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1.
Temporal characteristics of the Beijing urban heat island 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Summary This paper describes the inter-annual trend, and the seasonal and hourly variation of the near surface urban heat island (UHI)
in Beijing. The surface air temperature data (mean, maximum, and minimum) from one urban (downtown Beijing) and one rural
(70 km from downtown Beijing) station were used for the period 1977 and 2000. It is found that the temperatures in both urban
and rural stations show an increasing tendency. Specifically, minimum temperature shows the greatest tendency at the urban
station whereas maximum temperature shows the greatest increase at the rural station. The UHI intensity obtained by calculating
the difference in temperatures between the two stations identifies that the intensity is greatest and has the greatest increasing
trend for minimum temperature, while the UHI intensity of maximum temperature shows a slow decrease over time. UHI intensity
for minimum temperature has a strong positive correlation with the increase in the urban population and the expansion of the
yearly construction area. Seasonal analyses showed the UHI intensity is strongest in winter. This seasonal UHI variation tends
to be negatively correlated with the seasonal variation of relative humidity and vapor pressure. Hourly variation reveals
that the strongest UHI intensity is observed in the late nighttime or evening, while the weakest is observed during the day. 相似文献
2.
苏州-无锡-常州城市带热岛效应个例研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用WRF（weather research and forecasting）及其耦合的多层城市冠层模式BEP（building energy parameterization）,对2013年8月13日长江三角洲地区一次高温天气过程进行了模拟.此次过程盛行东南风,风向与苏州-无锡-常州城市带走向一致.模拟结果表明：苏州-无锡-常州城市带热岛效应明显,热岛强度向下游城市逐渐增加;在东南风作用下,三座城市的热岛连成一片,形成了一个更强大的热岛环流.夜晚,边界层逐渐趋于稳定,热岛环流减弱,有利于热岛温度向下游地区输送.热岛效应导致城市边界层高度明显上升.白天太湖产生强盛的湖风对其周边城市影响显著,来自太湖的冷气团导致无锡和常州边界层内热岛强度明显下降,抑制城市热岛向上发展,削弱了无锡与常州两城市热岛间的联系.白天太湖使得无锡和常州边界层高度明显下降. 相似文献
3.
应用WRF(weather research and forecasting)及其耦合的多层城市冠层模式BEP(building energy parameterization),对2013年8月13日长江三角洲地区一次高温天气过程进行了模拟。此次过程盛行东南风,风向与苏州—无锡—常州城市带走向一致。模拟结果表明:苏州—无锡—常州城市带热岛效应明显,热岛强度向下游城市逐渐增加;在东南风作用下,三座城市的热岛连成一片,形成了一个更强大的热岛环流。夜晚,边界层逐渐趋于稳定,热岛环流减弱,有利于热岛温度向下游地区输送。热岛效应导致城市边界层高度明显上升。白天太湖产生强盛的湖风对其周边城市影响显著,来自太湖的冷气团导致无锡和常州边界层内热岛强度明显下降,抑制城市热岛向上发展,削弱了无锡与常州两城市热岛间的联系。白天太湖使得无锡和常州边界层高度明显下降。 相似文献
4.
Manju Mohan Yukihiro Kikegawa B. R. Gurjar Shweta Bhati Narendra Reddy Kolli 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,112(3-4):647-658
Urban heat island intensities (UHI) have been assessed based on in situ measurements and satellite-derived observations for the megacity Delhi during a selected period in March 2010. A network of micrometeorological observational stations was set up across the city. Site selection for stations was based on dominant land use–land cover (LULC) classification. Observed UHI intensities could be classified into high, medium and low categories which overall correlated well with the LULC categories viz. dense built-up, medium dense built-up and green/open areas, respectively. Dense urban areas and highly commercial areas were observed to have highest UHI with maximum hourly magnitude peaking up to 10.7 °C and average daily maximum UHI reaching 8.3 °C. UHI obtained in the study was also compared with satellite-derived land surface temperatures (LST). UHI based on in situ ambient temperatures and satellite-derived land surface temperatures show reasonable comparison during nighttime in terms of UHI magnitude and hotspots. However, the relation was found to be poor during daytime. Further, MODIS-derived LSTs showed overestimation during daytime and underestimation during nighttime when compared with in situ skin temperature measurements. Impact of LULC was also reflected in the difference between ambient temperature and skin temperature at the observation stations as built-up canopies reported largest gradient between air and skin temperature. Also, a comparison of intra-city spatial temperature variations based UHI vis-à-vis a reference rural site temperature-based UHI indicated that UHI can be computed with respect to the station measuring lowest temperature within the urban area in the absence of a reference station in the rural area close to the study area. Comparison with maximum and average UHI of other cities of the world revealed that UHI in Delhi is comparable to other major cities of the world such as London, Tokyo and Beijing and calls for mitigation action plans. 相似文献
5.
