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城市地质遗迹景观调查研究是城市地质工作的一项重要内容,而探索地质遗迹景观的成因则是挖掘其科学价值和实施保护措施的关键问题。以中国山崩奇观的翠华山山崩为研究对象,采用典型天然地震记录作为地震输入条件,借助离散元动力分析模块,对翠华山山崩的动力响应规律进行了数值模拟,再现了地震山崩的启动、加速、解体、堆积的全过程。研究结果表明:地震惯性力作用使山体质点加速度和速度产生放大效应,特别是山体顶部的动力放大效应最为显著,加速度放大系数达2.0; 翠花山山崩具有高速远程的特点,其前缘的崩塌体最大水平速度达44ms-1,崩落水平距离达460m,堵塞沟谷形成堰塞湖; 地震山崩的整个破坏过程包括4个阶段,分别为启动阶段、加速阶段、减速阶段和堆积阶段。 相似文献
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翠华山山崩地貌,类型齐全,山崩活动具有多期性,可以识别出三期,断裂及地震是形成山崩的主因。得天独厚的地质地理条件使得山崩遗迹得以完整保留,巨石景观资源十分珍稀。经与全世界山崩地质遗迹比较,翠华山单个崩石体积居世界第一位;崩石堆积总体积居中国第一位、世界第三位;山崩地貌遗迹景观旅游资源居世界第一位,它是大自然留给人类的宝贵遗产。 相似文献
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地震诱发山体崩塌常形成巨大的灾害,特定地形地质条件下山体地震动力响应特性及破坏机制研究是工程地质的重要难题。本文以秦岭地区具代表性的翠华山甘湫池花岗岩崩塌为研究对象,制作有效反映花岗岩工程地质结构的试验模型,开展大型振动台试验,研究山体地震动力响应规律和崩塌变形破坏机制。试验发现,边坡内部加速度放大系数随激振强度的增加呈现出显著的三阶段变化趋势;水平加速度响应呈现出随高程的增加而单调增大的特征,而竖直加速度响应随着高程的增加出现先增加后减小再增加的波动变化特征;边坡的固有频率变化曲线可以分为3个阶段,整体呈现下降的趋势,表明边坡动力特性发生变化;破坏后的边坡可以分为2个区域:后缘启动区和崩塌堆积区。边坡在地震激振作用下的破坏过程为地震波激振输入→坡体后缘形成拉张裂缝→裂缝向下扩展贯通→不稳定坡体滑动→堆积坡脚。反演了山体破坏的4个阶段:振动致裂阶段、高速启动阶段、撞击减速阶段和堆积阶段,结果与现场工程地质调查分析十分一致。研究翠华山甘湫池花岗岩崩塌的发育特征、成因机理和演化过程,研究成果对揭示秦岭北缘乃至秦岭地区崩塌形成机制、发育规律和灾害有效防控、地质遗迹开发和保护具有重要意义。 相似文献
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中国是世界上拥有花岗岩景区最多的国家之一,花岗岩景区已成为中国最重要的旅游目的地,是重要的旅游资源。为深化人们对花岗岩地貌景观成因的认识,加强景区建设以及提高花岗岩地貌的科学研究水平,需要从目前花岗岩景观的地貌形态分类提升到按花岗岩的成因分类。本文在华山花岗岩地质调查的基础上,以花岗岩动力学、运动学理论为指导,提出脆性形变前的塑性-韧性形变阶段是花岗岩景观形成的主要阶段,花岗岩景观的多样性是岩浆体在这个阶段中运动方式的多样性造成的。花岗岩在塑性-韧性流变过程中与侵位的围岩互动,与围岩在韧-脆性变形的耦合过程中形成的景观表现为:①长岭状、龙脊状的景观与A、B型成分-结构层的线状背形结构有关;②峰岭、尖峰等景观主要和A、B型成分-结构面波中的原生(轴面)劈理(或节理)、"肠套"式褶皱及横节理有关;③旋卷-扭动过程中形成的弧形-扭动构造是花岗岩景区中千奇百怪景观形成的主要原因,类似华山主峰、天柱山都是旋卷-扭动构造中的砥柱状突起;④绝大多数石蛋、石球和球状风化是鞘褶皱式结构样式的特殊表现;⑤成分-结构层的穹状隆升是浑圆状、圆丘状景观形成的主因。 相似文献
