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1.
The vertical transport features of gaseous pollutants, with a negative exponent profile of concentration, by dif-ferent types of convective cloud systems are numerically investigated by using a two-dimensional, reactionless convective cloud transport model. The results show that an isolated, weak storm is able to pump pollutant gas out PBL and transport it to the mid-troposphere, whereas a deep, intense thunderstorm can very efficiently transport air pollutants up to the mid and upper troposphere and laterally spread with anvil, forming an extensive concentration surge layer at altitude of ten-odd kilometers altitude. Each type of convective transport results in concentration re-duction in PBL. In a wind shear environment the transport efficiency of deep thunderstorm significantly increases and the pollutants enter into clouds on the downshear side at low-level and spread downwind in anvil layer. On the other hand, for a cumulus cloud with plenty of liquid water, the gas dissolution effect is increased, and the irreversible aqueous reactions, in extreme, may significantly weaken the vertical transports of pollutant gases even with solubility coefficients no more than 103 M atm-1. 相似文献
2.
Kong Fanyou 《大气科学进展》1994,11(1):1-12
A two-dimensional, non-reactive convective cloud transport model is used to simulate in detail the vertical transport and wet scavenging of soluble pollutant gases by a deep thunderstorm system, Simulations show that for gases with not very high solubility, a deep and intense thunderstorm can still rapidly and efficiently transport them from boundary layer (PBL) up to mid and upper troposphere, resulting in a local significant increase of concentration in the upper layer and a reduction in PBL. Dissolution effects decrease both the incloud gas concentration and the upward net fluxes. The higher the solubility is, the more remarkable the decrease is. However, for very low soluble gases (H < 102 M atm-1), the influences are very slight. In addition, the effects of irreversible dissolution and aqueous reactions in drops on the vertical transport of gaseous pollutants are estimated in extreme. 相似文献
3.
ＴｈｅＶｅｒｔｉｃａｌＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｏｆＡｉｒＰｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｂｙＣｏｎｖｅｃｔｉｖｅＣｌｏｕｄｓＰａｒｔⅡ：ＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｏｆＳｏｌｕｂｌｅＧａｓｅｓａｎｄＳｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙＴｅｓｔｓＫｏｎｇＦａｎｙｏｕ（孔凡铀）（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅ... 相似文献
4.
ＴｈｅＶｅｒｔｉｃａｌＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｏｆＡｉｒＰｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｂｙＣｏｎｖｅｃｔｉｖｅＣｌｏｕｄｓ．ＰａｒｔⅢ：ＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔＦｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔＣｌｏｕｄＳｙｓｔｅｍｓＫｏｎｇＦａｎｙｏｕ（孔凡铀）ａｎｄＱｉｎＹｕ（秦... 相似文献
5.
利用ACTIVE（aerosol and chemical transport in tropical convection）试验资料,取2006年1月20日澳大利亚北部达尔文岛附近发生的一次飑线强对流天气的AE17航次和2006年1月27日无对流天气的AE21航次飞行路径中的探测资料,对澳大利亚达尔文地区夏季风盛行期间发生的有无强对流发生时O3和CO浓度垂直分布变化进行对比,考察强对流性天气发生对O3和CO浓度垂直输送作用。深对流云内强烈的垂直上升运动将O3和CO等化学气体携带输送至对流层上部并在对流层顶堆积,从而在对流层上部产生浓度峰值。当有强对流发生,飞机进入对流云上层时,O3浓度和CO浓度升高,O3和CO浓度变率增大,在对流层上部浓度出现峰值;当飞机飞出对流云时,O3和CO浓度相对较低,在对流云外出现谷值。在无对流发生的条件下O3和CO浓度相对较小,浓度变率也较小,无峰值产生。分析表明:O3和CO浓度分布不仅与强对流的垂直输送作用关系密切,且与气象要素垂直和水平分布以及动力输送过程密切相关。 相似文献
6.