Although the urban heat island (UHI) is a well-documented phenomenon, relatively little information in the literature is available about its impact on summer extreme heat event (EHE). As UHI is characterized by increased temperature, it can potentially increase the magnitude and duration of EHEs within cities. Based on daily maximum temperature records from 62 observation stations in Zhejiang province from the period 1971-2011 and satellite-measured nighttime light imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) during 1992-2010, we analyzed the long-term change of summer EHEs and its association with the rapid urbanization process. The results could be concluded as follows: (1) Zhejiang has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic growth in urban areas in the past two decades, especially after 2000. (2) The summer mean maximum temperature and the 95th percentile of summer daily maximum temperature in most of its stations have increased, with the most significant increase occurring in the highly urbanized areas including the city belt around Hangzhou Bay, Taizhou–Wenzhou and Jinghua–Yiwu city belts. (3) The hot days and hot-day degrees, defined by both daily 95th percentile and the threshold of 35℃, show that the UHI effect causes additional hot days and heat stress in urban stations compared to rural stations. The results in this study suggest that the UHI effect should be determined and incorporated in preparing high temperature forecasts in cities. 相似文献
6.
7.
Katie Jenkins Jim Hall Vassilis Glenis Chris Kilsby Mark McCarthy Clare Goodess Duncan Smith Nick Malleson Mark Birkin 《Climatic change》2014,124(1-2):105-117
High temperatures and heatwaves can cause large societal impacts by increasing health risks, mortality rates, and personal discomfort. These impacts are exacerbated in cities because of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, and the high and increasing concentrations of people, assets and economic activities. Risks from high temperatures are now widely recognised but motivation and implementation of proportionate policy responses is inhibited by inadequate quantification of the benefits of adaptation options, and associated uncertainties. This study utilises high spatial resolution probabilistic projections of urban temperatures along with projections of demographic change, to provide a probabilistic risk assessment of heat impacts on urban society. The study focuses on Greater London and the surrounding region, assessing mortality risk, thermal discomfort in residential buildings, and adaptation options within an integrated framework. Climate change is projected to increase future heat-related mortality and residential discomfort. However, adjusting the temperature response function by 1–2 °C, to simulate adaptation and acclimatisation, reduced annual heat related mortality by 32–69 % across the scenarios tested, relative to a no adaptation scenario. Similar benefits of adaptation were seen for residential discomfort. The study also highlights additional benefits in terms of reduced mortality and residential discomfort that mitigating the urban heat island, by reducing albedo and anthropogenic heat emissions, could have. 相似文献
8.
This paper describes the statistical characteristics and temporal variability of the urban heat island (UHI) intensity in Buenos Aires using 32-year surface meteorological data with 1-h time intervals. Seasonal analyses show that the UHI intensity is strongest during summer months and an “inverse” effect is found frequently during the afternoon hours of the same season. During winter, the UHI effect is in the minimal. The interannual trend and the seasonal variation of the UHI for the main synoptic hours for a longer record of 48?years are studied and associated to changes in meteorological factors as low-level circulation and cloud amount. Despite the population growth, it was found a negative trend in the nocturnal UHI intensity that could be explained by a decline of near clear-sky conditions, a negative trend in the calm frequencies and an increase in wind speed. Urban to rural temperature differences and rural temperatures are negatively correlated for diurnal and nocturnal hours both for annual and seasonal scales. This result is due to the lower interannual variability of urban temperatures in comparison to rural ones. 相似文献
9.
Detection of urbanization signals in extreme winter minimum temperature changes over Northern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Qingxiang Li Jiayou Huang Zhihong Jiang Liming Zhou Peng Chu Kaixi Hu 《Climatic change》2014,122(4):595-608
Although previous studies show that urbanization contributes to less than 10 % of the long-term regional total warming trend of mean surface air temperature in northeast China (Li et al. 2010), the urban heat island (UHI) impact on extreme temperatures could be more significant. This paper examines the urbanization impact on extreme winter minimum temperatures from 33 stations in North China during the period of 1957–2010. We use the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution to analyze the distribution of extreme minimum temperatures and the long-term variations of the three distributional characteristics parameters. Results suggest that among the three distribution parameters, the position parameter is the most representative in terms of the long-term extreme minimum temperature change. A new classification method based on the intercommunity (factors analysis method) of the temperature change is developed to detect the urbanization effect on winter extreme minimum temperatures in different cities. During the period of rapid urbanization (after 1980), the magnitude of variations of the three distribution parameters for the urban station group is larger than that for the reference station group, indicating a higher chance of occurrence of warmer weather and a larger fluctuation of temperatures. Among different types of cities, the three parameters of extreme minimum temperature distribution of the urban station group are, without exception, higher than those of the reference station group. The urbanization of different types of cities all show a warming effect, with small-size cities have the most evident effects on extreme minimum temperatures. 相似文献
10.