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[摘 要]中国是世界上拥有花岗岩景区最多的国家之一,花岗岩景区已成为中国最重要的旅游目的地,是重要的旅游资源。为深化人们对花岗岩地貌景观成因的认识,加强景区建设以及提高花岗岩地貌的科学研究水平,需要从目前花岗岩景观的地貌形态分类提升到按花岗岩的成因分类。本文在华山花岗岩地质调查的基础上,以花岗岩动力学、运动学理论为指导,提出脆性形变前的塑性-韧性形变阶段是花岗岩景观形成的主要阶段,花岗岩景观的多样性是岩浆体在这个阶段中运动方式的多样性造成的。花岗岩在塑性-韧性流变过程中与侵位的围岩互动,与围岩在韧-脆性变形的耦合过程中形成的景观表现为：① 长岭状、龙脊状的景观与A、B型成分-结构层的线状背形结构有关;② 峰岭、尖峰等景观主要和A、B型成分-结构面波中的原生（轴面）劈理（或节理）、“肠套”式褶皱及横节理有关;③ 旋卷-扭动过程中形成的弧形-扭动构造是花岗岩景区中千奇百怪景观形成的主要原因,类似华山主峰、天柱山都是旋卷-扭动构造中的砥柱状突起;④ 绝大多数石蛋、石球和球状风化是鞘褶皱式结构样式的特殊表现;⑤ 成分-结构层的穹状隆升是浑圆状、圆丘状景观形成的主因。 相似文献
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锑矿床研究若干问题初探 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
锑矿床研究的重点包括：锑矿床分类;不同构造环境下锑矿庆的成因模式;锑的来源。今后锑矿床分类将以锑矿庆形成的构造背景为主,结合锑矿床成因方式和容矿主岩特点来进行。文章介绍了几种典型构造环境下（大型走滑、造山挤太和造山崩坍）锑矿床形成机理和成因模式。现有的资料表明锑矿床受壳幔相互作用所制约（如拆沉作用,ｄｅｌａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ）,这无疑会成为锑矿研究的热点和难点。 相似文献
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云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生藻类群落的研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
论述了云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生藻类群落的类型和特征。这些类型包括墨水带、粉末、壳状、膜状等,而每一种藻类群落又是由更细小的次级藻类群落类型组成,它们包括: 小型球状藻体群落、大型球状藻体群落、丝状藻体群落、小型球状藻体大型球状藻体群落、小型球状藻体丝状藻体群落等。文中对各类群落和次级群落的特征及它们之间的相关性进行了详细的叙述,揭示了宏观肉眼下气生藻类群落与微观显微镜下藻类群落物种的直接联系以及藻类群落的内部结构和生态关系。该研究对解释石林表面微小形态特征,乃至整个石林景观的形成和演化具有重要意义,同时在气生藻类生态学上也属于新领域。 相似文献
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维权银铜多金属矿床位于新疆东天山地区,是具有典型特征的大型银铜多金属矿,大地构造划属觉罗塔格沟弧带中的雅满苏岛弧带。该矿床的地质特征、控矿因素、矿床成因长期存在争议。本次研究建立在多年野外地质勘查的基础上,对矿床的地质特征、控矿因素、矿床成因等进行了系统研究,认为银铜、铅锌矿体均分布于火山碎屑岩中,受地层控制的铅锌矿体被断裂构造控制的银铜矿体所切穿;铅锌矿成矿严格受地层层位控制,主要的蚀变类型为矽卡岩化,为接触交代成因类型,成矿时代为早石炭世晚期;银铜矿体形成于晚石炭世中晚期,矿体就位空间为断裂构造,矿体形态明显受断裂形态和性质所控制,有着明显的矿化边界,即断层面,认为其属岩浆期后远程中低温热液成因,成矿晚于铅锌成矿。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献