深对流云输送对于对流层O3、NOx在分析的作用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用一个冰雹云模式与云化学输送模块耦合而成的三维对流云化学／输送模式, 研究对流云对重要的大气污染物臭氧 （Ｏ３）、氮氧化物 （ＮＯｘ, 包括ＮＯ 和ＮＯ２） 的输送作用。模式较好地体现了一个单体积云的发展过程及其特征。云化学／输送模式的结果表明, 云内强烈的垂直输送能在３０ ｍ ｉｎ 左右, 把低层低体积分数的Ｏ３和高体积分数的ＮＯ２快速、有效地输送到对流层的上部, 造成化学物种的再分布。而在云顶附近, 由于对流穿透了对流层的顶部,造成了上层高体积分数Ｏ３的向下侵入,说明云的对流活动除了能把边界层内的污染物向上输送, 其夹卷作用还可以造成平流层和对流层化学物质的交换。 相似文献
7.
本文采用高分辨率WRF-Chem模式模拟了2014年7月27日和8月24日发生于长三角地区的两次强度不同的深对流系统对污染气体CO的再分布作用,对比分析了模拟的两次深对流系统在CO垂直输送过程中的差异。通过与实际雷达回波的比较发现,两次模拟的深对流发生时间、回波强度等都与实际观测接近。8月24日深对流过程发生前的对流有效位能和0～6 km垂直风切变强度均高于7月27日个例,因此 8月24日深对流系统更不稳定,发展高度更高。从CO浓度垂直剖面、质量通量随高度的变化特征发现,7月27日的深对流系统最高可以将CO输送到14 km高度处,8月24日的深对流系统最高可以将CO输送到16 km高度处。对CO浓度的垂直通量散度平均垂直廓线分析看出,7月27的深对流系统主要将CO输送到12 km附近,导致7月27日个例对流层中层的CO浓度更高,8月24日的深对流系统主要将CO输送到15 km附近,导致8月24日个例对流层上层的CO浓度更高。对垂直通量求和的分析表明,8月24日的深对流系统每小时垂直输送的CO浓度是7月27的1.3倍,而考虑到8月24日的深对流系统持续时间更长,8月24日的深对流系统对CO的垂直输送作用远远大于7月24日的深对流系统的垂直输送作用。 相似文献
8.
高纬度强对流与对流层上层水汽变化关系的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
应用WRF中尺度模式模拟了发生在黑龙江省西南部的一次区域性暴雨过程,通过云微物理参数化方案的敏感性试验,分析了对流云体中水汽垂直输送特征.结果表明:强对流活动使对流层上层局地水汽平均增加10倍以上,对流活动对于水汽的垂直输送以及对高层水汽含量的改变具有非常显著的作用.云微物理参数化方案,对于整个对流层水汽通量密度变化趋势有较好的表现.在不同方案中,0.5 ～9 km水汽通量密度及24 h总水汽垂直输送量,随高度变化差异较大.这是由平均垂直速度对不同方案敏感性造成的,不同的参数化方案,水汽通量最大值间最多相差可达27.9％.在不同的方案中,对流层上层加湿作用持续时间和对流层上层平均水汽混合比的最大值较敏感:对流活动可造成模拟区域对流层上层增湿持续16 ～20 h不等;对流层上层平均水汽混合比的最大值差异明显,最大可达15.8％.进行24 h平均后,上述物理量对方案的敏感性可减小到8.3％.所以,云微物理方案的不确定性对于暴雨过程的时间尺度是不可忽视的. 相似文献
9.
10.
