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1.
在增长模繁殖法(Breeding of the Growing Mode,BGM)的动态繁殖过程中,尺度化因子的选择极为关键。利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,在分析飑线系统数值模拟误差增长机制的基础上,根据飑线发展过程中湿对流区域误差更容易快速增长的特点,提出了一种根据湿对流区域时空分布调整的BGM初始扰动改进方案。该方案通过在动态繁殖过程中对小扰动的水平结构进行调整,加强湿对流区域扰动,捕获到增长最快方向上的小扰动并将其作为初始扰动。试验结果表明:根据降水量调整的改进方案相比其他方案扰动能量较大,各集合成员之间差异也较大,集合平均预报误差较小;对强降水范围的模拟相对理想,暴雨的降水评分较高;对风廓线及水汽场的预报更接近于实况,较好地改善了集合预报效果。  相似文献   

2.
线性化物理过程对GRAPES 4DVAR同化的影响   总被引:8,自引:3,他引:5  
线性化物理过程能够改善四维变分同化中极小化收敛的稳定性和增加极小化过程中对大气物理过程和动力更加精确的描述,它是四维变分同化中非常重要的一部分。通过在GRAPES全球模式中研究线性化物理过程,尤其是两个湿线性化物理过程,改善切线性模式预报精度,来提高GRAPES全球四维变分同化的分析和预报效果。线性化物理过程的开发首先需要简化原非线性化物理过程中的强非线性项,然后对线性化物理过程进行规约化,以抑制切线性扰动的异常增长。目前GRAEPS全球模式中的线性化物理过程主要包括次网格尺度地形参数化、垂直扩散、积云深对流和大尺度凝结。线性化物理过程预报精度的检验方法是通过选择合适大小的初始扰动(同化分析增量),来比较非线性模式和切线性模式中的扰动演化的纬向平均误差。然后以绝热版本的切线性模式为基础,通过冬、夏两个个例试验来分别检验4个线性化物理过程的12 h预报效果。试验结果表明,通过添加次网格地形参数化和垂直扩散两个干线性化物理过程方案,可以有效抑制住绝热版本切线性模式低层扰动的异常增长,大幅度改善切线性模式预报效果。通过添加积云深对流和大尺度凝结两个湿线性化物理过程,可以在热带区域和中、高纬度地区提高切线性模式中湿变量和温度变量的近似精度,提高GRAPES全球四维变分同化的分析和预报效果。   相似文献   

3.
对大气环流模式PIAP3进行了30 a季节运行, 对其物理过程的温度调整倾向进行了系统分析, 研究发现:大气总辐射效应以冷却为主, 长波辐射温度倾向与温度本身具有负反馈关系, 与云量有正反馈关系。太阳短波辐射加热倾向直接反映了太阳直射点冬夏的季节转换;深厚对流和大尺度降水, 作为大气的重要加热机制, 是辐射冷却的重要平衡因子, 两者地域互补, 前者加热热带深厚大气, 后者主要加热中高纬对流层中低层大气。干、湿对流是低层大气热力混合的有效机制, 分别完成北半球中高纬和热带地区的低层热力混合, 两者共同作用消除不稳定。垂直涡旋扩散与浅积云对流对低层大气形成热量传输的互补匹配, 两者分别实现陆面和海面低层大气热量的有效传输混合, 并共同构成下垫面边界层和自由大气间的有效垂直传输机制。浅对流活跃区处于强盛深厚对流区的下游方向, 大尺度层结降水有利于浅积云的发展。物理过程净温度调整是各过程调整平衡的结果, 除赤道南北两侧的热带地区存在两个深厚的温度调整柱外, 边界层以上的整个对流层主体均以降温为主, 而边界层以下则以加热为主。  相似文献   

4.
谢安  白人海 《气象学报》1993,51(2):220-226
目前,几乎所有的数值预报试验和业务模式对热带地区的预报效果都不如中高纬地区那样令人满意。其原因是多样的,也是很复杂的。如对物理过程的参数化不可能很完善,象辐射、凝结潜热等这些非绝热过程的处理都还存在许多问题,而这些物理过程的作用在热带地区更为重要。这样也会导致一些物理量的初始化不准确。另外,热带地区的常规观测资料远少于中高纬地区。上述因素所带来的困难  相似文献   

