共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
呼盟林火及草原火预报系统的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
利用呼伦贝尔盟3O多年的林火及草原火资料以及天气、气象资料，考虑了引火火源、地形地势、森林及草原可燃物类型、地面可燃物负荷量、植物含水率、植物返青状况等多种因子，根据理想的火烧模型和理论，采用以火报火的系统工程，全面系统地分析论述了林火及草原火预报的各种指标、模型和基本理论，并研制出了客观配套的“呼盟林火及草原火预报系统软件”。该预报系统软件包括火险等级、火强度等级、火烈度等级、火苗高度、蔓延速度、蔓延距离、火线长、火场面积、火场周边长、有效安全点火灭火的最小距离及相应逆风区火速、雷击火卫星遥感监预测等多种短中长期林火及草原火预报模型和产品。 相似文献
2.
《气象与环境学报》2016,(1)
不同地区中尺度气象模式WRF的模拟性能存在明显差异,本文利用数值模拟和统计方法,评估了WRF模式在济南地区的模拟性能,并对比研究地形和土地利用对WRF模式模拟性能的影响,为WRF模式在济南地区的业务化运行提供参考。结果表明:WRF模式能较准确的模拟济南地区近地面气象场及其时间变化特征;统计分析发现,WRF模式对济南地区近地面气温、比湿、风速及风向的模拟准确率分别为72.5%、59.6%、29.4%和36.2%。WRF模式模拟的济南地区夏季比湿偏低、风速偏高,模拟的风速存在系统性偏差。下垫面对WRF模式的模拟结果有显著影响,10 m风速的均方根误差(RMSE)与地形、坡度、模式格点和观测站点的地形偏差显著相关,与坡度的相关系数最大;2 m气温的RMSE仅与地形偏差显著相关,在复杂地形区比较站点观测气温与模式格点气温时,需考虑地形偏差的影响。 相似文献
3.
从2000年全年林火发生地区和时间分析研究入手，指出了2000年林火发生的两大重灾区。一个是东北林区（黑龙江、内蒙古大兴安岭林区），另一是长江以南大部分地区；划分出了森林火灾发生的三个高冷期，即3月中下旬到4月初、5月上中旬及6月中下旬。根据2000年林火发生地区和时间特征，分析研究了森林火灾发生的天气气候背景，森林火突出现的天气形势，结合卫星云图林火监测资料,对2000年森林火灾发生的大气环流进行了天气学模型分类。 相似文献
4.
基于智能网格气象产品、全国森林植被分布数据,选取动态气象因子和静态植被因子,建立了精细化森林火险气象预报模型并开展业务应用。利用火灾个例以及重点防火期内森林火灾实际过程,对模型预报效果进行评估,结果表明:①火险预报模型通过加入静态植被因子,考虑了不同类型的可燃物特征,基于GIS研发了精准到林区网格的精细化森林火险气象等级客观预报产品;②我国西南、华南、东北、华北等林火高发地区的重点防火期期间,降水晴雨准确率较高,采用的智能网格气象预报产品为模型提供了可靠、精细的动态气象背景场;③模型对火险气象条件模拟效果较好,对森林火灾的发生具有较好的指示意义;④模型实现了基于植被的森林火险气象等级网格化预报,产品空间分辨率5 km,预报时效为10 d,在国家级森林火险气象等级短、中期无缝隙精细化预报以及火场保障服务中取得了良好的应用效果。 相似文献
5.
对2017年春季黑龙江省大、小兴安岭林区的6个代表站点10 m风场进行降尺度分析,并结合观测数据对比分析了WRF模式和CALMET降尺度模式的10 m风速、风向预报结果。结果表明：两模式逐小时风速预报与观测的相关系数为0.5-0.7,且随着风速的增加,模式的预报准确率逐渐提高,夜间的风速预报偏差较大,进入白天后,偏差明显减小。WRF模式对风速变化趋势的预报效果优于CALMET模式,与观测的风速相关性更高,而CALMET模式对较大风速的预报效果优于WRF模式。在风向预报方面,WRF和CALMET的风向模拟与观测风向均有较好的一致性,模式预报准确率较高的两个风向也刚好对应各站的盛行风向。同时,本文用回归方法对日平均风速进行订正发现,订正后各站的日平均风速预报准确率平均提高了50%,具有较好的业务应用价值。 相似文献
6.
森林火灾气象环境条件和林火研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
<正>1引言森林火灾的发生、发展与火源、可燃物和天气气候条件三大要素密切相关,又称"森林的燃烧三角",在有利于森林燃烧的天气气候条件下,火源是林火发生的主导因素,可燃物的类型与特性又与林火的性质、大小及其蔓延速度紧密相联,是林火发生的物质基础,大气的温度、相对湿度、风则是林火发生与发展的环境条件。湿度和大气降水直接影响着可燃物的水分含量,进而决定了可燃物的易燃程度。风能给林火提供充足的氧气,促使林火蔓延,气温高、湿 相似文献
7.