采用考虑化学气体传输过程的云模式模拟了2014年7月30日发生在安徽滁州境内一次深对流过程,研究深对流活动对不同高度示踪气体的输送及再分布作用。结果表明,在积云发展阶段,强上升气流使得云内源层示踪气体有效地向上输送,对流层中部强的夹卷过程及水平入流使得云外气体入云输送至主要对流区,并在垂直气流的作用下进一步影响各层示踪气体的分布。各层示踪气体均可向上输送至对流层上部,其中对流层中部示踪气体（2.1~4.5 km、4.5~7.5 km和7.5~10.8 km）的向上输送作用与近地层示踪气体（0~2.1 km）的贡献相当。例如,输送到11~13 km的示踪气体有4.9%来自近地层,6.3%来自2.1~7.5 km。此外,近地层示踪气体可在深对流的水平输送下向云侧边界扩散,将局地污染输送到云外周边地区。源层高度位于2.1~4.5 km的示踪气体可下沉输送至近地层,形成新的局地污染。随着源层高度的抬升,示踪气体向下输送作用减弱,其中对流层上层示踪物（10.8~15 km）无法输送到6 km以下。 相似文献
11.
The role of perturbations of reactive trace gas concentration distributions in turbulent flows in the planetary boundary layer
(PBL) is discussed. The paper focuses on disturbances with larger spatial scales. Sequential nesting of a chemical transport
model is applied to assess the effect of neglecting subgrid chemical perturbations on the formation and loss of ozone, NO
x
, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and HNO3 calculated with a highly complex chemical mechanism. The results point to characteristic differences regarding the process
of mixing of chemically reactive species in the PBL and lower troposphere. 相似文献
12.
This study estimated the largely unstudied downward transport and modification of tropospheric ozone associated with tropical
moist convection using a coupled meteorology-chemistry model. High-resolution cloud resolving model simulations were conducted
for deep moist convection events over West Africa during August 2006 to estimate vertical transport of ozone due to convection.
Model simulations realistically reproduced the characteristics of deep convection as revealed by the estimated spatial distribution
of temperature, moisture, cloud reflectivity, and vertical profiles of temperature and moisture. Also, results indicated that
vertical transport reduced ozone by 50% (50 parts per billion by volume, ppbv) in the upper atmosphere (12–15 km) and enhanced
ozone by 39% (10 ppbv) in the lower atmosphere (<2 km). Field observations confirmed model results and indicated that surface
ozone levels abruptly increased by 10–30 ppbv in the area impacted by convection due to transport by downdrafts from the upper
troposphere. Once in the lower troposphere, the lifetime of ozone decreased due to enhanced dry deposition and chemical sinks.
Ozone removal via dry deposition increased by 100% compared to non-convective conditions. The redistribution of tropospheric
ozone substantially changed hydroxyl radical formation in the continental tropical boundary layer. Therefore, an important
conclusion of this study is that the redistribution of tropospheric ozone, due to deep convection in non-polluted tropical
regions, can simultaneously reduce the atmospheric loading of ozone and substantially impact the oxidation capacity of the
lower atmosphere via the enhanced formation of hydroxyl radicals. 相似文献
13.
M. Renard N. Chaumerliac S. Cautenet N. Audiffren E. C. Nickerson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,20(3):237-258
The sensitivity of the horizontal and vertical transport of an inert tracer to seasonal variability of the complex West Africa circulations is explored by means of a 2D mesoscale meteorological model including explicit microphysics and describing the cloud dynamics of these circulations. The seasonal variations of the location and spatial extent of the cloudy masses associated with the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) are reproduced in a meridional cross section over West Africa. The redistribution of the inert tracer is shown to be due to the northward migration of the ITCZ from January to July and also to the enhancement of the convective activity of the ITCZ in July. The redistribution of carbon monoxide during the dry and wet seasons is discussed, highlighting the importance of the biomass burning during the dry season as a source of trace gas enrichment in the upper levels of the tropical troposphere over West Africa. 相似文献
14.
