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《地震地质》2020,(3)
文中采用尺寸为50mm×50mm×150mm的花岗闪长岩、大理岩以及砂岩3种不同的岩石样品,开展了超声尾波和声发射同步观测研究。结果显示:1)尾波变化与声发射演化过程存在良好的对应关系,声发射频度增加时尾波的变化随之改变,尤其是声发射频度增加的早期阶段尾波便出现变化。这预示了分析尾波可获得岩石早期的损伤信息。2)不同变形阶段,尾波变化的物理机制不同。加载初期,尾波变化存在明显的散射体改变特征;随后,在线弹性变形阶段则以波速变化为主;加载后期,散射体的改变增加,且与波速变化共存,散射体的改变效应与岩石微破裂的程度有关。3)随着载荷的增加,波速增加的幅度总体呈逐渐减小的趋势,这与通过直达波获得的认识基本一致。4)岩石变形过程中产生的微破裂会改变尾波变化的物理机制,散射体效应将显著增强。同时,声发射波形将对超声尾波造成干扰,因此在仅利用尾波资料分析岩石损伤时需要关注相关的问题。总之,超声尾波变化和声发射均可反映岩石内部的损伤情况,且不同的变形阶段尾波的变化机制不同,二者的联合观测可起到相互验证的作用,有利于提高观测结果的可靠性。 相似文献
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本文研究了在不同的应力途径下岩石破坏的条件和破裂的前兆.选定了三种应力途径进行研究:在一定应力状态下增加最大主应力σ1, 保持σ2, σ3不变, 使岩石破坏（A 型）;减小最小主应力使岩石破坏（B 型）;增加最小主应力岩石不破坏（C 型）.通过实验得到了济南辉长岩和昌平花岗岩 A 型途径和 B 型途径破裂强度的比较.对三种途径岩石的体应变、声发射和波速Vp, 进行了对比研究.A 型途径的破裂前兆表现与许多作者的结果相符合.B 型途径岩石断裂前处于"过密"状态, 与此相联系的声发射增加和波速Vp下降出现得很晚.C 型途径岩石处于超膨胀状态, 出现了声发射增加和波速Vp下降而岩石并未破坏的现象. 相似文献
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为了提高波速的测量精度以便能观测到岩石临破裂前波速的微小变化,采用了波形的数值化,波的叠加,波的互相关和DTE(Subsample delay time estimate)方法和cosine插值,使时间分辨率提高到0.001 μs,波速分辨率达到1 m/s.在较小的应力增量(0.17 MPa)下测量了波的延迟时间,进而得到速度随应力的变化规律.实验结果显示在0.98破裂强度时岩石波速最大,然后下降直到破裂,此期间的波速下降量约30m/s.同时对临破裂前波的主频能量进行了计算,其变化规律与波速相同,认为破裂前的有关变化与岩石膨胀有关.最后用涨落模型讨论了延迟时间的方差变化. 相似文献
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利用高压三轴容器,对华北地区九种典型岩石的密度和弹性波速度随压力的变化关系进行了实验研究。实验的最高压力达到10,500巴。实验中利用电阻应变片测量岩石的体积变化从而得到密度的变化。用高频脉冲法测量了弹性波速度。由得到的密度参数和波速参数计算出高压下岩石的声阻抗。根据体应变和波速随压力变化的曲线估算了岩石的体积模量,裂纹孔隙度,裂纹闭合压力,波速达到稳定变化时的压力以及波速达到稳定变化时的值与常压下的波速值的差。对这些参数在地学及爆破工程上的应用进行了简单的讨论。 相似文献
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在MTS伺服压机上对不同饱和状态的砂岩、大理岩标本进行了垂直层理和平行层理两个方向的正弦波加载试验,研究了饱和岩石的各向异性及非线性黏弹性行为. 在最大载荷低于岩石的屈服点时,获得的衰减、杨氏模量、泊松比、波速都表现出显著的各向异性,同时它们还具有较明显的应变振幅效应和频率效应. 随着应变振幅的增大,衰减近似呈线性增长,杨氏模量和泊松比近似呈线性下降. 在0.005-4Hz频段内除衰减不明显依赖频率以外,杨氏模量、泊松比、波速对频率的依赖性都较强; 当频段扩大到15Hz时,这4个参数都表现出较强的频率效应. 饱和岩石的衰减、杨氏模量、泊松比、波速均随饱和液体的黏滞系数增大而增大. 相似文献
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CHANGES OF ULTRASONIC CODA WAVE AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING ROCK LOADING AND DEFORMATION 
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下载免费PDF全文 YANG Hai-ming CHEN Shun-yun LIU Pei-xun GUO Yan-shuang ZHUO Yan-qun QI Wen-bo 《地震地质》1979,42(3):715-731
The coda wave propagation path has received extensive attention as it is more sensitive to small changes in the medium than the direct wave. During the process of loading, the wave velocity, medium or source changes may cause the coda wave to change. The physical mechanism of change in the ultrasonic coda wave varies during different deformation stages. Meanwhile, there exist local damages in the rock sample during the deformation, and it will be accompanied by acoustic emission. Combining the ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission is beneficial to characterize the coda wave characteristics and damage degree of the sample at different deformation stages. In this paper, three kinds of rocks, including granodiorite, marble and sandstone with the sizes of 50mm×50mm×150mm, are used to carry out observations of ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission during the whole process of loading so as to study characteristics of the coda wave at different deformation stages. The major results are given below: 1)There is a good correspondence between the coda wave variation and the acoustic emission evolution process. When the acoustic emission frequency increases, the coda wave changes accordingly. In particular, the coda wave changes in the early stages of increased acoustic emission frequency, which indicates that the early damage information of rock can be obtained by analysis of the coda wave. 2)The physical mechanism of the coda wave change is different in different deformation stages. At the initial stage of loading, there are obvious scatterer changes in the coda wave change; then, in the linear elastic deformation stage, the wave velocity change is dominating; in the late-stage of loading, the scatterer change increases and coexists with the wave velocity change, the scatterer change effect is related with the rock micro-fracture degree, the rock will locally be damaged before rupturing, and the role of the scatterer will be enhanced. 3)With the increase of loading, the amplitude of increase of the wave velocity generally decreases gradually, which is basically consistent with the understanding obtained through the direct wave. The interference of acoustic emission can be eliminated because of the Kaiser effect when analyzing the coda wave. The consistency of the wave velocity change and stress loading and unloading is further verified. 4)The micro-fracture generated during rock deformation will change the physical mechanism of the coda wave change, and the scatterer effect will be significantly enhanced. At the same time, the acoustic emission waveform will cause interference to the ultrasonic coda wave. This means that attention needs to be paid when analyzing rock damage using only coda wave data. In short, the ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission can reflect the damage inside the rock, and the change mechanism of the coda wave in different deformation stages is different. The joint observation of the two can play a mutual verification role, which is conducive to improving the reliability of the observation results. 相似文献
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S. Vinciguerra C. Trovato P.G. Meredith P.M. Benson C. Troise G. De Natale 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(10):2205-2221
We report laboratory measurements of P- and S-wave velocities on samples of tuff from Campi Flegrei (Italy), and a new tomographic
velocity map of the Campi Flegrei caldera. Laboratory measurements were made in a hydrostatic pressure vessel during both
increasing and decreasing effective pressure cycles. Selected samples were also thermally stressed at temperatures up to 600°C
to induce thermal crack damage. Acoustic emission output was recorded throughout each thermal stressing experiment, and velocities