5.
弱天气尺度强迫背景下的长江中下游暖区暴雨突发性强,高度非线性,难以准确预报,这时考虑不确定因素的集合预报成为重要选项,而对流尺度集合预报核心问题是积分一段时间后离散度偏低,会导致预报失败。比较包含不同尺度扰动信息的对流尺度集合预报方案间的差异性并据此优化初始扰动方案,针对2018年5月4—5日一次典型长江中下游暖区暴雨过程,分别采用动力降尺度(DOWN)、增长模繁殖法(BGM)、局地增长模繁殖法(LBGM)和混合扰动法(BLEND)等四种方法进行集合预报试验,以期探讨对离散度和预报效果的影响。结果表明,在模式积分0~6 h,具有中小尺度扰动信息的BGM和LBGM的离散度优于DOWN,其中LBGM相比于BGM具有一定程度上的改进,说明具有更准确中尺度特征的扰动能够在积分初始阶段获得有效增长,即考虑了中小尺度天气系统局地性的LBGM能弥补BGM的不足;但是,在模式积分12 h以后,具有更多大尺度特征扰动的DOWN优于区域模式中的增长模繁殖法BGM和LBGM,说明经过初始误差快速增长一段时间后,大尺度扰动开始起主要作用。而具有不同尺度扰动信息的BLEND方案则兼具LBGM和DOWN的优势,几乎在整个预报时段离散度较高且概率预报评分较好,体现出混合扰动的优越性。以上结果进一步说明,初始扰动的尺度特征在暖区暴雨的集合预报效果中具有关键性的作用,因而通过调整初始扰动的尺度信息来优化集合预报性能的混合扰动思想,在业务上具有一定的指导意义和推广价值。  相似文献   

6.
龙振夏  李崇银 《气象学报》1996,54(5):521-535
利用IAP两层大气环流模式模拟研究了热带地区积云对流加热在大气对赤道东太平洋海温正异常响应中的作用。通过对积分结果进行分析发现:热带地区积云对流在大气对赤道东太平洋海温正异常的响应过程中起着非常重要的作用。若热带地区的积云对流加热减弱则大气中的遥响应(相关)型也减弱。同时我们还发现,热带地区的积云对流加热加强则响应场的30—60d低频振荡也得到加强。  相似文献   

7.
基于BGM的暴雨集合预报初始扰动发展分析   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
基于增长模繁殖法(BGM)思想,采用AREM(新一代区域η坐标模式),研究了暴雨过程中,初始随机扰动在繁殖循环中随时间的演变特征和发展机理。结果表明,初始扰动的演变决定于环流背景场的结构和大气中的湿物理过程。背景场不仅影响扰动的演变规律,而且决定了扰动发展的敏感区域。初始扰动随时间演变存在两个敏感区,一是背景场的大风速区,二是降水区附近。对流层高层,大风速区附近扰动得到最优发展;对流层中低层,扰动不仅沿大风速区发展,且与降水区配合较好。初始扰动发展的机理也有两种,一是大气湿物理过程引起的位势不稳定或第二类条件不稳定(CISK);二是由风切变引起的大气动力不稳定。高层扰动的增长,以干大气的动力不稳定占优,中低层扰动的发展主要是湿物理过程的贡献,初始扰动在模式中的发展与降水的发展是同“源”的,有利于降水发展的环境也有利于初始扰动的发展,从而影响了降水的可预报性。所以利用暴雨预报模式制作集合预报时,BGM仍是可用的方法。  相似文献   

8.
湿过程对北半球夏季大气环流的作用   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
李麦村  罗哲贤 《大气科学》1987,11(4):341-350
本文在Lorenz低谱湿模式中,引进温度和全露点温度垂直递减率随空间、时间的变化,积云对流调整和地形,设计与实施了十个时间积分大于90天的数值试验.结果指出:小尺度湿对流与大尺度环境场的相互作用,使对流上层增暖,下层变干,平均纬向风速极大值减小,非绝热加热场水平梯度加大,流型经向度及副热带高压强度增加. 从不同的初始场、不同的湿对流调整范围、不同的副热带高压强度演变方向所进行的试验均表明:湿过程与大尺度环境场的相互作用,使模拟的副热带高压加强.这意昧着湿过程在夏季副热带高压的形成、发展和维持方面,可能有着实质性的作用.  相似文献   