SHOICHI TAGUCHI HIDEKAZU MATSUEDA HISAYUKI Y. INOUE YOUSUKE SAWA 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2002,54(1):22-40
High concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) were observed in October 1997 at the upper troposphere of the western tropical Pacific. Transport from the potential sources of CO due to biomass burnings in the tropics was investigated by using a global chemical transport model (CTM) driven by assimilated meteorological data provided from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). A CTM evaluation simulation using water vapor showed that the amount of vertical transport of moisture by large-scale flow was consistent with the precipitation predicted at the convective zone. A series of CTM simulations using 10-day emission periods of an artificial material with lifetime of 60 days indicated that vertical lifting of surface air at the Indonesian archipelago occurred in the concentrated convections west of Sumatra Island. No evidence was found that CO from the Amazon region or Africa significantly contributed to high concentrations in the western tropical Pacific. Transport formed a large-scale anvil below the tropopause by rapid vertical transport and by divergence flow. The average time required for the transport from Kalimantan and Sumatra Island to the point of high CO concentration was about 15 days. High concentrations at an altitude of 10 km in the Southern Hemisphere were transported by large-scale subsidence from the upper tropospheric maximum, which was presumably produced from the sources at Kalimantan and Sumatra Island. Estimated emissions of CO in September and October from Kalimantan and Sumatra were substantially larger than the previous estimates. Omission of chemical reaction was a possible problem for the overestimate, but not significant. The possible problems in the transport were incorrect CTM transport due to insufficient horizontal (2.5×2.5°) and vertical resolution of the CTM, and to inaccuracy in the wind fields at the upper part of the troposphere and a divergent flow pattern in the upper part of the troposphere. 相似文献
15.
水汽是一种比CO2温室效应更强的温室气体,在平流层中为光化学反应提供氢氧自由基,凝结成冰晶后还能为臭氧的消耗提供非均相化学反应界面,从而加速臭氧的消耗,因而对气候有重要影响.深对流云对水汽的垂直输送是平流层水汽的重要来源之一,因此研究深对流云向平流层的水汽输送可以为研究气候变化提供参考.回顾了近年来关于深对流云向平流层的水汽垂直输送问题的研究进展,包括水汽垂直输送到平流层的证据、穿透性深对流云的识别方法、水汽被深对流云垂直输送到平流层的机理以及穿透性深对流云对平流层湿度作用的影响因子4个方面,并进行了小结和展望. 相似文献
16.
Boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations (BSISOs) manifest in the active and break spells and act as the primary building block of the Indian summer monsoon. Although recent research has evolved a basic framework for understanding the scale selection and northward propagation of the BSISO, the role of different hydrometeors in modulating these processes remains poorly explored. In this study, TRMM-2A12 retrievals and Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications reanalysis data are examined to establish relationship between cloud hydrometeors and other atmospheric dynamical parameters with the northward propagation of the BSISOs. The study reveals that the cloud liquid water leads the deep convection during the northward propagation of BSISOs in the lower troposphere, while the cloud ice slightly lags the convection. This distribution indicates the occurrence of a possible mechanism of the lower level moistening through the large scale moisture advection in lower atmosphere and boundary layer (PBL) convergence, followed by triggering of the deep convection. The analyses of moisture advection and the dynamical fields with respect to the convection center show that low level moistening is a manifestation of the barotropic vorticity and PBL convergence of moisture anomaly north of the convection center. A new internal dynamical-thermodynamical mechanism is unraveled to understand the reason behind the middle tropospheric heating maximum and its role on the northward propagation. It is shown that the enhanced moisture perturbation in lower levels together with the heat transport by the sub-grid scale eddies within the PBL induces lower level instability required to precondition the lower atmosphere for triggering the deep convection. Vigorous upward motion inside the deep convection uplifts the liquid hydrometeors to upper levels and the formation of precipitable ice leads to the heating maxima in the middle troposphere. To check the robustness of the proposed hypothesis, similar analysis is performed for the weak northward propagating BSISO cases. 相似文献
17.