were measured after thermal stressing. Laboratory P- and S-wave velocities are initially low for the tuff, which has an initial
porosity of ~45%, but both increase by between 25 and 50% over the effective pressure range of 5 to 80 MPa, corresponding
to a decrease of porosity of ~70%. Marked velocity hysteresis, due to inelastic damage processes, is also observed in samples
subjected to a pressurization-depressurization cycle. Tomographic seismic velocity distributions obtained from field recordings
are in general agreement with the laboratory measurements. Integration of the laboratory ultrasonic and seismic tomography
data indicates that the tuffs of the Campi Flegrei caldera can be water or gas saturated, and shows that inelastic pore collapse
and cracking produced by mechanical and thermal stress can significantly change the velocity properties of Campi Flegrei tuffs
at depth. These changes need to be taken into account in accurately interpreting the crustal structure from tomographic data. 相似文献
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深层-超深层油气地震勘探涉及高温介质地震波传播问题,热弹介质参数对地震波传播有重要影响.含弛豫时间修正项的Lord-Shulman双曲型耦合热弹波动方程从理论上预测了热弹性介质中存在快纵波、慢纵波(一种准静态慢纵波,简称热波)和横波的传播,两个纵波为热耗散衰减波而横波不受介质热特性的影响.本文结合平面波频散分析和格林函数法数值模拟,详细研究两个热耗散衰减波的频散和衰减特征,着重分析热导率、热膨胀系数及比热的变化对波速和衰减的影响.研究表明热导率作为主要参数决定了波速与衰减的临界变化,热膨胀系数对波速和衰减的幅度有明显影响,比热则兼顾了前两个热弹系数的影响特征.最后,利用热弹性动力学频率域的二阶格林函数进行波场快照数值模拟,展示热弹性介质中纵波、横波和热波的传播行为. 相似文献
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应用µCT225kvFCB型高精度(µm级)CT试验分析系统,对直径1 mm的瘦煤从18 ℃到600 ℃高温下的热破裂过程进行了显微CT观测和分析.发现了瘦煤的热破裂规律:300 ℃煤样中大量小的孔隙贯通成大的孔隙团,因此瘦煤的热破裂阈值在300 ℃附近,从常温到300 ℃煤样的孔隙率增加了0.5倍左右.研究了煤样在100~600 ℃范围内热破裂孔隙分布的分形规律,研究发现:从100 ℃到600 ℃,煤样的分形维数D随温度升高呈现先减小、后增加的趋势.孔隙的演化规律:由初始较规则的小孔隙变形,过渡到大量较规则、小孔隙贯通成不规则的大的孔隙团,之后孔隙团缩合减小趋于规则.分布初值的对数随温度升高呈现先降低后增加的趋势;从18 ℃到600 ℃孔隙数量的演化规律为先减小后增加. 相似文献
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Excessive usage of fossil fuels and high emission of greenhouse gases have increased the earth’s temperature and consequently have led to changes in wind and wave regimes. The main effects of climate change on oceans are warming of the ocean water, melting of ice, acidification of ocean water, and change in the ocean currents. The main effects of climate change on coastal regions are change in the coast hydrodynamics, sea level rise, change in wave height, coastal erosion, coastal structure damage, food shortage, and storms. Due to the importance of waves in the coastal zone and its effect on erosion and sedimentation, it is necessary to study wave changes. In this study, the effect of climate change on wave specifications was evaluated in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in Noshahr Port. To simulate wave parameters, the third generation spectral Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model was used. Wave modeling was carried out using the SWAN numerical model for two 30-yearly periods, including the control period (1984 to 2014) and the future period (2051 to 2080). For wave modeling in the control period, the European Center for Average Weather Forecast wind field was used, and for the future period, a