.
A screening and ranking framework (SRF) has been developed to evaluate potential geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) storage sites on the basis of health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risk arising from CO2 leakage. The approach is based on the assumption that CO2 leakage risk is dependent on three basic characteristics of a geologic CO2 storage site: (1) the potential for primary containment by the target formation; (2) the potential for secondary containment if the primary formation leaks; and (3) the potential for attenuation and dispersion of leaking CO2 if the primary formation leaks and secondary containment fails. The framework is implemented in a spreadsheet in which users enter numerical scores representing expert opinions or published information along with estimates of uncertainty. Applications to three sites in California demonstrate the approach. Refinements and extensions are possible through the use of more detailed data or model results in place of property proxies.  相似文献   

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