本文分析了1987年5月大兴安岭特大森林火灾的气象成因。前期干旱、少雨及5月上旬气温的显著偏高，是发生特大火灾的气候背景。大兴安岭位于我国最北部，属于寒温带，年平均气温只有-3—-6 ℃，有机物分解缓慢，使林内可燃物越积越多，是发生火灾的物质基础。在已有大量火源存在的情况下，正逢有强干冷锋过境，平均风速达8—12 m/s，最大17.0 m/s，使火势急速蔓延，是造成特大森林火灾的最关键因素。地形与气温、积雪有密切关系，也对火场的蔓延有一定的影响。 相似文献
8.
9.
《高原气象》2020,(1)
在计算机流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)模式Fluent的基础之上修改传统的RANS湍流参数化方案,选用大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)的湍流方案,并引入温度层结的浮力模型,得到修改后的Fluent模式。使用中尺度预报模式WRF和WRF耦合修改前后的Fluent模式模拟江西鄱阳湖地区内吉山测风站处2010年12月至2011年3月4个月的风速、风向和2011年3月6日吉山站附近地形流场以及气温场的变化过程。结合观测资料的对比发现,WRF模式在耦合Fluent后,对吉山单站点风速风向的模拟效果得到改善。WRF耦合Fluent的模拟方法在Fluent修改后(算例2),相比修改前(算例1)可以更精确地模拟吉山站各高度处的风速风向。4个月70 m高度平均风速WRF、算例1和算例2的平均误差分别为3. 963,2. 727和2. 224 m·s-1。算例2与观测的70 m高度风向玫瑰图匹配程度总体上比算例1更高。算例2还可以模拟出白天不稳定状态下的热浮力效应和空间分布不均匀且较大的湍动能,能模拟出夜间大气边界层的逆温现象,而算例1则不能。以上结果均表明在对Fluent模式修改后,WRF耦合Fluent的模拟方法对吉山站附近风场的模拟效果得到改善。 相似文献
10.
11.
广东省电网分布密集,覆盖范围广,下垫面地表环境复杂,因此容易遭受自然灾害的侵袭。山火作为灾害之一,对输电线路影响较大,及时有效地实现对山火的监测预警具有重大意义。本文在MODIS山火识别原理的基础上对广东地区进行山火卫星遥感监测,为提高监测精度,文中分别基于时间、空间、云覆盖程度等因素进行了广东省及周边地区2017年典型火点亮温及背景亮温的统计,在此基础上得到更符合当地火点判识标准的阈值表。经验证,该方法在2017年4月3日广东省及周边火点的自动判识中精度可达90.5%,并且多次在广东省电网山火监测中发挥了预警作用。 相似文献
12.
2023年,全球平均气温比工业化前高出约1.45℃（±0.12℃）,是有观测记录以来最热的一年。全球海平面继续上升,且全球平均海平面达到了有卫星记录(1993年至今)以来的最高水平,反映了持续的海洋变暖以及冰川和冰盖的融化。北极海冰面积仍远低于常年值,南极海冰面积创下历史新低。巴基斯坦、中国京津冀地区、意大利、巴西圣保罗州北部沿海地区、新西兰北岛等地遭受暴雨洪涝灾害,非洲西北部、中国云南、中美洲和南美洲北部发生严重干旱,南欧、北美、南美、东亚和南亚等地遭遇创纪录高温热浪,欧洲和北美等地遭遇寒流和暴风雪侵袭,强对流天气频繁袭击世界各处,全球热带气旋活动频繁。 相似文献
13.
近年来,极端天气气候事件频繁发生,且常常表现为多种事件交织形成的复合型极端事件。为了更好地认识复合型极端事件,IPCC AR6基于现有的新证据评估了复合型极端事件的最新研究成果,并取得一些新认识：扩展了有关复合型极端事件的定义,重点围绕高温干旱复合型极端事件、复合洪水和野火,评估了复合型极端事件的变化特征,探讨了复合型极端事件多因子之间的依赖性,对人类活动的影响进行了归因分析并给出了未来可能的变化。这些评估结果丰富了对复合型极端事件的基本认识。但根据现有的评估可以发现,目前在复合型极端事件发生发展机理认识方面还存在不足;同时,未来仍需进一步完善跨学科跨部门跨区域研究,加强对复合型极端事件形成机理、预估及其对生态系统,经济社会影响风险的评估,提高对区域气候变化的适应能力。 相似文献
14.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
15.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
16.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
17.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
18.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
19.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
20.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献