downscaled wind field from Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment projection, which was sponsored by World Climate Research Programme, based on the most recent emission scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, was used. The model results were calibrated and verified with buoy-recorded data. The effect of the climate change on the wave parameters was evaluated by studying the differences between the patterns in three scenarios and the control period. Results showed that the 30-year maximum significant wave height will increase because of climate change, and the wave direction will not change. In addition, the intensity of storms will increase in the future.
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本文利用显微镜观察记录了玻璃中预制小裂纹稳态与非稳态扩展的全过程。当对玻璃加载到初始压力P和压缩量u时,停止加载,并观察稳态扩展过程,测量破裂扩展的速度。根据测量结果,发现在预制裂纹稳态扩展时,扩展速度随着时间在增长,而初始压力P和压缩量u却保持不变。但是一旦非稳态扩展出现,初始压力P和压缩量u便突然下降。实验中的应力降和地震中的应力降在数量级上是相同的。最后我们讨论了稳态扩展过程中P和u不变的原因。我们认为:Griffith的破裂准则应用到破裂过程时不是十分完善的,需要作适当的修正。 相似文献
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本研究对涪陵地区井下产气的龙马溪组页岩岩芯,采用三轴压机压裂制造裂缝,用工业CT扫描压裂前后岩芯,应用图像识别技术统计出裂缝体密度,又用超声脉冲透射法测定样品破裂前后裂缝方向上的纵波、单偏振方向与裂缝不同夹角的横波,来研究裂缝对页岩岩芯声学性质的影响.实验结果表明:压裂后样品的纵波速度略微降低,只有含较多内部裂隙的150#样品纵波速度减小幅度明显.压裂前后样品的纵波波形差别不大,纵波主频随裂缝体密度呈下降趋势,即压裂后纵波频谱主频向低频端移动.压裂前横波速度随自身与裂隙方位角变化而变化,与0°和180°相比,在45°和135°时略微减小,在90°时速度降低幅度最为明显并且发生相位反转.典型样品的横波主频随偏振方向与裂缝夹角的增大而逐渐向低频移动;压裂后,横波频谱杂乱,出现多处局部峰值,速度和主频较压裂前更低,平均横波波速随裂缝体密度呈明显减小趋势.平均纵横波速比随裂缝密度呈近线性增加,表明其与裂缝体密度有较强相关性. 相似文献
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地震时若断层发生超剪切破裂,地震灾害会显著加剧.因此研究超剪切破裂的形成机理有着非常重要的科学意义.本文利用动力有限单元方法,模拟断层破裂从初始断层跳跃传播到另一条平行的次级断层(断层阶区)时破裂速度的变化情况,并分析断层阶区几何特征等物理参数对产生超剪切地震破裂的促进作用.计算结果表明,断层阶区的诸多物理因素(如:重叠长度、相隔距离以及摩擦系数等)都会对破裂的传播速度产生影响.在一定条件下,破裂传播速度会由在初始断层上的亚剪切波速度,转换为在次级断层上的超剪切波速度.在破裂速度转换过程中,断层间隔起着重要作用,当断层阶区中两断层垂直间隔距离小到一定程度时,破裂跳跃阶区后,破裂速度不会发生变化.所以对于分段断层(可视为一种特殊的断层阶区),由于其断层垂直间隔为0,也就不会出现破裂速度变化的现象,模拟结果对此也进行了证实.然而,若断层间隔太大,当其距离超过一定的限度后,破裂通常无法跨越断层阶区继续传播,而是终止在初始断层上.模拟结果还表明,初始断层与次级断层之间的重叠距离也十分重要,只有当断层阶区中两平行断层之间的重叠部分达到一定长度后,断层的破裂速度才有可能发生转换.此外,计算结果显示,破裂过程中断层面上的应力变化可能是破裂传播速度发生转换的直接原因.最后,模拟还发现,当破裂跨越断层阶区发生速度转换时,破裂需要停顿一定的时间,以便积聚足够的能量来实现破裂速度的增快. 相似文献
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如何用原位剪切波速测试结果判定人为干扰(包括改造)过的场地的工程场地类别,各个版本的相关规范、文献中均未涉及到,以致于工程界一直存在着混乱和错误。通过对工程场地类别物理涵义的揭示及常年实测经验的总结,本文给出解决问题的理论依据与实际方法:首先要评价这种人为干扰的范围及深度是否会影响到地震波对该场地的振动作用,评价的依据是该场地被人为干扰体量的大小。若被改变的场地体量足够大,要用改变后的原位剪切波速测试数据评价场地类别;反之,则不能简单地运用原位波速测试结果,而是要用人为扰动层下面约1m范围内原状土的原位波速测试值的85%替代整个扰动层的波速平均值,进而做场地类别的统计计算和判定。因为少量的人为扰动不足以改变场地的工程类别,却有可能改变直接的原位波速测试结果,从而导致误判。 相似文献
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针对Dvorkin 和Nur （1996） 提出的连续胶结声速理论（CCT）中的胶结半径表达式仅适用于孔隙式胶结疏松砂岩的局限性,通过胶结物与颗粒之间的空间几何关系,在胶结物中心厚度不为零的前提下,推导了胶结物胶结半径的一般表达式,并考察了胶结物中心厚度对疏松砂岩声波速度的影响,探讨了该表达式在基底式胶结疏松砂岩纵横波速度预测中的应用.结果表明：随胶结物中心厚度变大,纵、横波速度均减小,且孔隙度越大,胶结物含量越少,速度下降越快;孔隙度或胶结物含量不变时,纵横波速比随胶结物中心厚度的增大而增大;纵横波速比随孔隙度的变化规律与胶结物中心厚度有关,当胶结物中心厚度较小时,孔隙度增大,纵横波速比略微减小,而当胶结物中心厚度较大时,孔隙度的增大会引起纵横波速比略微增大;对于基底式胶结疏松砂岩,使用推广后表达式修正的CCT模型相对原CCT模型能够更好地预测其声波速度,同时发现,利用其纵横波速比无法预测由孔隙度或胶结物含量变化引起的疏松砂岩软硬的变化,但是在胶结物含量或孔隙度不变的情况下,纵横波速比可指示由胶结物中心厚度变化引起的疏松砂岩软硬的变化. 相似文献