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1.
《Marine environmental research》2009,67(5):499-507
Phaeodactylum tricornutum was grown in filtered natural seawater enriched with nitrate, phosphate, and silicate only (control) or with exudates from itself, from Emiliania huxleyi (a coccolithophore micro-alga), Porphyra spp. (a red macro-alga) or Enteromorpha spp. (a green macro-alga). Cathodic (and anodic) stripping voltammetry (C(A)SV) were used to determine the concentrations of trace metals, both in the medium and in the algae, as well as total Cu-complexing organic ligands in the medium and, among these, some thiols (compounds identified as cysteine- or as glutathione by CSV). Exudates of different marine micro- and macro-algae could cause allelopathic effects in P. tricornutum cultures. Cell yield of P. tricornutum was increasingly promoted by exudates of E. huxleyi > Porphyra > Enteromorpha. Although exudates strongly complex Cu (and probably other metals), their presence promoted Cu uptake. Significant changes of Ni, Cd, Fe, Zn and Mn uptake by P. tricornutum were also observed in the presence of exudates of different algal species. In addition, both intensity of production and nature of exudates released by P. tricornutum were markedly influenced by the presence of exudates of other algae, the allelopathic effects being very specific (variable from one species to another). Allelopathy will probably also occur in the aquatic environment, although to a lesser extent than in cultures, particularly during bloom events and may have effects on both chemical speciation and bioavailability of chemicals to phytoplanktonic species. Such changes might cause the predominance of some species over other species. Therefore, in future in vitro culture studies with the purpose of using them as models of the real environment, more attention should be paid to the role of algal exudates, in order to improve the environmental relevance and significance of the results. 相似文献
2.
4种海洋单胞藻生化组成的环境因子效应研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
在实验室模拟条件下,应用14C示踪法测定4种海洋单胞藻的光合作用速率,研究光、温度和营养盐等环境因子对藻类细胞生化组成的影响.结果表明,三角褐指藻、盐藻、中肋骨条藻和等鞭金藻适宜生长的光强范围为5.8×103～15×103lx.4种单胞藻光合作用速率随光强增加而增大,其中盐藻和等鞭金藻的光响应比较明显.随光强增加,4种单胞藻细胞的碳水化合物含量及其变化量呈增加趋势,而蛋白质含量及其变化量则减少,脂类含量变化很小.三角褐指藻、盐藻、中肋骨条藻和等鞭金藻最适生长温度分别为:14、26、21、26℃左右.在上述4个实验温度时,4种单胞藻光合作用速率最高,细胞内的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类含量及其变化量也达到最大值.三角褐指藻、盐藻、中肋骨条藻和等鞭金藻光合作用过程的表观活化能(E)分别为:23.2、38.5、22.4和61.7KJ/mol,温度系数(Q10)分别为:1.74、1.74.1.38和1.69.三角褐指藻和中肋骨条藻在氮磷比(N/P)为16时,盐藻和等鞭金藻在氮磷比为28时,光合作用速率最大.在N/P为16时,4种单胞藻细胞内的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类含量和变化量均达到最大值. 相似文献
3.
《Marine Chemistry》2001,74(1):65-85
Here it is demonstrated that both Porphyra spp. and Enteromorpha spp. of macro-algae display similar and very marked seasonal variations in their concentration factor (CF) of Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg in field conditions. The CF variations are specific for each metal and reproducible over several years. The way variations in the biological activity affect the equilibrium and kinetics of the interaction between trace metals and live algae was studied in vitro. Natural seawater was used as the culture medium. Voltammetry was used for the determination of natural organic ligands and trace metals except Hg, which was determined by mercury cold vapour after on-line pre-concentration. Titrations with the relevant metal demonstrated that the maximum binding capacity of the algae was not significantly dependent on the season for Pb (ca. 100 μmol gdry algae−1), Cd (ca. 50 μmol g−1) and Hg (80–100 μmol g−1). Marked seasonal variations were observed for Cu (ca. 40 μmol g−1 in January; 70 μmol g−1 in May; and 100 μmol g−1 in August). The conditional stability constants of metal–algae complexation sites were seasonally independent and similar for both algae: logKMS′=8.5±0.3 (Cu), 5.6±0.2 (Pb), 5.3±0.2 (Cd) and 18.0±0.3 (Hg). Exudates with a strong Cu complexing capacity (logK′CuL=12.47±0.06) were determined in cultures with added Cu, Pb or Cd concentrations, and identified by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) as cysteine or glutathione. All the tested metals promoted the liberation of exudates, both cysteine- and glutathione-like ligands were exuded in the presence of Cu, only cysteine-like ligands in the presence of Pb, and only glutathione-like ligands in the presence of Cd, the rise depending of the season of the year, particularly for Cu. Highest levels were produced in the presence of added Pb. When exposed to either 1- or 100-μM total dissolved metal concentrations, the metal uptake, and its rate, varied with the season and the algae. 相似文献
4.