9.
中尺度降水集合预报随机参数扰动方法敏感性试验   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
中尺度降水模式预报具有很大的不确定性,为更好地描述与模式降水预报密切相关的物理过程关键参数的不确定性,基于中国气象局GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)中尺度区域集合预报模式,从对模式降水预报不确定性有较大影响的积云对流、云微物理、边界层及近地面层等4个参数化方案中选取了18个关键参数,设计了一种随机参数扰动方案(Stochastically Perturbed Parameterization,SPP),并通过2015年6—7月总计10 d的随机扰动集合预报试验,对比分析了SPP方案对不同物理过程参数扰动敏感性、随机场时、空尺度敏感性、能量变化特征及其集合预报效果。结果显示,对所选择的任一物理过程参数化方案增加SPP扰动后,降水及等压面要素的概率预报技巧优于无SPP扰动的预报,而扰动积云对流和边界层过程中的参数较扰动云微物理过程中的参数影响更显著,且同时扰动积云对流、云微物理、边界层及近地面层参数化方案中的18个参数的集合预报效果优于扰动任何单一物理过程中的部分参数,表明SPP方案能够有效地提高中尺度降水概率预报技巧;从能量变化特征可知,不同物理过程的参数扰动对动能、内能和总能量的影响层次和特征有所不同,但总体而言,扰动前后各项能量基本相同;随机场时、空尺度敏感性试验发现,SPP扰动随机场时间、空间相关尺度对集合预报效果有明显影响,当扰动随机场选用12 h抗相关时间及截断波数20时,集合预报结果最优。上述结果表明,SPP随机参数扰动方案不仅能够有效提高集合概率预报效果,还能够提高集合降水概率预报技巧,具有良好的业务应用与发展前景。   相似文献   

10.
GRAPES_GFS不同湿物理过程对云降水预报性能的诊断与评估   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
积云对流和云微物理是数值天气预报模式中最为重要的两类湿物理过程,它们共同影响云和降水的预报性能。通过采用CMAP降水资料和MODIS、MLS及Cloud Sat卫星云观测资料对全球中期数值预报模式GRAPES_GFS中这两类湿物理过程参数化方案的不同组合所预报的降水场和云宏微观场进行诊断和评估,以揭示其对云和降水的预报性能。结果表明:(1)云微物理方案是中高纬度地区总降水预报差异的主因,三种云微物理方案预报的降水强度为SINCEP3NCEP5。赤道及低纬地区降水差异主要是由积云对流方案引起的,KF_SI组合与CMAP降水最为一致。(2)SI方案和NCEP3方案在中纬度地区格点降水要显著多于混合相云NCEP5方案;与SAS方案和KF方案相比,BM方案使与其组合的云方案产生的格点降水明显偏少。(3)BM方案产生的对流降水要明显多于SAS方案和KF方案,中高纬地区SAS方案和KF方案预报的对流降水基本一致,在低纬地区SAS方案对流降水最少。(4)NCEP5方案预报的云顶温度与MODIS观测吻合较好,NCEP3方案和SI方案预报的云顶温度要较实况偏暖。三种对流方案预报的云顶温度冷暖关系为SASBMKF,BM和KF预报的云顶温度与实况较为接近。(5)NCEP5方案预报的积分云水与卫星观测最为接近,两种简冰方案显著偏少,尤以SI方案偏少最多。SAS和KF方案能较好的预报积分云水的空间分布,但其量值较观测偏大,BM方案预报的积分云水在低纬度地区偏少明显。(6)所有方案组合预报的卷云较MLS卫星观测显著偏少,混合相云方案对卷云预报较简冰方案具有一定优势,BM方案偏少最显著。(7)全球平均而言,KF对流方案和NCEP5云微物理方案对GRAPES_GFS的云和降水预报性能较其他降水物理方案具有一定优势。  相似文献   

