共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
鄂西岩溶槽谷区洼地的水位响应特征及产流阈值估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以湖北省兴山县黄粮镇刘家坝和龙湾两处岩溶洼地作为研究对象，利用其降雨、水文和土壤水等监测数据，探讨灌入式补给条件下洼地汇流的水位响应特征和产流特点，并基于降雨量和洼地内明渠流量的关系，采用数学拟合方程，估算两处洼地的降雨产流阈值，进而分析了影响产流阈值的因素。结果表明:降雨强度增大，产流阈值减小；土壤前期含水率越大，越有利于坡面产流；落水洞和岩溶泉水位与降雨有较好的同步响应关系，水位变化曲线随雨强大小分别表现出“陡升陡降”和“缓升缓降”的特点；刘家坝和龙湾洼地的产流阈值分别为7.4 mm和10.6 mm。 相似文献
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3.
采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究了陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体边坡的产流产沙过程。结果表明:①砾石存在改变了坡面入渗速率,径流系数受入渗速率的影响,随砾石含量的增加先线性递减后线性递增,并在10%砾石含量处存在阈值;径流系数随降雨强度的增加线性递增。②含砾石堆积体坡面流速较纯土堆积体降低,且随雨强增大,砾石延缓径流流动的作用越显著;雨强对径流流速的影响随砾石含量增加持续减弱。③土壤剥蚀率在产流24~33 min后显著增加,砾石主要对显著增加后的平均剥蚀率产生影响。④雨强1.0 mm/min时,砾石存在促进降雨侵蚀,产沙量增大;雨强大于1.0 mm/min时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应。 相似文献
4.
紫色土中砾石分布广泛,地表常为砾石覆盖,砾石覆盖对土壤水文过程有着重要影响。试验小区(2 m×1 m)为坡度23°的坡耕地, 试验降雨强度为(53.9±2.8)mm/h、 (90.8±6.1)mm/h和(134.3±14.9)mm/h, 砾石覆盖度为0%,11%,20%,33%和42%。通过原位人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究了不同降雨强度下砾石覆盖对降雨入渗、地表产流及壤中流产流的影响。结果表明:砾石覆盖对入渗过程影响显著,稳定入渗速率及稳定入渗系数与砾石覆盖度呈正相关关系,3种降雨强度下,稳定入渗系数分别为47.70%~86.59%,30.61%~82.83%、17.76%~77.44%,42%砾石覆盖度小区的稳定入渗速率分别是裸露小区的1.95~4.94倍;地表砾石覆盖延迟地表产流、减少地表径流量,地表产流时间随着砾石覆盖度的提高呈增加趋势,地表径流速率及地表径流系数随砾石覆盖度的增加而降低,相对地表径流系数与地表砾石覆盖度呈指数负相关关系;地表砾石覆盖促进壤中流的发生、增加壤中流量,壤中流产流时间随着砾石覆盖度的增加逐渐缩短,壤中流径流速率及壤中流径流系数随地表砾石覆盖度的增加而提高,相对壤中流径流系数与地表砾石覆盖度呈指数正相关关系。 相似文献
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为探究砾石对工程堆积体土壤侵蚀的影响与其作用机制,通过室内模拟降雨研究了连续降雨下不同砾石含量的重壤质堆积体水蚀过程。结果表明:①堆积体砾石含量增加,坡面产流历时延长,产流率线性减小,土壤剥蚀率降低;②连续降雨下,堆积体所含砾石主要通过对坡面产流历时、坡面产流率、砾石覆盖率的多重影响发挥减沙作用,主成分回归方程可表达多个变量与平均土壤剥蚀率的关系;③一定砾石含量下,堆积体坡面砾石覆盖率随表土的剥离而增大,导致土壤剥蚀率呈指数函数递减趋势,并与累积土壤侵蚀总量存在较好的函数关系。工程堆积体所含砾石对土壤侵蚀程度的削减可为生产建设项目下垫面水土保持治理提供重要参考。 相似文献
6.
为研究红壤坡地的壤中流输出特征,采用野外大型土壤入渗装置,对红壤坡面草地和裸地不同深度(30 cm和60 cm)壤中流输出开展自然降雨-产流过程的观测试验。结果表明:① 壤中流产流过程随着土层的加深,滞后时间和拖尾时间均延长,与降雨过程相适性减弱。草地壤中流产流量、峰值、产流历时均大于裸地,其差异在突发型降雨下表现更为明显;② 壤中流产流量和降雨量呈显著性正相关(R2为0.6942~0.8770),但与雨强关系不明显。突发型和峰值型降雨壤中流产流过程洪峰升涨迅速,而均匀型壤中流产流过程平缓。突发型、峰值型和均匀型降雨裸地壤中流产流量与地表径流量相比分别为13.82%、91.73%和159.04%,草地则为118.95%、312.11%和368.33%;③ 土壤前期含水量增加,壤中流产流滞后时间缩短,峰值和流量增大。 相似文献
7.
