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1.
西藏甲玛铜多金属矿石榴子石矿物学特征及成因意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
甲玛铜多金属矿主要的工业矿体赋存于矽卡岩中,石榴石矽卡岩是主要的矽卡岩类型,因此,研究石榴子石的矿物学特征及其成因具有重要的意义。本文综合前人研究成果,重点对采于甲玛矿区不同钻孔的、不同空间位置的石榴子石进行了矿石学及电子探针分析研究,并系统对比其矿物学特征。对18个石榴子石测点和项目组其它电子探针分析成果表明,甲玛铜多金属矿的石榴子石均为钙质系列,由贫Ti的钙铁榴石和富Ti、Mg、Mn的钙铝榴石组成。受流体氧逸度的制约,矿区中心以钙铁榴石为主,边缘以钙铝榴石为主,从深部至浅部钙铁榴石含量减少,钙铝榴石含量增加。此外,石榴子石"锯齿状"环带成分暗示了其流体过程的多期多阶段性。 相似文献
2.
太行山北段浮图峪矿田石榴子石环带特征研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
位于华北克拉通中部太行山北段的浮图峪矿田由七个中小型矽卡岩型铜铁矿床和木吉村大型斑岩铜(钼)矿组成。石榴子石是浮图峪矿田矽卡岩型矿床的主要矿物,与矿化关系密切,是展开浮图峪矿田成因研究的一个重要切入点。本文对其中四个典型矽卡岩型矿床中与矿化密切相关的石榴子石进行野外地质调研、岩相学特征研究,运用电子探针分析石榴子石环带的化学成分。研究结果表明,石榴子石成分属钙铁-钙铝榴石系列;从晶体核部到边缘,钙铁榴石与钙铝榴石呈韵律式变化,总体上钙铁榴石组分的质量分数(78.1%~86.2%)大于钙铝榴石(12.91%~16.61%)。根据石榴子石的环带结构及其成分特征,认为石榴子石是在弱酸、较低温度和相对氧化的环境中生成的,指示成岩成矿流体温度、pH、氧逸度和盐度均在不断地发生变化,说明石榴子石不是在一个完全封闭的平衡条件形成的,暗示流体的多期多阶段性,这是矽卡岩型矿床富集金属的前提条件和重要因素。 相似文献
3.
湘南黄沙坪多金属矿床石榴子石地球化学特征及其对Cu与W-Sn复合成矿机理的指示 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
黄沙坪矿床位于钦杭成矿带与南岭成矿带的交汇部位,是湘南地区矽卡岩-热液脉型Cu多金属与矽卡岩型W-Sn多金属复合成矿作用的典型代表。为厘清区内Cu与W-Sn成矿物理化学条件以及成矿流体的性质,本文对黄沙坪矿床两类矽卡岩中的石榴子石开展电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位微区主微量元素研究。结果表明,成W-Sn矿矽卡岩中石榴子石为钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石(平均And71. 3-Gro23. 8)固溶体系列,具有一致的稀土元素配分模式,轻重稀土分异不明显,负Eu异常显著,明显亏损La,∑REE含量与Fe~(3+)/(Fe~(3+)+Al)具有负相关关系,具有较高的U含量,表明石榴子石可能是在相对还原的环境下缓慢结晶形成的。石榴子石中W和Sn的含量随石榴子石中钙铝榴石的比例增加而减少,有利于W-Sn在晚期热液中富集成矿。与Cu矿有关矽卡岩中的石榴子石几乎为纯的钙铁榴石(平均And90. 1-Gro9. 2),具有低的U、∑REE含量,轻重稀土元素分异明显,相对富集轻稀土,具有明显正Eu异常,表明石榴子石具有较快的生长速度,成矿流体具有相对较高的氧逸度和Cl的含量,这种环境有利于Cu在岩浆热液中迁移和富集成矿。因此,早期成矿流体成分以及氧化还原条件的差异可能是导致黄沙坪矿床W-Sn与Cu成矿差异的重要原因。 相似文献
4.