INTRODUCTIONThecontentsandtheirvariationofcellularbiochemicalcomponentsinnormallygrowingmarinealgaereflectthedifferenceinecologicalenvironments,reportedbymanyresearchers(MomsandSkea,1978;SmithandMoms,1980;LiandHarrison,1982;SmithandGeider,1985;Yangetal.,1991,1992).Lightintensity,temperatureandnutrientsaremostimPOrtantenvironmentalfactorsintheocean.ThispaperemphasizestheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthecompositionofPhaendactylumtricornutum,Dunaliellaspp.,SkeletonemacostatumandIsOChr… 相似文献
5.
藻际环境细菌和微藻间存在着独特的生态关系，它们可以通过转化和交换浮游植物分泌的有机质来影响其生理和代谢。尽管一些功能微生物在藻际环境的营养循环中具有重要作用，例如氮代谢，但是关于细菌群落与共生藻类如何响应环境中氮营养条件的改变目前并不十分清楚，其对于我们了解全球营养物质循环、藻华的形成以及生态系统功能至关重要。本文基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术，分析了不同形态、不同浓度无机氮培养条件下三角褐指藻藻际环境中相关细菌群落的多样性和群落结构。系统发育分析结果表明，变形菌（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌（Bacteroidetes）是所有样品中的优势菌，占序列总数的99.5%。同时发现，不同氮浓度培养条件下，细菌群落结构随微藻丰度的变化而改变。氮浓度及形态的变化对菌群结构的影响不显著。此外，γ-变形菌纲中三种细菌（Marinobacter；Algiphilus；Methylophaga）的相对丰度在氮限制培养条件下明显增加，它们可能在共生体系的氮转化过程中具有重要作用。 相似文献
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Preference tests were performed over a two-week period in September 2001 in which isopods (Idotea baltica) and amphipods (Gammarus oceanicus) were offered choices of three common species of algae from the Baltic Sea: Enteromorpha intestinalis, Cladophora spp., and Fucus vesiculosus. After a 48-hour starvation period, 20 individuals of each grazer species were placed in aquaria containing approximately 1.0 g of each algal species. Fifteen trials for each grazer species were run for 20 hours. We found that G. oceanicus ate significantly more Cladophora spp. and E. intestinalis than F. vesiculosus (p<0.001), with a preference order of: Cladophora spp.>E. intestinalis>F. vesiculosus. Similarly, I. baltica ate significantly more of both the filamentous green algae than F. vesiculosus (p<0.001), with a preference order of: E. intestinalis>Cladophora spp.>F. vesiculosus. Given the preference of isopods and amphipods for filamentous green algae, we might expect these algae to be maintained at low biomass levels. However, this is clearly not the case in the Baltic Sea. Nutrient enrichment (bottom-up effects) is the accepted dominant reason for the non-controlling impact of algal grazers, but other reasons may include cascading trophic effects resulting from the removal of large piscivorous fish (top-down effects). 相似文献
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一般认为植物根际微生物的生物量高于非根际,这与植物根际分泌多种物质有关。不同种类的红树林内出现不同程度的林内富营养化现象,浮游藻类生物量很高,认为这部分地与红树植物根系分泌物(Root Exudates,REs)对林内生物的调控作用有关。红树植物根系分泌物是调控红树林生态效应的关键因素之一。壬二酸(Azelaic acid)是初次在红树植物中检测到的一种二元羧酸类根泌物,选用壬二酸和海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)为代表,以不同浓度壬二酸培养藻,在藻生长周期内定期观测其密度、形态、胞内甘油含量、色素含量等指标,进行室内红树植物根系分泌物对藻类的影响作用的初步的机理实验。主要结果如下:在低浓度0.5~1.5 mg/L时,壬二酸可作为营养物质被藻细胞所吸收。而在较高浓度2和4 mg/L时,壬二酸主要起化感抑制作用。细胞膜的脂质过氧化导致胞内甘油含量上升,色素体产生应激反应,色素合成量加大,特别是多甲藻黄素含量增加。通过细胞代谢产生更多的内含物质,如淀粉粒和脂肪,导致液泡增大。色素体是应激反应和抗逆作用的重要细胞器之一。由于壬二酸可以较低浓度出现较高的抑制效应,因此对红树林内的生态效应非以营养效应而以化感效应为主。红树植物根系分泌物对林内生态具有一定的调控作用,应加强野外条件下的红树植物多种根系分泌物的混合效应原位试验。 相似文献
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Nereis diversicolor is generally considered to be a predator and deposit feeder, but have also been found to graze on benthic algae in shallow coastal areas. In this study we investigated the grazing effects on the development and growth of green algae, Ulva spp. Algal growth was studied in an experiment including two levels of sediment thickness; 100 mm sediment including macrofauna and 5 mm sediment without macrofauna, and three treatments of varying algal biomass; sediment with propagules, sediment with low algal biomass (120 g dry weight (dwt) m− 2) and sediment with high algal biomass (240 g dwt m− 2). In the 100 mm sediment, with a natural population of macrofauna, N. diversicolor was the dominating (60% of total biomass) species. After three weeks of experimentation the result showed that N. diversicolor was able to prevent initial algal growth, affect growth capacity and also partly reduce full-grown algal mats. The weight of N. diversicolor was significantly higher for polychaetes in treatments with algae added compared to non-algal treatments. There were also indications that a rich nutrient supply per algae biomass counteracted the grazing capacity of N. diversicolor. 相似文献