Recent temperature projections for urban areas have only been able to reflect the expected change due to greenhouse-induced warming, with little attempt to predict urbanisation effects. This research examines temperature changes due to both global warming and urbanisation independently and applies them differentially to urban and rural areas over a sub-tropical city, Hong Kong. The effect of global warming on temperature is estimated by regressing IPCC data from eight Global Climate Models against the background temperature recorded at a rural climate station. Results suggest a mean background temperature increase of 0.67 °C by 2039. To model temperature changes for different degrees of urbanization, long-term temperature records along with a measureable urbanisation parameter, plot ratio surrounding different automatic weather stations (AWS) were used. Models representing daytime and nighttime respectively were developed, and a logarithmic relationship between the rate of temperature change and plot ratio (degree of urbanisation) is observed. Baseline air temperature patterns over Hong Kong for 2009 were derived from two ASTER thermal satellite images, for summer daytime and nighttime respectively. Dynamic raster modeling was employed to project temperatures to 2039 in 10-year intervals on a per-pixel basis according to the degree of urbanization predicted. Daytime and nighttime temperatures in the highly urbanized areas are expected to rise by ca. 2 °C by 2039. Validation by projecting observed temperature trends at AWS, gave low average RMS errors of 0.19 °C for daytime and 0.14 °C for nighttime, and suggests the reliability of the method. 相似文献
11.
Simulation of urban climate with high-resolution WRF model: A case study in Nanjing, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study, urban climate in Nanjing of eastern China is simulated using 1-km resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a single-layer Urban Canopy Model. Based on the 10-summer simulation results from 2000 to 2009 we find that the WRF model is capable of capturing the high-resolution features of urban climate over Nanjing area. Although WRF underestimates the total precipitation amount, the model performs well in simulating the surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation frequency and inter-annual variability. We find that extremely hot events occur most frequently in urban area, with daily maximum (minimum) temperature exceeding 36°C (28°C) in around 40% (32%) of days. Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect at surface is more evident during nighttime than daytime, with 20% of cases the UHI intensity above 2.5°C at night. However, The UHI affects the vertical structure of Planet Boundary Layer (PBL) more deeply during daytime than nighttime. Net gain for latent heat and net radiation is larger over urban than rural surface during daytime. Correspondingly, net loss of sensible heat and ground heat are larger over urban surface resulting from warmer urban skin. Because of different diurnal characteristics of urban-rural differences in the latent heat, ground heat and other energy fluxes, the near surface UHI intensity exhibits a very complex diurnal feature. UHI effect is stronger in days with less cloud or lower wind speed. Model results reveal a larger precipitation frequency over urban area, mainly contributed by the light rain events (< 10 mm d?1). Consistent with satellite dataset, around 10?C20% more precipitation occurs in urban than rural area at afternoon induced by more unstable urban PBL, which induces a strong vertical atmospheric mixing and upward moisture transport. A significant enhancement of precipitation is found in the downwind region of urban in our simulations in the afternoon. 相似文献
12.
Akihiko Murata Hidetaka Sasaki Mizuki Hanafusa Kazuo Kurihara 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,112(1-2):351-361
This study demonstrates that urban heat island (UHI) intensity can be estimated by comparing observational data and the outputs of a well-developed high-resolution regional climate model. Such an estimate is possible because the observations include the effects of UHI, whereas the model used does not include urban effects. Therefore, the errors in the simulated surface air temperature, defined as the difference between simulated and observed temperatures (simulated minus observed), are negative in urban areas but 0 in rural areas. UHI intensity is estimated by calculating the difference in temperature error between urban and rural areas. Our results indicate that overall UHI intensity in Japan is 1.5 K and that the intensity is greater in nighttime than in daytime, consistent with the previous studies. This study also shows that root mean square error and the magnitude of systematic error for the annual mean temperature are small (within 1.0 K). 相似文献
13.
大尺度环境风场对城市热岛效应影响的数值模拟试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用耦合模式WRF-UCM模拟了上海、南京两个地区4次城市热岛现象,发现城市热岛效应高温的水平分布与大尺度环境风场之间有着密切的联系:城市热岛的高温带在地面风的影响下,向下风方平移,导致城市下游郊区的气温明显上升.从气温垂直剖面图上可以看出,在地面风的作用下,低层大气都出现了一个水平方向上的高温带,从城区一直延伸到下游... 相似文献
14.