11.
Based on the detection of the dynamic and thermodynamic functions of the physical processes in IAP3.0, the equilibrium mechanisms of the temperature, moisture and wind are analyzed. The negative feedback between the longwave radiation and temperature is verified. The cooling regulation of net radiation on temperature is mostly balanced by the heating of precipitation, the leading actions on temperature of other processes such as vertical diffusion, shallow cumulus convection and friction are merely available for lower air. The moisture consumption of precipitation is compensated on the whole by the provision of shallow cumulus convection, which sustains the moisture conservation to a high degree. The wind field is directly regulated by the momentum redistribution of cumulus, the dry adiabatic convection and vertical diffusion. Yet, the prominent influences of these processes are generally confined to the lower level. The east wind at low latitudes and the west wind at high latitudes are both weakened by the regulations and furthermore, by virtue of the transportation of mean meridional circulation, such a variation exactly maintains the angular momentum conservation.  相似文献   

12.
南海地区中层气旋生成的斜压不稳定与CISK机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文所用的动力学模型是在给定切变基本流情况下,加进积云加热效应。结果表明斜压不稳定扰动的临界波长,因积云加热作用而明显变短,当积云加热达每天3.5度时,扰动发展的尺度和中层气旋的尺度是吻合的。在本文的后一部份,考察了积云对流的摩擦作用,结果也得出扰动的不稳定性,但一般而言,积云摩擦对扰动是起阻尼作用的,当摩擦造成的次级环流产生不稳定的加热效应时,摩擦可促进不稳定发展。   相似文献   

13.
论大气中凝结过程水汽内能与压力能的不同作用   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
辜旭赞 《气象学报》2003,61(4):494-500
通过计算可逆湿绝热过程与不可逆湿绝热过程,讨论了大气中凝结时的水汽内能(内潜热)与压力能(外潜热)作功过程的不同物理作用及其在不同(对流与非对流)降水天气系统中的影响。发现“可逆”与“不可逆”湿绝热过程中的凝结外潜热都对环境大气作负功,这是因为水汽相变为水而使得水汽压力能减少。最终环境大气通过凝结外潜热过程,对整个“系统”(如降水对流运动的飑、冰雹、龙卷、台风和非对流运动的锋面降水系统等)作功,其作功“热机”效率约为5%。  相似文献   

14.
FURTHER STUDIES ON EVAPORATION-WIND FEEDBACK   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The results from simple dynamic studies on the evaporation-wind feedback show that the effect cannot change the nature of tropical atmospheric waves (by retarding the speed), so that the evaporation-wind feedback alone cannot be an exciting mechanism of intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical atmosphere. This is different from that of the wave-CISK mechanism. With combined effect of the cumulus convection heating and evaporation-wind feedback, the CISK-Kelvin waves and CISK-Rossby waves will develop unstably, explaining the dynamic mechanism of tropical intraseasonal oscillation in a more complete and reasonable way than the convection heating alone. Therefore, the evaporation-wind feedback is also important to the intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical atmosphere.  相似文献   

15.
An atmospheric general circulation model is used in a series of three experiments to simulate the intraseasonaloscillation in the tropical atmosphere.Analyses of the model daily data show that various physical variables,from sever-al different regions,exhibit fluctuations with a spectral peak between 30 and 60 days.This represents a 30—60 dayoscillation in the tropical atmosphere and possesses several features which are consistent with observations.These in-clude a horizontal structure dominated by zonal wavenumber 1 and a vertical structure which is predominantlybaroclinic.The effect of warm SST (sea surface temperature) anomalies on the 30—60 day oscillation in the tropical atmos-phere is also simulated by prescribing global SST as observed in 1983.This has the effect of weakening the oscillationwhile at the same time the vertical structure becomes less baroclinic.The importance of cumulus convection to the propagational characteristics of this oscillation is demonstrated by acomparison of results based on different parameterizations for convection.In one case,where the maximum convectionover the Pacific is simulated to be too far east,the simulated 30—60 day oscillation shows evidence of westward propa-gation.In the second case,where the convection maximum is located near the observed position in the western Pacific,there is more clearly evidence of eastward propagation.Both results suggest that the location of maximum convection in the Pacific can have an important influence on thestrength,structure and propagation of the 30—60 day oscillation.  相似文献   