平原区降雨产流试验与机理研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过人工模拟降雨试验，研究了地面坡度小于3‰的平原区农田水文特征、降雨产流特征、稳定降雨条件下径流系数的变化规律、天然降雨－产流规律等，结果表明：农作物的水文作用是作物冠层对降雨进行了再分配；下垫面积水时刻与土壤剖面平均含水量的饱和度、降雨强度呈乘幂的函数关系；当土壤剖面平均含水量的饱和度小于等于0．70和大于0．70时，径流系数与时间的函数关系分别为高次多项式和自然对数；天然降雨一产流一般多发生在7、8月份，场（次）降雨量一般大于20mm，降雨极值强度与径流系数呈线性关系。 相似文献
8.
郭云峰 《地质灾害与环境保护》2019,30(4)
产沙产流是侵蚀危害最直接的体现。本文通过野外纯自然条件下产沙产流试验,并结合长期监测和定期取样测算等手段,研究不同降雨量、不同立地条件下的侵蚀产流、产沙规律。结果表明:对于同一立地条件而言,累计产沙产流量随着降雨量的增加而增加;不同立地条件下累计产沙产流量大小依次为:裸地乔木灌木乔木+台坎灌木+台坎;一次完整降雨的累计产沙、产流量与降雨量、植被覆盖率满足二元二次非线性函数关系,相关系数分别达到0.979 4和0.977 8;该研究成果对阐明花岗岩风化壳侵蚀的产流产沙机制提供理论依据,并丰富了其理论基础。 相似文献
9.
坡面泥石流活动与降水之间的关系初探——以重庆北碚地区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章从坡面泥石流的形成条件入手，结合重庆北碚地区地质地貌和气象条件，分析了该地区从1962-2003年发生的坡面泥石流的数据及降雨资料，认为在该区域，降水是诱发坡面泥石流的决定性因素。通过对具体坡面泥石流事例的分析，认为坡面泥石流的发生与前期降雨量和短历时雨强关系密切，前期降雨量对泥石流形成的贡献比较大，短历时雨强主要起到激发作用，当短历时雨强指数〉550时，应发出泥石流危险警报。最后利用发生坡面泥石流前3日累计降雨量和当日前期降雨量，得出了该区域降水诱发坡面泥石流的临界雨量方程。 相似文献
10.
砾石土因其级配宽、不均匀系数大、透水性强等特点在工程防渗中得到广泛的应用,其强度和力学性质受粗细粒含量和粒间咬合程度、黏接状态等影响。通过人工降雨原型试验、模型试验、室内试验及理论分析,研究松散砾石土斜坡在降雨作用下坡面土体的形态特征和土体性状的变化以及斜坡稳定性和该过程中可能出现的临界状态,探索坡面松散砾石土触变液化的过程和机理。试验结果表明,砾石土斜坡在降雨过程中,坡面土体形态、坡面径流泥沙含量具有阶段性特性;各典型现象土体含水量分布具有区段性;土体强度和斜坡稳定性随着土体含水量的增加均存在明显的临界特征。 相似文献
11.
Flash flood disaster is a prominent issue threatening public safety and social development throughout the world, especially in mountainous regions. Rainfall threshold is a widely accepted alternative to hydrological forecasting for flash flood warning due to the short response time and limited observations of flash flood events. However, determination of rainfall threshold is still very complicated due to multiple impact factors, particular for antecedent soil moisture and rainfall patterns. In this study, hydrological simulation approach (i.e., China Flash Flood-Hydrological Modeling System: CNFF-HMS) was adopted to capture the flash flood processes. Multiple scenarios were further designed with consideration of antecedent soil moisture and rainfall temporal patterns to determine the possible assemble of rainfall thresholds by driving the CNFF-HMS. Moreover, their effects on rainfall thresholds were investigated. Three mountainous catchments (Zhong, Balisi and Yu villages) in southern China were selected for case study. Results showed that the model performance of CNFF-HMS was very satisfactory for flash flood simulations in all these catchments, especially for multimodal flood events. Specifically, the relative errors of runoff and peak flow were within?±?20%, the error of time to peak flow was within?±?2 h and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency was greater than 0.90 for over 90% of the flash flood events. The rainfall thresholds varied between 93 and 334 mm at Zhong village, between 77 and 246 mm at Balisi village and between 111 and 420 mm at Yu village. Both antecedent soil moistures and rainfall temporal pattern significantly affected the variations of rainfall threshold. Rainfall threshold decreased by 8–38 and 0–42% as soil saturation increased from 0.20 to 0.50 and from 0.20 to 0.80, respectively. The effect of rainfall threshold was the minimum for the decreasing hyetograph (advanced pattern) and the maximum for the increasing hyetograph (delayed pattern), while it was similar for the design hyetograph and triangular hyetograph (intermediate patterns). Moreover, rainfall thresholds with short time spans were more suitable for early flood warning, especially in small rural catchments with humid climatic characteristics. This study was expected to provide insights into flash flood disaster forecasting and early warning in mountainous regions, and scientific references for the implementation of flash flood disaster prevention in China. 相似文献
12.