《矿物学报》2013,(3)
本文对荷花坪锡多金属矿,锡田锡钨多金属矿以及新田岭钨矿矽卡岩中的石榴子石样品分别进行了主量元素、微量元素及红外光谱测定。结果表明,3种矽卡岩中的石榴子石多数属于(铁铝榴石+镁铝榴石+锰铝榴石)<15%的钙铁-钙铝榴石系列。新田岭钨矿的石榴子石中钙铁榴石端员含量明显高于其他两个锡矿。此外,在荷花坪、新田岭矿区发现了与后期铅锌矿化有关的锰质石榴子石。在单矿物尺度上,荷花坪矿区石榴子石核部富集钙铝榴石,边部富集钙铁榴石,而锡田矿区石榴子石与之相反;新田岭矿区石榴子石具有相对均匀的核部而边部发育细密的振荡环带。在稀土配分模式上,荷花坪矿区石榴子石重稀土富集,轻稀土亏损,δEu负异常较弱;锡田矿区石榴子石稀土总量最高,轻重稀土无明显分异,δEu负异常较弱;新田岭矿区石榴子石轻重稀土分异极强,重稀土富集,轻稀土严重亏损,δEu具显著的正异常。3种石榴子石的红外漫反射光谱均显示有10种吸收峰,其中低频区的5种与石榴子石成分中的钙铁榴石含量直接相关,因而造成新田岭矿区石榴子石的吸收峰与另两矿区石榴子石相比显著向低频波段移动。通过对华南3类含钨锡矽卡岩中的石榴子石的研究,确认了石榴子石的形成与矽卡岩形成中热液体系的环境变化密切相关。微量元素分析与红外光谱技术作为近年来矽卡岩型石榴子石研究的热点,能够提供传统研究中所不能涉及的微观信息。 相似文献
5.
多元稳定同位素组合示踪含膏盐地层参与湖北金山店矽卡岩型铁矿成矿作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
相比单一稳定同位素而言,多元稳定同位素组合的使用,能更有效地示踪成矿作用过程中流体的来源和演化。本文对已证明有含膏盐地层参与成矿作用的湖北金山店铁矿开展了碳-氧-硫等多元稳定同位素的研究。方解石碳氧同位素结果表明,金山店岩体与灰岩或白云岩之间发生了广泛的水岩反应,这些水岩作用是金山店铁矿蚀变矿化过程的一部分。与各阶段矿物平衡的流体氧同位素值变化范围较小,且表现出随温度降低具有规律性变化的特征:早期矽卡岩阶段氧同位素值在岩浆水范围内变化,磁铁矿阶段则明显富集重氧同位素,而成矿后的各阶段特别是石膏-方解石阶段,成矿流体明显富集轻氧同位素。这些特征暗示成矿之前流体以岩浆水为主,成矿作用发生时有一定含膏盐地层参与成矿,而成矿后大气水特征明显,即成矿流体具有多元混合的特征。硬石膏氧-硫同位素组合暗示成矿流体中具有明显富δ~(34)S-δ~(18)O流体成分的加入,这一流体可能为淋滤了地层中膏盐组分的岩浆水或循环的大气水。成矿阶段和成矿后的黄铁矿均富集重硫同位素,也暗示成矿流体中含膏盐地层组分的加入。多元稳定同位素组合的联合证据表明,金山店铁矿成矿流体具有多元混合的特点,成矿阶段含膏盐地层参与成矿作用特征明显,暗示含膏盐地层中的膏盐组分可能是被岩浆水或循环的大气水或二者的混合流体所淋滤而进入矽卡岩成矿体系的。 相似文献
6.
新田岭矿床是南岭钨锡成矿带中的一个大型矽卡岩型钨矿床,产于骑田岭岩体东北部与石炭系碳酸盐地层的接触带位置。本文运用LA-ICP-MS技术对该矿床矽卡岩中的石榴子石进行了系统的成分分析,获得了其主量、微量和稀土元素含量。结果显示,新田岭矿床中的石榴子石属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石固溶体系列(And24Gro66 -And71Gro22),石榴子石的端元成分在富钙铝榴石和富钙铁榴石之间变化。稀土元素的配分模式也同时出现了左倾、Eu负异常和右倾、Eu正异常两种类型,暗示新田岭矿床石榴子石结晶过程中热液流体存在不同的氧化还原环境和水/岩比条件,这也与其晶体中是否出现振荡环带相对应。将不同矽卡岩型矿床中石榴子石的W、Sn含量进行对比显示,含W矿化的矽卡岩型矿床中石榴子石的W、Sn含量整体上显著高于不含W矿化的矿床,指示石榴子石中的W、Sn含量在一定程度上具有预测矽卡岩型矿床成W矿潜力的作用。此外,石榴子石中Fe、Eu、U等元素的含量还可以进一步区分矽卡岩W矿床中的伴生金属元素类型(包括W-Mo、W-Sn、W-Cu-... 相似文献
7.