利用MODIS地表温度数据,计算城市热岛强度指数,分析近15年广州市城市热岛的时空分布特征及演变规律,并结合气象观测数据、社会统计数据定性分析其主要影响因素。结果表明:广州市城市热岛的空间分布受地形地貌影响明显,负热岛区主要分布于森林密集的北部山区,无热岛区主要分布于中部低山丘陵区域,热岛区主要分布于高度城市化的中南部平原区。关于城市热岛的日变化规律,白天热岛区、负热岛区面积均小于夜间,但白天热岛区强度、负热岛区强度大于夜间。关于城市热岛的季节变化规律,冬季热岛区面积最大,热岛强度最小,夏季热岛区面积最小,热岛强度最大;冬季负热岛区面积最小,负热岛强度最小,夏季负热岛区面积最大,负热岛强度最大。对于城市热岛的年际变化规律,近15年来广州市的热岛区、负热岛区占全市总面积的百分比呈上升趋势,无热岛区所占百分比呈下降趋势,人为热排放在城市中心区域的持续增长,加上区内建筑物密度大、植被覆盖度低,导致了热岛区的增加,而北部山区至中部丘陵山区的植被的持续好转,加上地理特征限制了该区域的城市化发展,导致了负热岛区的增加。 相似文献
15.
Characterization and estimation of urban heat island at Toronto: impact of the choice of rural sites 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
In this study, the urban heat island of Toronto was characterized and estimated in order to examine the impact of the selection of rural sites on the estimation of urban heat island (UHI) intensity (?T u-r). Three rural stations, King Smoke Tree (KST), Albion Hill, and Millgrove, were used for the analysis of UHI intensity for two urban stations, Toronto downtown (Toronto) and Toronto Pearson (Pearson) using data from 1970 to 2000. The UHI intensity was characterized as winter dominating and summer dominating, depending on the choice of the rural station. The analyses of annual and seasonal trends of ?T u-r suggested that urban heat island clearly appears in winter at both Toronto and Pearson. However, due to the mitigating effect on temperature from Lake Ontario, the estimated trend of UHI intensity was found to be less at Toronto compared to that at Pearson which has no direct lake effect. In terms of the impacts of the rural stations, for both KST and Millgrove, the trends in UHI intensity were found to be statistically significant and also were in good agreement with the estimates of UHI intensities reported for other large cities in the USA. Depending on the choice of the rural station, the estimated trend for the UHI intensity at Toronto ranges from 0.01°C/decade to 0.02°C/decade, and that at Pearson ranges from 0.03°C/decade to 0.035°C/decade during 1970–2000. From the analysis of the seasonal distribution of ?T u-r, the UHI intensity was found to be higher at Toronto in winter than that at Pearson for all three rural stations. This was likely accounted for by the lower amount of anthropogenic heat flux at Pearson. Considering the results from the statistical analysis with respect to the geographic and surface features for each rural station, KST was suggested to be a better choice to estimate UHI intensity at Toronto compared to the other rural stations. The analysis from the current study suggests that the selection of a unique urban–rural pair to estimate UHI intensity for a city like Toronto is a critical task, as it will be for any city, and it is imperative to consider some key features such as the physiography, surface characteristics of the urban and rural stations, the climatology such as the trends in annual and seasonal variation of UHI with respect to the physical characteristics of the stations, and also more importantly the objectives of a particular study in the context of UHI effect. 相似文献
16.
应用城市地表能量平衡方案研究城市冠层结构对城市热岛的热力影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
用南京大学区域边界层模式NJU-RBLM, 通过对一组理想试验的模拟, 研究了TEB方案 (town energy balance) 和SVAT方案 (soil－vegetation－atmosphere transfer) 模拟城市热岛现象的差异及本质原因, 发现TEB方案对城市热岛 (UHI) 尤其是夜间UHI模拟效果更优, 这是由于TEB方案具备较强模拟城市储热项的能力形成的。此外, 深入探讨UHI对大气边界层热力结构的影响, 发现UHI现象使城市和郊区的近地层位温廓线在清晨和傍晚都存在明显差异, 同时使城市区域气温全天高于郊区, 且日间城乡温差能达到的高度明显高于夜间。分析人为热源和建筑物冠层对UHI的影响时发现: 人为热源对UHI的影响在夜间强于白天, 而建筑物对白天城市湍能的影响强于人为热源的作用。 相似文献
17.
