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1.
依靠云滴的射线光学模型，针对具有吸收的耗散介质，可得到形式完整的电磁波反射系数公式，并且可求得具有几何意义的实际折射角。文中重点讨论了云滴中污染内含物及其不同的内混合方式对光化通量增强因子的影响。结果表明：云滴的存在都能增强光子的光化通量，仅当吸收系数非常大时，云滴内光化通量才会减小；无论哪一种内混合方式，受污染的云滴内光化通量增强基本上稍大于先前的估计值；光化通量增强因子一般都在1．2-1．62之间，即光化通量增加了20％-62％；吸收系数为零时，增强因子与云滴半径无关；增强因子随云滴半径和吸收系数的增大而减小。当云滴半径接近lμm时，吸收系数的影响迅速减小。 相似文献
2.
利用TUV模式计算分析了银川光化辐射通量变化特征,探讨了云、气溶胶、臭氧柱浓度、NO_(2)柱浓度等因子对银川光化辐射通量的影响。结果表明:2019年7—9月银川月平均光化辐射通量分别为6.5E+16光子数·cm^(-2)·s^(-1)、5.6E+16光子数·cm^(-2)·s^(-1)和4.7E+16光子数·cm^(-2)·s^(-1),日最大值出现在13:00;波长小于325 nm时,光化辐射通量随波长增加缓慢上升,波长在325—480 nm之间时,光化辐射通量迅速升高,波长大于480 nm时,光化辐射通量随波长增加变化较小,此特征在中午前后较早晚表现更明显;云光学厚度和气溶胶光学厚度对光化辐射通量的衰减作用具有明显的“U”型日变化特征,比较而言,气溶胶光学厚度对光化辐射通量衰减作用的“U”型波形更为宽广;光化辐射通量衰减率对较低的云光学厚度的变化更敏感;光化辐射通量随气溶胶光学厚度增加而减小的变率要比随云光学厚度增加而减小的变率小;光化辐射通量对单次散射反照比大于0.6的强散射性气溶胶的变化更敏感,且气溶胶光学厚度越大,此特性整体表现越明显;波长指数对光化辐射通量的影响相对较小。 相似文献
3.
云内过饱和度是影响云宏微观物理特性的关键之一。利用显式混合气泡模式,首先研究了云滴周围过饱和度在夹卷混合过程中的演变特征,结果表明:过饱和度先因干空气作用减小,后因云滴蒸发作用增大,直到气块恢复饱和。随后分析了不同的热力、动力和微物理因子对过饱和度的减小幅度和饱和恢复快慢程度的影响。敏感性试验表明:减幅小、恢复快的因子是较大的卷入空气相对湿度和初始云滴数浓度;相对湿度越大,夹卷的影响越小;数浓度越大,云滴尺度越小,蒸发越快,对湿度的补充越强。减幅大、恢复慢的因子是较大的卷入空气比例;卷入空气越多,蒸发量越大。减幅大、恢复快的因子是较大的湍流动能耗散率;混合过程越快,云滴蒸发越快。研究结果有助于提升对夹卷混合过程和暖云降水理论的理解。 相似文献
4.
基于一维分档MISTRA边界层云模式,模拟研究了内部混有不可溶核的硫酸铵气溶胶对边界层暖云微物理特征的影响。结果表明：边界层内湍流动能通量是影响暖云发展的重要因素。云中液态水含量、过饱和度以及云滴谱离散度均随云中的高度增加而增大。云滴谱标准差是影响云滴谱离散度变化的主要因子。在暖云发展阶段,不可溶性核会增加云中过饱和度,进而导致云滴谱分别向大尺度和小尺度端拓宽,云滴谱标准差增大,云滴谱离散度随时间增加而增大的程度增强;在暖云减弱阶段,不可溶核会造成云中大尺度端云滴数浓度减少,云滴谱变窄,标准差变小,云滴谱离散度逐渐减小的特征减弱。 相似文献
5.