热液型矿床形成过程中流体的组成、运移、演化及其矿质沉淀机制是矿床学研究的重点内容和难点。矽卡岩矿床中具有震荡环带结构的石榴子石完整记录了热液流体的性质、组成及演化过程,这种震荡环带的出现暗示了不同成分系列的石榴子石对不同阶段热液流体成矿物化环境的特定选择性。石榴子石晶体元素化学分带现象是流体运移和矿物再沉淀过程周期性循环再现的结果,对指示早期矽卡岩阶段热液流体中主、微量元素化学分带机制具有重要意义。不同成分系列、不同期次石榴子石的Fe_2O_3和Al_2O_3含量差异显著,其对热液流体演化过程中氧化还原环境的变化具有较好的示踪作用;相对主量元素而言,微量元素在流体演化过程中具有更好的探针作用,钙铝榴石常富集Al、Ti、Zr、HREE元素,而钙铁榴石常富集As、W、Mo、Fe、LREE元素。借助EMPA和LA_ICP_MS技术对具震荡环带结构的石榴子石进行主、微量元素(包括稀土元素)的微区和原位分析是探讨成矿过程中流体组成和性质演化的重要手段,其有可能揭示矿物生长机制、成矿环境以及成矿流体组成与性质的演化,而这一地质信息对于全面理解矽卡岩型矿床的矿化分带及成矿作用非常重要。 相似文献
8.
羊拉铜矿床是三江特提斯构造域金沙江缝合带中段的大型矽卡岩型铜矿床,其成矿过程划分为3个期次5个阶段:(1)矽卡岩期:矽卡岩阶段和退化蚀变阶段;(2)石英硫化物期:石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段;(3)表生期:主要是表生氧化阶段。里农矿段揭露矽卡岩期的矽卡岩矿物以石榴子石、透辉石为主,根据野外观察、镜下鉴定结合LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析,可将石榴子石分为两个世代:早期石榴子石(GrtⅠ),以钙铝榴石为主(And24.81Gro72.40～And57.92Gro30.02);晚期石榴子石(GrtⅡ),以钙铁榴石为主(And61.64Gro37.18～And90.96Gro7.81),发育振荡环带;二者均属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列。石榴子石稀土元素总量总体较低(ΣREE=3.74×10-6～111×10-6),轻、重稀土元素分异明显(LREE/HREE=0.72～31... 相似文献
9.
老硐沟金矿是北山成矿带东段发现的中型金矿床,是多期次多阶段成矿作用叠加的产物,矿床成因类型复杂。矿床共分为5个矿段,其中Ⅲ矿段以矽卡岩矿体为主。矽卡岩矿物以石榴子石为主,可分为早、晚两期,早期石榴子石更具震荡环带。通过详细的镜下观察和电子探针对两期石榴子石进行了系统研究,早期石榴子石核部以钙铝榴石组分为主,向边部为钙铁-钙铝过渡组分;晚期石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主。石榴子石化学成分特征表明,早期矽卡岩化阶段,热液环境为中酸性、弱氧化—弱还原环境;后期铁质含量增多,氧逸度增加,热液环境碱性、氧化性增强。老硐沟金矿Ⅲ矿段石榴子石为钙铁-钙铝榴石系列,属热液交代成因,早期多形成钙铝-钙铁榴石,伴随铜矿化,晚期热液环境变化,钙铁榴石增多,黄铁矿化、毒砂矿化增多,造成金富集成矿。 相似文献
10.
黑龙江省三矿沟夕卡岩型铁铜矿床矿物学特征及成矿物理化学条件 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黑龙江三矿沟铁铜矿床位于大兴安岭北段多宝山矿集区,矿体产于燕山期侵入岩与奥陶系多宝山组大理岩接触带的夕卡岩内。根据矿物共生组合及交代关系,确定热液成矿过程包括夕卡岩阶段、退夕卡岩阶段和石英硫化物阶段。铁矿化主要发生在退夕卡岩阶段,形成磁铁矿、镜铁矿等铁氧化物,呈浸染状、条带状、块状产于钙铁榴石夕卡岩中。铜矿化主要发生在石英硫化物阶段,形成黄铜矿、斑铜矿等硫化物,交代早期矿物。电子探针分析等研究表明,三矿沟铁铜矿床发育钙质夕卡岩矿物组合,其石榴子石主要为钙铝榴石和钙铁榴石,辉石为透辉石钙铁辉石系列,角闪石属于钙角闪石系列,绿泥石属于I型三八面体富铁绿泥石。石榴子石有3种类型：早期自形粗粒的钙铝榴石(Grt-Ia)和钙铁榴石(Grt-Ib),以及晚期呈脉状产出的钙铁榴石(Grt-Ⅱ)。夕卡岩阶段成矿流体具有高温、弱酸性、高氧逸度的特征;退夕卡岩阶段流体温度降低,pH升高,形成大量铁氧化物;石英硫化物阶段流体温度和氧逸度降低,金属硫化物沉淀。 相似文献
11.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
12.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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14.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
15.
Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
16.
17.
Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
18.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
19.
滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
20.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献