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通过对电源系统SPD几种常见的组合方式用8/20μs电流进行冲击试验,测出每种组合的残压和通流以及冲击前后的静态参数,通过试验并对试验数据进行分析发现:常见的电源系统SPD组合方式中两压敏电阻并联时的通流最大、残压最小,而压敏电阻串联时的残压最大、通流最小;采用多个压敏电阻并联适用于暂态过电流较大的保护场合;压敏电阻与气体放电管串联时,残压稍高,通流量增大,无漏电流,但反应时间变长,适用对SPD响应时间要求不太高的电路中;压敏电阻漏电流随着冲击电压的增大不断升高,所以应定期检测,及时更换。 相似文献
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防雷箱广泛应用在各类低压配电系统的雷电防护中,为研究防雷箱在8/20μs冲击电流作用下常出现"二次感应"的现象,基于Haefely DIAS 733测试系统通过大量试验,结合电磁感应理论对感应电压进行计算,并利用PSPICE建立感应回路。结果表明:1防雷箱内部平行布线且输入输出同端口时,"二次感应"电压幅值服从电磁感应定律,且可进行较精确计算。2采用双绞线布线、地线与输出线非平行、输入与输出线异端口且与地线非平行3种方法可有效地降低因电磁感应而增加的残压,从而获得较低的输出残压。3试验表明,当内部采用输入与输出线异端口且与地线非平行的综合布线方案后,效果最明显,在60kA冲击电流下,相对未改进的防雷箱,采样点残压下降约45%。 相似文献
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火花间隙浪涌保护器具有放电能力强、通流容量大、漏电流小等优点,所以在电力系统的防雷保护中得到了广泛应用。文中从气体放电电压与间隙之间的距离、电极形状、电压波形、气压、气温、气体本身的性质以及照射方面讨论和分析了火花间隙浪涌保护器的放电特性。通过相关实验得出了以下结论:1)低压电源浪涌保护器的放电间隙应该大大缩小,用于高压线路的放电间隙比使用U=1560+500L计算的结果高出太多,也应考虑缩小。2)浪涌保护器间隙以均匀电场为好,此时的伏—秒特性曲线平缓,放电分散性小,保护特性好。3)SF6/N2混合气体具有抗电能力高、对电场均匀程度的敏感性低、液化温度低、化学性质稳定、毒性小、成本低等特点,在实际设计浪涌保护器时可以考虑用该混合气体当火花间隙的绝缘材料。 相似文献
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为探讨Ⅱ级试验防雷SPD(浪涌保护器)的最大放电电流I_(max)(8/20μs)值与Ⅰ级试验防雷SPD的冲击电流I_(imp)(10/350μs)值之间的等效关系,采用将I_(max)(8/20μs)电流波和I_(imp)(10/350μs)电流波分别等效为斜角波的方法,分别计算Ⅱ级试验SPD承受的I_(max)(8/20μs)电流波能量和Ⅰ级试验SPD承受的I_(imp)(10/350μs)电流波能量,令两者的能量相等,分析计算出I_(max)(8/20μs)和I_(imp)(10/350μs)应满足的比值关系。通过分析计算得出:当Ⅱ级试验SPD的电压保护水平值与Ⅰ级试验SPD的电压保护水平值相等时,Ⅱ级试验SPD的最大放电电流I_(max)(8/20μs)值为Ⅰ级试验SPD的冲击电流I_(imp)(10/350μs)值的21.56倍,两者所能承受的能量大致相等。 相似文献
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选取2017年6月15日和7月8日的2次人工引雷试验人工触发闪电数据,对采集系统记录了2次有明显残压波形的数据进行分析,结果表明:2次人工触发闪电的平均回击雷电流幅值为11.00kA,平均雷电流波形10%~90%的上升时间为0.24μs,平均雷电流的半峰宽度为10.98μs,平均雷电流的回击波形10%~90%的上升陡度38.20GA/s。2次人工触发闪电的平均残压持续时间为387.1μs,残压峰值平均值为969.4V,残压平均值为759.6V。自然闪电通常具有多回击、回击间隔时间短、放电过程复杂多样等特点,有可能破坏SPD热稳定性,加速老化,甚至可能被击穿;而该试验中SPD没有被损坏,主要是因为:人工触发闪电造成架空线路近距离发生闪电感应,尽管SPD的残压值高,但是电流比较小,所以SPD承受的能量不大。 相似文献
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电阻电压降的空气击穿强度为500kV/m已是共识,然而笔者在研制"低压电源避雷绝缘子"专利产品过程中,发现小间隙电阻电压降的空气击穿强度大大高于此值,于是在"外径千分尺"上设立可调节放电间隙,从0间距开始,每次扩大0.01mm,对空气微小间隙放电的伏距特性进行测试研究.发现空气间隙放电的伏距特性随着间隙的增大由非线性变化区段发展到线性变化区段的规律,0.4 mm是非线性变化区段变为线性区段的关节点.当间隙小于0.4 mm时,击穿电压与击穿距离存在降指数函数关系;当间隙大于等于0.4mm时,击穿电压正比于距离加一个常量,即距离每增加0.01mm,击穿电压增加5 V,常量为1560 V.500kV/m只是间隙在大于等于0.4mm区段并间隙无限增大时空气击穿强度无限趋近的最低值,与微小间隙的空气击穿强度严重不符. 相似文献
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该文针对目前不能定量连续性的给出埋地电缆不同环境因素下雷击过电压变化趋势的缺陷,利用2.6/50μs计算理论雷电流波形,建立埋地电缆和闪电通道几何关系模型,主要研究了埋地电缆不同埋地深度、雷击点水平距离、电缆接地间隔因素对金属护套层和金属芯线间产生雷电感应过电压的影响,定量的分析出埋地电缆最合适的安装环境因素。研究表明,埋地深度在0.5～2.5 m的范围内,其埋地电缆绝缘外护套层和金属护套层间感应电压递减幅度较大,与孤立物体水平距离大于20 m时,电缆上雷击感应过电压较小,且在2 km处做一次防雷接地,雷电过电压趋于平缓变化趋势。 相似文献
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介绍了雷电波在遇到串联电感时,不同的时刻折、反射系数会发生变化,雷电波通过它们时将发生波形的改变.雷电波的陡度降低,雷电波的电压幅值也相应降低.根据这一原理,利用ICGS冲击平台进行大规模的试验,通过对实验数据进行对比分析,提出在多级电涌保护器的设计中,采用串联电感的方法可以降低电涌保护器的残压,相对地增加SPD的承受能力,提高电涌保护器的保护效果,对电力系统的防雷保护具有重要意义. 相似文献
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金属氧化物压敏电阻(MOV)在防止电力系统免受雷电过电压侵扰时起至关重要的作用。文中基于MOV仿真模型IEEE模型,建立了一种新的MOV仿真模型F-D模型,并利用ATP-EMTP电磁暂态仿真软件进行仿真模拟,进而对比分析IEEE模型和F-D模型在残压误差上的优缺点。相比于IEEE模型,在波形为8/20μs和峰值为10 kA的雷电电流冲击下,FD模型能更好地再现雷电电流冲击后的残压值。F-D模型中的电感参数对仿真结果影响较大,其值与残压误差值呈负相关关系。在波形为8/20μs和峰值分别为5、7、10 kA的雷电电流冲击下,优化后的F-D模型残压误差均可忽略不计,因此优化后的F-D模型能很好地反映出实际的MOV动作特性。 相似文献
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Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
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The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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