黄山地区春夏季气溶胶离子组分及其对云微物理特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用2009年5-8月在华东地区高山——黄山顶取得的气溶胶和云微物理参数观测资料以及同期气溶胶离子成分数据,结合多种化学组分气溶胶绝热气块分档云模式,研究了黄山地区多化学组分气溶胶对云凝结核和云微物理特征的影响.气团轨迹和气溶胶离子成分的分析结果表明,3种气团影响着黄山地区气溶胶的化学组分,即北方大陆气团气溶胶富含CaCO3,局地污染气团气溶胶以可水溶性无机盐((NH4)2SO4、NH4 NO3)为主,而变性混合海洋性气团气溶胶中NaCl较多.数值模拟结果显示,在气溶胶谱一定时,不同天气形势下黄山气溶胶的化学组分的差异会对云微物理特征产生不同的影响.同一上升速度下实际多组分气溶胶模拟的云滴数浓度大于纯硫酸铵,主要体现在云滴谱第1个峰值3.3 μm之前;气块上升速度低于0.7 m/s时,含有较多不可水溶物质的混合气溶胶对云滴数浓度的影响较大;上升速度大于0.7 m/s时,气块中可凝结水增多,海盐对云滴数浓度增加的效果更显著.多组分气溶胶模拟云滴谱较纯硫酸铵窄,其中,北方气团方案造成云滴谱变窄的程度高于混合气团方案;而模拟的云滴数目增多,造成云滴有效半径减小,云光学厚度和反照率增加,将会对暖云降水及辐射效应产生不同的影响. 相似文献
6.
利用大气气溶胶和云分档模式研究海盐气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶在云微物理过程中的作用, 计算结果表明:云中液态水含量随高度的分布并不随海盐、硫酸盐的数目以及云团上升速度的变化而变化; 随着云滴数目的增加, 云滴的有效半径会减小; 硫酸盐对云滴数目影响起主导作用, 海盐在水汽相对充足情况下增加了云滴数目, 在水汽相对不足的情况下减少了云滴数目; 硫酸盐粒子浓度特别强的情况下 (人类活动污染比较严重时), 如果水汽相对不足, 云滴数目会明显小于硫酸盐粒子浓度; 而海盐粒子的存在, 加剧了水汽的供应不足, 从而可以在很大程度上进一步降低云滴数目。也就是说, 在有些情况下, 如果不考虑海盐气溶胶的作用, 硫酸盐气溶胶对云特性的影响会被过高估计。 相似文献
7.
《湖北气象》2021,40(3)
美国大气辐射观测项目组进行的浅薄低云的光学辐射观测项目(RACORO)对出现在美国南部大平原的低云开展了为期五个月的观测,得到了大量层积云和积云中的数据。为了探究在层积云和积云中的微物理特征,采用伽马分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布对微物理量的概率密度分布进行拟合,分析对比层积云和积云中微物理量的特征,并探讨两种云云滴谱离散度的影响因子。结果表明,以上三种概率分布函数对层积云和积云中的微物理量的概率密度分布拟合效果很好,绝大部分总体拟合度达到了0.80以上。综合看来,伽马分布对层积云内的微物理量拟合效果最好,对数正态分布对积云内的微物理量拟合效果最好。对比层积云与积云中微物理量的分布差异得到,在积云中云滴数浓度更高,而云滴的平均半径更小;积云含水量、标准差和离散度与层积云相当。在云滴谱离散度的影响因子方面,层积云和积云中离散度与云滴数浓度、垂直速度呈负相关关系,这是因为垂直速度越大,过饱和度越大,云滴浓度越大,离散度越小;垂直速度减小往往对应着夹卷增强和云滴蒸发,从而导致云滴浓度减小和离散度增大。 相似文献
8.