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Cruz Palacín Gonzalo Giribet Susanna Carner Luis Dantart Xavier Turon 《Journal of Sea Research》1998,39(3-4)
Numerous studies of interactions between urchins and algae in temperate areas have shown an important structuring effect of sea urchin populations. These studies focused almost wholly on the effect of high urchin densities on laminarian forests. In contrast, algal communities below 5–6 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean are characterised by low sea urchin densities (<5 ind m−2) and the absence of laminarian forests. No previous research has addressed sea urchin/algal interactions in this type of community. To determine the effect of the most abundant echinoid species, Paracentrotus lividus, on well-established algal communities in this area, we performed a removal–reintroduction experiment in rocky patches located between 13 and 16 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean, where sea urchin densities ranged between 0.9 and 3.4 ind m−2. After 6 months, the cover of non-crustose algae was significantly higher in the plots from which sea urchins had been removed than in control plots (84 vs 67% cover). These removal plots reverted to their original state upon reintroduction of sea urchins. The non-crustose algae consisted of turfing and frondose forms, with the former representing some 70% of the non-crustose algal cover. Change in the cover of turfing algae was responsible for the significant increase in algal development in the sea urchin removal plots. The response of frondose algae to the treatment varied between algal species. It is concluded that grazing by P. lividus exerts a significant effect on habitat structure, even in communities with low sea urchin densities, such as those found in vast areas of the Mediterranean sublittoral. 相似文献
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近年来富营养化等海洋污染现象日益加重，我国近海每年都会暴发浒苔绿潮和微藻赤潮现象。本文在实验室模拟条件下，研究了不同状态不同含量的浒苔（Ulva prolifera），即浒苔新鲜藻体、浒苔培养液和浒苔干粉末与东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）共培养时产生的竞争抑制作用。结果表明，浒苔新鲜藻体、浒苔培养液和浒苔干粉末在初始质量含量大于1 g/L的条件下都会对东海原甲藻产生抑制作用，浒苔干粉末的抑制强度远远超过浒苔培养滤液和浒苔新鲜藻体。在二者共培养时，出现了“低促高抑”的现象，即浒苔含量较低时会促进东海原甲藻的生长，而高含量的浒苔则抑制东海原甲藻的生长，且抑制作用随浒苔含量的升高而增大。浒苔对东海原甲藻的这种抑制作用，一方面可能来自于营养物质的竞争和消耗，另一方面可能来自于浒苔释放的化感物质对东海原甲藻产生的影响。利用浒苔对东海原甲藻的抑制作用，可为东海原甲藻赤潮的生物防治提供一种思路与方法。 相似文献
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江苏近岸紫菜养殖筏架区定生绿藻群落结构及其受控因素 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于2010年10月至2011年4月对苏北紫菜养殖筏架区定生绿藻及环境因素调查数据,分析研究了紫菜筏架上定生绿藻种群结构和数量变化及重要环境因子对其的影响并估算了调查区绿藻总生物量.结果表明,筏架上定生绿藻种类有浒苔(Ulva prolifera)、盒管藻(Capsosiphon groenlandicus)、缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)、肠浒苔(Ulva intestinalis)、条浒苔(Ulva clathrata)和扁浒苔(Ulva compressa).绿藻生物量变化呈倒抛物线型,4月份为主高峰14898吨,11月份为次高峰2034吨,2月份最低,仅为729吨,3-4月份绿藻几乎呈暴发性增长.种类多样性随季节变化有很大差异,养殖筏架刚入海的9、10月份,绿藻种类丰富,生物多样性高;12月至笠年2月,尽管生物量很低,但仍是多种并存;3-4月份随着生物量的猛增,种类多样性降至最低,盒管藻优势地位明显,生物量比例最大能到80%,浒苔比例呈指数增长,达20%～40%.水温对绿藻生物量及种类演替有直接调控作用,在水温< 10℃时,绿藻即能快速生长;而盐度作用不明显.开展紫菜筏架上定生绿藻群落动态变化及其生物量的估算,为追溯南黄海大规模绿潮发源地提供佐证,为绿潮预防和治理提供基础数据支撑. 相似文献
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我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素问题的研究现状与展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋中的一部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(Harmful algal bloom, HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对常见的几类藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒藻藻华状况等角度,对我国当前相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins, DSTs)在我国近海最为常见,其中,麻痹性贝毒主要由有毒亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)产生,产毒藻种常见于南海海湾、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和秦皇岛近海等,中毒事件也时有发生。常见的大田软海绵酸、扇贝毒素等腹泻性贝毒毒素多由鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)产生,我国近海贝类沾染藻毒素的现象也非常常见。近年来,随着高效液相色谱和质谱技术的发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究发展方向。 相似文献
14.