With the surface air temperature (SAT) data at 37 stations on Central Yunnan Plateau (CYP) for 1961–2010 and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light data, the temporal-spatial patterns of the SAT trends are detected using Sen’s Nonparametric Estimator of Slope approach and MK test, and the impact of urbanization on surface warming is analyzed by comparing the differences between the air temperature change trends of urban stations and their corresponding rural stations. Results indicated that annual mean air temperature showed a significant warming trend, which is equivalent to a rate of 0.17 °C/decade during the past 50 years. Seasonal mean air temperature presents a rising trend, and the trend was more significant in winter (0.31 °C/decade) than in other seasons. Annual/seasonal mean air temperature tends to increase in most areas, and higher warming trend appeared in urban areas, notably in Kunming city. The regional mean air temperature series was significantly impacted by urban warming, and the urbanization-induced warming contributed to approximately 32.3–62.9 % of the total regional warming during the past 50 years. Meantime, the urbanization-induced warming trend in winter and spring was more significant than that in summer and autumn. Since 1985, the urban heat island (UHI) intensity has gradually increased. And the urban temperatures always rise faster than rural temperatures on the CYP. 相似文献
18.
Trends in extreme rainfall events of Bangladesh 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Shamsuddin Shahid 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,103(3-4):489-499
Previous studies have shown that urbanization in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in southern China can have significant effect on the land-sea breeze circulation in the region. In this study, some characteristics of this urban heat island (UHI) effect are further investigated by some idealized numerical experiments. This study focuses on three aspects of the UHI effects. Firstly, the interaction of UHI effects associated with different city clusters in the PRD region. Secondly, the UHI effect and the strength of the background wind field. Thirdly, seasonal variation of the UHI effect. Experiment results suggest that the interaction of the UHI effects due to the closely distributed city clusters in the PRD region is not significant, while the UHI effect in the region may depend on the strength of the background wind. The seasonal-mean UHI effect in the region shows a significant variation associated with the change of seasons. 相似文献
19.
Based on an in-homogeneity adjusted dataset of the monthly mean temperature, minimum and maximum temperature, this paper analyzes the temporal characteristics of Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity at Wuhan Station, and its impact on the long-term trend of surface air temperature change recorded during 1961–2015 by using an urban-rural method. Results show that UHI effect is obvious near Wuhan Station in the past 55 years, especially for minimum temperature. The strongest UHI intensity occurs in summer and the weakest in winter. For the period 1961–2004, UHI intensity undergoes a significant increase near the urban station, with the increase especially large for the period 1988–2004, but the last 10 years witness a significant decrease, with the decrease in minimum temperature being more significant than that of maximum temperature. The annual mean urban warming and its contribution to overall warming are 0.18?C/10yr and 48.8% respectively for the period 1961–2015, with a more significant and larger urbanization effect seen in Tmin than Tmax. Thus, a large proportion warming, about half of the overall increase in annual mean temperature, as observed at the urban station, can be attributed to the rapid urbanization in the past half a century. 相似文献
20.
Urban-rural difference of land cover is the key determinant of urban heat island (UHI). In order to evaluate the impact of land cover data on the simulation of UHI, a comparative study between up-to-date CORINE land cover (CLC) and Urban Atlas (UA) with fine resolution (100 and 10 m) and old US Geological Survey (USGS) data with coarse resolution (30 s) was conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) coupled with bulk approach of Noah-LSM for Berlin. The comparison between old data and new data partly reveals the effect of urbanization on UHI and the historical evolution of UHI, while the comparison between different resolution data reveals the impact of resolution of land cover on the simulation of UHI. Given the high heterogeneity of urban surface and the fine-resolution land cover data, the mosaic approach was implemented in this study to calculate the sub-grid variability in land cover compositions. Results showed that the simulations using UA and CLC data perform better than that using USGS data for both air and land surface temperatures. USGS-based simulation underestimates the temperature, especially in rural areas. The longitudinal variations of both temperature and land surface temperature show good agreement with urban fraction for all the three simulations. To better study the comprehensive characteristic of UHI over Berlin, the UHI curves (UHIC) are developed for all the three simulations based on the relationship between temperature and urban fraction. CLC- and UA-based simulations show smoother UHICs than USGS-based simulation. The simulation with old USGS data obviously underestimates the extent of UHI, while the up-to-date CLC and UA data better reflect the real urbanization and simulate the spatial distribution of UHI more accurately. However, the intensity of UHI simulated by CLC and UA data is not higher than that simulated by USGS data. The simulated air temperature is not dominated by the land cover as much as the land surface temperature, as air temperature is also affected by air advection. 相似文献