雨、雪、霰、雹等各种降水物一般都是在云内形成增长后落到地面的。云本身是大量云滴或冰晶的集合体。它们同降水物一样都是液态或固态的水。但是云滴和冰晶十分微小,典型的云滴半径为10微米,落速为1厘米/秒。它们随着云中气流运动,很难落出云体。即使落出云体也会在很短的时间和距离内蒸发完毕。典型的雨滴半径为1毫米,落速为6米/秒。两者相比,雨滴比云滴的半径大了100倍,质量大了100,000倍,落速大了600倍。从上一讲的图1上,可形象地看到凝结核、云滴、大云滴、毛毛雨和雨滴的大小差别是何等的巨大!从云的微物理学来说,云和降水的差别主要就是粒子的大小。习惯上以半径100微米为界来区别云滴和雨滴(这相当于毛毛雨滴);以半径150微米为界来区分冰晶和雪晶。 云滴的产生和长大主要依靠凝结过程。凝结增长 相似文献
9.
观测和分档方案的数值模拟都证明气溶胶的谱分布特征对云滴谱的演变有直接影响继而作用于降水的发展。目前广泛使用的总体双参数云滴谱方案因为表征云滴谱的预报量不足,在凝结过程中云滴谱呈不正常的拓宽现象。因此在参数化方案中,气溶胶谱对云滴谱的影响未有明确结论。中科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)云降水物理与强风暴重点实验室(LACS)新研发的三参数方案(IAP-LACS)通过增加的预报量克服了云滴谱的拓宽问题,提高了云滴谱模拟的准确性。为了研究在参数化方案中气溶胶谱分布特征对云滴谱的影响,本文采用新方案进行WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting mode)大涡理想性试验,验证了新方案中气溶胶对数正态谱函数中数浓度、几何半径和标准差3个参量对云滴谱演变的影响。针对3个参量的敏感性试验表明新的气溶胶活化方案和三参数云滴凝结增长方案能够描述气溶胶谱对云滴谱演变的影响规律:气溶胶数浓度对云滴谱影响最显著,数浓度越高活化生成的云滴数量越多,云滴半径越小,云滴谱趋向窄谱,气溶胶数浓度低时,云滴数量少、半径大。较大的几何半径使气溶胶谱向大粒径移动,导致大云滴生成,标准差对云滴谱的影响最不显著。 相似文献
10.
云凝结核(CCN)对云和降水的影响除与其物理化学性质密切相关外,还受到气象条件的影响,但此类研究较少。文中基于WRF中尺度数值模式,引入了表征大气层流速、层结稳定度和地形关系的湿弗罗德(Fw)数,研究揭示了CCN浓度的变化对不同Fw下形成的地形云和降水的影响。研究表明,当Fw≤1,接近临界流时,地形阻挡起主要作用,地形抬升和重力波作用主要发生在迎风坡一侧,主要形成层状云和向上游传播的浅对流波状云,降水主要发生在靠近山顶的迎风坡一侧。在此种情况下,CCN浓度升高对地形云和降水影响较小,当CCN浓度由100 cm~(-3)增至1000 cm~(-3)时,云滴含水量增大,但雨水含量减小,说明云粒子向降水粒子的转化效率降低,CCN浓度升高抑制了暖雨过程。但在云发展后期,云滴被上升气流带至高层形成过冷云滴,与雪粒子发生碰并形成霰粒子,使冰相物理过程有所增强。CCN浓度升高可导致20 h累积降水量减少10—15 mm,约减小7%—8%;当Fw1时,CCN浓度升高会导致20 h地形云累积降水量减小超过50%,最大达到96%,导致地形云几乎不产生降水,而且降水量峰值位置向山顶后移动5—10 km。研究表明,降水显著减小的原因不仅与CCN浓度升高有关,过山气流产生的背风坡焚风效应也起了非常重要的作用。由于CCN浓度升高形成了大量云滴粒子,使雨滴形成效率显著降低,不能形成降雨的大量云滴被强过山气流快速带至下游背风坡区,由于背风坡下坡气流的绝热加热形成的焚风效应很显著,导致云滴和雨滴快速蒸发,使降水显著减小。这一结果可以解释在落基山脉、以色列及中国华山发现的地形降水减小30%—50%的现象,说明气象环境条件在气溶胶影响降水中起重要作用,污染气溶胶与背风坡焚风效应产生的叠加效应可造成地形云降水显著减小。 相似文献
11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
13.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
14.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
17.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
19.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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