Alain Duran Thomas C. Adam Laura Palma Shalimar Moreno Ligia Collado‐Vides Deron E. Burkepile 《Marine Ecology》2019,40(4)
Feeding behavior of coral reef fishes often determines their species‐specific ecological roles. We studied the two most common Caribbean surgeonfishes (Acanthurus coeruleus and Acanthurus tractus) to examine their species‐specific grazing rates and feeding preferences and how these differed with environmental context. We quantified the feeding activity of both surgeonfishes at four spur and groove reefs in the Florida Keys, USA, that varied in fish abundance, rugosity, algal community composition, and sediment loading. Overall, A. tractus fed twice as fast as A. coeruleus. Both species selected for turf algae but avoided feeding on turf algae that had become laden with sediment. Selectivity for upright macroalgae was more complex with A. tractus targeting Dictyota spp., while A. coeruleus avoided Dictyota spp. relative to the alga's abundance. Both species selected for epiphytes growing on other organisms such as macroalgae and sponges. However, several of these feeding patterns changed with ontogeny. For example, larger individuals of both species fed more frequently on long, sediment‐laden algal turf and less frequently on Dictyota spp. compared to smaller sized individuals. In addition, A. tractus also increased its preference for upright calcareous algae as they attained larger sizes. Overall, the disparity in feeding preferences of surgeonfishes likely indicates subtle differences in species‐specific ecological roles. Both A. coeruleus and A. tractus likely prevent development of turf algae and thus maintain algal communities in the early stages of succession. Additionally, A. tractus may also help reduce macroalgal abundance by targeting common macroalgal species. 相似文献
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Metals in contaminated salt marshes are mainly locked in the anaerobic layer of sediments, where they are tightly bound as sulfides and organic complexes. Vascular plants survive in saturated soils in part by pumping O2 into their root zones, changing their microenvironment to an oxic one. This, along with chelating exudates, mobilizes metals, allowing uptake by the roots. We compared the common reed Phragmites australis and cordgrass Spartina alterniflora in lab and field studies for ways in which they handle trace metals. Both plants store most of their metal burden in their roots, but some is transported to aboveground tissues. Spartina leaves contain approximately 2-3 x more Cr, Pb, and Hg than Phragmites leaves, but equivalent Cu and Zn. Furthermore, Spartina leaves have salt glands, so leaf excretion of all metals is twice that of Phragmites. In-depth studies with Hg indicate that Hg excretion correlates with Na release but not with transpiration, which is 2.2 x higher in Phragmites; and that more Hg accumulates in early-appearing leaves than in upper (i.e. later) leaves in both species. Spartina thus makes more metals available to salt marsh ecosystems than Phragmites by direct excretion and via dead leaves which will enter the food web as detritus. 相似文献
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The seasonal dynamics of molluscan assemblages inhabiting the algal fronds and the underlying sediment of photophilous algae were analyzed in NW Alboran Sea between July 2007 and April 2008. Molluscs were sampled using SCUBA in two different algal stands (7 km apart) dominated by the brown algae Stypocaulon scoparium, and following an inter-strata sampling protocol consisting in first sampling the algal fronds and then the underlying substratum. The studied algal stands harbored a highly biodiverse malacofauna, with 193 species identified. Assemblages on algal fronds and sediment displayed significant seasonal variations, being more apparent on the fronds, with maximum species richness, abundance and Shannon–Wiener diversity values in summer in both strata. The between-strata differences were also observed in the trophic structure of the assemblages: algal fronds were quantitatively dominated by microalgae or periphyton grazers and the sediment by detritivores and plankton and seston feeders. The high dominance of some species resulted in lower values of diversity and evenness in autumn in the sediment (e.g. Nodulus contortus and Bittium reticulatum) and in spring on the fronds (e.g. Rissoa guerinii and Musculus costulatus). The seasonal variability of the assemblages was mainly related to the population dynamics of dominant species (22 spp. displaying dominance values > 1%) (i.e. recruitment events, high mortality rates of juveniles and/or migrations among habitats). Other factors analyzed were (1) the vegetative cycle of algae, which played an important role in the abundance of some dominant epifaunal grazers, with high abundance and species richness values coinciding with high biomass of algae; and (2) the percentage of organic matter in the sediment, which was related to the abundance changes of some depositivores species. Further conservation strategies for macroalgal stands should be taken into consideration, as this type of photophilous habitat harbors rich associated faunistic communities and it is not generally considered in conservation lists of habitats to be protected. 相似文献
17.