16.
The forming mechanisms of low-latitude circulation cells and precipitation during an East Asian cold surge have been studied by using a five-layer primitive equation model.Numerical experiments show that in mid-high latitudes,the propagation of the East Asian winter monsoon is nearly a dry process;in low-latitudes,the effects of cumulus convection intensify the northeast monsoon and northeast trade wind;however,they also prevent the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ) from further southward invasion,and strengthen the meridional and zonal cells over East Asia. Numerical results also indicate that the winter monsoon precipitation in Indonesia and Northern Australia can exist independently.Both the South China Sea(SCS) cold surge and the West Pacific northeast cross-equatorial trade wind are of importance for the formation of the Northern Australia summer monsoon and its precipitation.Numerical results show that the development of cumulus convection,triggered by the SCS cold surge,is a crucial factor in forming the heavy monsoon precipitation and low-level stationary disturbances in Indonesia and Borneo.The tropical topography and northeast trade wind disturbances only affect the intensity of precipitation there.  相似文献   

17.
In this study the capability of the MM5 model in simulating the main mode of intraseasonal variability during the warm season over South America is evaluated through a series of sensitivity experiments. Several 3-month simulations nested into ERA40 reanalysis were carried out using different cumulus schemes and planetary boundary layer schemes in an attempt to define the optimal combination of physical parameterizations for simulating alternating wet and dry conditions over La Plata Basin (LPB) and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone regions, respectively. The results were compared with different observational datasets and model evaluation was performed taking into account the spatial distribution of monthly precipitation and daily statistics of precipitation over the target regions. Though every experiment was able to capture the contrasting behavior of the precipitation during the simulated period, precipitation was largely underestimated particularly over the LPB region, mainly due to a misrepresentation in the moisture flux convergence. Experiments using grid nudging of the winds above the planetary boundary layer showed a better performance compared with those in which no constrains were imposed to the regional circulation within the model domain. Overall, no single experiment was found to perform the best over the entire domain and during the two contrasting months. The experiment that outperforms depends on the area of interest, being the simulation using the Grell (Kain–Fritsch) cumulus scheme in combination with the MRF planetary boundary layer scheme more adequate for subtropical (tropical) latitudes. The ensemble of the sensitivity experiments showed a better performance compared with any individual experiment.  相似文献   

18.
热带气旋路径集合预报试验   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
以MM5模式为试验模式,分别用增长模繁殖法(BGM)和模式物理过程扰(MPP)形成12个集合成员,对2005年登陆我国的8个热带气旋进行了52次路径集合预报试验,以寻找适合西北太平洋热带气旋路径的集合预报方法。结果表明:BGM方法的集合预报结果总体上好于控制试验结果,其中对强度较弱的热带气旋的集合预报效果更好。MPP方法的集合预报结果总体上不如控制试验结果,但对初始时刻强度达到台风的热带气旋的集合预报效果较好,集合预报相对于控制试验的改进效果明显。基于BGM方法和MPP方法集合预报的不同特点,将两种方法相结合形成扰动成员,这一综合方法的集合预报效果好于单一方法的集合预报效果。BGM方法和MPP方法的系统发散度总体上都偏小。  相似文献   

19.
By using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1958 to 1997, we first looked into the atmospheric flow conditions in the one month immediately prior to the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) each year. A monthly-averaged zonal basic flow of 40-yr composite was then calculated. The stability of Rossby wave in the basic flow was studied based on the spherical barotropic vorticity equation. Furthermore, the spectral function expansion method was adopted to define and compute the evolvement of a developing wave packet. The results indicate that there exists barotropic instability of spherical Rossby wave in the climatically-averaged flow field before the SCSSM onset. The instability is triggered by the westerly jet stream in the Southern Hemisphere, and the strongest instable perturbation lies to the south of the westerly jet stream. The peak of the developing spherical Rossby wave packet propagates from mid and high latitudes to low latitudes, though not crossing the equator, spurring the cumulus convection in the tropical zones. The eruption of the cumulus convection and its spread to monsoon regions help to speed up the adjustment of the general circulation and the SCSSM onset. It is concluded that elements that contribute to the SCSSM onset are on global scale, albeit the onset itself looks like a local phenomenon.  相似文献   

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