热带深对流云对CO、NO、NOx和O3的垂直输送作用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用2005年11月至2006年2月ACTIVE (Aerosol and Chemical Transport in tropIcal conVEction) 外场试验期间在澳大利亚北部达尔文地区取得的CO、O3、NO和NOx飞机探测资料, 并结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式结果, 分析这几种气体成分在对流卷云砧内外的分布情况, 并探讨热带深对流云对于污染气体的垂直输送作用。分析结果显示, 在孤立对流云卷云砧中, 云砧内部O3、NO、NOx浓度均大于云外; 而CO则不同, 只有在近地面浓度高时才如此, 在近地面浓度较小时, 卷云砧内部的浓度反而小于云外。进一步分析造成这两类气体分布差异的原因, 发现CO主要借助深对流云将对流层下层以及对流云周围环境中的CO夹卷并动力垂直输送到对流云顶部卷云砧中, 而对于O3、NO和NOx来说, 除了上述作用以外, 还可能与对流云内部其他物理机制(如闪电), 造成新的O3、NO和NOx有关, 这些新生气体随着风暴内部强烈的上升气流被最终输送进云砧中。 相似文献
18.
Numerical simulation of a South China Sea typhoon Leo (1999) 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
K.-H. Lau Z.-F. Zhang H.-Y. Lam S.-J. Chen 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,83(3-4):147-161
Summary ?A South China Sea typhoon, Leo (1999), was simulated using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 with the Betts-Miller
convective parameterization scheme (BMEX). The simulation had two nested domains with resolutions at 54 and 18 km, and the
forecast duration was 36 hours. The model was quite successful in predicting the track, the rapid deepening, the central pressure,
and the maximum wind speed of typhoon Leo as verified with reports from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The structure of
the eye, the eye wall, and the spiral convective cloud band simulated in the model are found to be comparable to corresponding
features identified in satellite images for the storm, and also with those reported by other authors.
A trajectory analysis was performed. Three kinds of trajectory were found: (1) spirally rising trajectories near the eye wall;
(2) spirally rising/descending trajectories in the convective/cloud free belt; (3) straight and fast rising trajectories in
a heavy convection zone along one of the cloud bands on the periphery of the tropical cyclone.
Both the HKO and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported the rapid deepening of Leo started around 00 UTC 29
April. In the model, the eye was first formed in the lower troposphere, and it extended to the upper troposphere within a
few hours. We speculate that the spin-up of cyclonic rotation in the low-level eye enhanced the positive vorticity along the
low-level eye wall. The positive vorticity was then transported to the upper troposphere by convection, leading to an extension
and growth of the eye into the upper troposphere.
To examine the impact of convective parameterization scheme (CPS) on the simulation, the Grell scheme (GLEX) was also tested.
The GLEX predicted a weaker typhoon with a wilder eye that extended not as high up in the upper troposphere as BMEX. The different
structures of the eye between the BMEX and GLEX suggest that the mesoscale features of the eye are dependent on the convection.
In other words, the vertical and horizontal distribution of convective heating is essential to the development and structure
of the eye.
Received December 18, 2001; accepted May 7, 2002
Published online: March 20, 2003 相似文献
19.
20.
为了揭示我国北方地区对流层中下层臭氧(O3) 的形成机理以及周边地区的污染输送对我国北方地区对流层中下层O3收支的影响, 在与外场观测数据比较分析的基础上, 利用全球化学输送模式(MOZART-2) 采用收支分析方法定量分析了影响我国北方地区对流层中下层O3的各个物理化学过程。结果表明:我国北方地区对流层下层O3最重要的来源是光化学生成作用, 约占总来源的58.3%(41.5 Tg), 光化学生成反应中HO2对于O3生成的贡献最大; 最大的汇是干沉降过程, 约占总汇的43.2%(26.2Tg); 水平净输送作用对我国北方地区对流层中下层O3收支的影响非常大, 在我国北方地区对流层下层, 41.6%左右的O3来自水平净输送, 随高度增加, 水平输送影响增大, 我国北方地区对流层中层大约81.5%的O3来自水平净输送。 相似文献