福建红树林区4种海藻的营养成分 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
主要对福建红树林区4种海藻(扁浒苔Enteromorpha compressa,混合卷枝藻Bostrychia mixta,鹧鸪菜Caloglossa leprieurii,节附链藻Catenella impudica)的营养元素和氨基酸含量等进行研究.结果表明:(1)福建红树林区 4种海藻Fe,Mn含量显著高于一般海藻的平均浓度;Ca含量则普遍低于一般海藻的平均浓度;P,K,Mg含量则高于或低于一般海藻的平均浓度;(2)福建红树林区4种海藻总氨基酸含量(TAA)由高到低依次为(干重):扁浒苔265.89mg/g,混合卷枝藻211.96mg/g,鹧鸪菜189.53mg/g,节附链藻111.10mg/g;而必需氨基酸含量(EAA)由高到低依次为:混合卷枝藻87.42mg/g,扁浒苔82.92mg/g,鹧鸪菜73.62mg/g,节附链藻34.41mg/g;(3)在3和6月,对生长在秋茄板状根上和岩石面上的鹧鸪菜营养成分比较,前者的总氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量均大于后者;而元素含量则有不同变化. 相似文献
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Toxic effects of decomposing red algae on littoral organisms 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Britta Eklund Andreas P. Svensson Conny Jonsson Torleif Malm 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2005,62(4):621-626
Large masses of filamentous red algae of the genera Polysiphonia, Rhodomela, and Ceramium are regularly washed up on beaches of the central Baltic Sea. As the algal masses start to decay, red coloured effluents leak into the water, and this tinge may be traced several hundred meters off shore. In this study, possible toxic effects of these effluents were tested on littoral organisms from different trophic levels. Effects on fertilisation, germination and juvenile survival of the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus were investigated, and mortality tests were performed on the crustaceans Artemia salina and Idotea baltica, as well as on larvae and adults of the fish Pomatoschistus microps. Fucus vesiculosus was the most sensitive species of the tested organisms to the red algal extract. The survival of F. vesiculosus recruits was reduced with 50% (LC50) when exposed to a concentration corresponding to 1.7 g l−1 dw red algae. The lethal concentration for I. baltica, A. salina and P. microps were approximately ten times higher. The toxicity to A. salina was reduced if the algal extract was left to decompose during two weeks but the decline in toxicity was not affected by different light or temperature conditions. This study indicates that the filamentous red algae in the central Baltic Sea may produce and release compounds with negative effects on the littoral ecosystem. The effects may be particularly serious for the key species F. vesiculosus, which reproduce in autumn when filamentous red algal blooms are most severe. 相似文献
20.
Acid digests of three common marine macroalgae (Fucus serratus, Enteromorpha spp., Porphyra umbilicalis) exhibit substantial mutagenic activity for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the microtire fluctuation test. Although these algae are known to concentrate heavy metals, the mutagen(s) is probably an organic compound(s).Collections of these three marine macroalgae were made along the Gower coast of Wales, Great Britain, at distances between 8·0 and 32·0 km from the industrial center of Swansea-Port Talbot. When tested for mutagenicity with TA98, the acid digests of F. serratus and Enteromorpha spp. showed an inverse relationship between activity and distance from Swansea-Port Talbot. This relationship was not observed with P. umbilicalis or with any of the digests when tested with TA100.These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Swansea-Port Talbot is a point emitter for contaminants which are mutagenic for TA98 and are accumulated by Enteromorpha and Fucus. 相似文献