M. F. Chow Z. Yusop M. E. Toriman 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2012,9(4):737-748
Due to differences in rainfall regimes and management practices, tropical urban catchments are expected to behave differently from temperate catchments in terms of pollutant sources and their transport mechanism. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was applied to simulate runoff quantity (peakflow and runoff depth) and quality (total suspended solids and total phosphorous) in residential, commercial and industrial catchments. For each catchment, the model was calibrated using 8?C10 storm events and validated using seven new events. The model performance was evaluated based on the relative error, normalized objective function, Nash?CSutcliffe coefficient and 1:1 plots between the simulated and observed values. The calibration and validation results showed good agreement between simulated and measured data. Application of Storm Water Management Model for predicting runoff quantity has been improved by taking into account catchment??s antecedent moisture condition. The impervious depression storages obtained for dry and wet conditions were 0.8 and 0.2?mm, respectively. The locally derived build-up and wash-off parameters were used for modelling runoff quality. 相似文献
13.
Experimental evidences and numerical modelling of debris flow initiated by channel runoff 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Debris flow initiation by channel bed mobilization is a common process in high mountainous areas. Initiation is more likely
to occur at the outlet of small, steeply sloping basins where concentrated overland flow feeds an ephemeral channel incised
in slope deposits. Such geological conditions are typical of the Dolomite region (Italian Alps), which is characterized by
widespread debris flow activity triggered by severe summer thunderstorms. Real-time data and field observations for one of
these catchments (Acquabona catchment, Belluno, Italian Alps) were used to characterize the hydrological response of the initiation
area to rainfalls of varying intensity and duration. The observed behaviour was then reproduced by means of a simple hydrological
model, based on the kinematic wave assumption, to simulate the generation of channel runoff. The model is capable of predicting
the observed hydrological response for a wide range of rainfall impulses, thus providing a physical basis for the understanding
of the debris flow triggering threshold. 相似文献
14.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(6):1871-1882
A combined cluster and regression analysis were performed for the first time to identify rainfall threshold that triggers landslide events in Amboori, Kerala, India. Amboori is a tropical area that is highly vulnerable to landslides. The 2, 3, and 5-day antecedent rainfall data versus daily rainfall was clustered to identify a cluster of critical events that could potentially trigger landslides. Further, the cluster of critical events was utilized for regression analysis to develop the threshold equations. The 5-day antecedent (x-variable) vs. daily rainfall (y-variable) provided the best fit to the data with a threshold equation of y = 80.7–0.1981x. The intercept of the equation indicates that if the 5-day antecedent rainfall is zero, the minimum daily rainfall needed to trigger the landslide in the Amboori region would be 80.7 mm. The negative coefficient of the antecedent rainfall indicates that when the cumulative antecedent rainfall increases, the amount of daily rainfall required to trigger monsoon landslide decreases. The coefficient value indicates that the contribution of the 5-day antecedent rainfall is ∼20% to the landslide trigger threshold. The slope stability analysis carried out for the area, using Probabilistic Infinite Slope Analysis Model (PISA-m), was utilized to identify the areas vulnerable to landslide in the region. The locations in the area where past landslides have occurred demonstrate lower Factors of Safety (FS) in the slope stability analysis. Thus, rainfall threshold analysis together with the FS values from slope stability can be suitable for developing a simple, cost-effective, and comprehensive early-warning system for shallow landslides in Amboori and similar regions. 相似文献
15.
This study aimed at investigating the first flush phenomenon from residential, commercial and industrial catchments. Stormwater was grab sampled and the flow rate was measured during 52 storm events. The dimensionless cumulative pollutant mass and runoff volume were used to determine the runoff volume needed to transport 50 and 80 % of total pollutant mass. Almost all the constituents did not satisfy this first flush definition except for total suspended solids (TSS) in the commercial catchment. The averages first runoff volume required to remove 50 and 80 % of the total pollutant mass were 37 and 67, 35 and 65, and 36 and 64 % for the residential, commercial and industrial catchments, respectively. It seemed that less runoff is required to transport the same amount of pollutant loadings in tropical urban catchments than in temperate regions. BOD, COD, NH3-N, SRP and TP consistently showed strong first flush effects in all catchments. The first flush strengths of TSS, BOD, COD, NH3-N and TP in the commercial catchment were strongly correlated with total rainfall, rainfall duration, max 5 min intensity, runoff volume and peak flow, but not with antecedent dry days. Management of the first 10 mm runoff depth would be able to capture about half of the total pollutant mass in stormwater runoff that would otherwise goes to drains. 相似文献
16.
降雨是诱发边坡变形失稳的主要因素,而针对降雨型边坡的预警预报也一直是工程领域的核心问题。本文将蒙特卡罗方法引入降雨型滑坡的预警预报,首先基于正态分布的岩土体物理力学参数,建立了边坡的有限元数值计算模型,并分析了9种不同型式降雨下边坡稳定性系数的变化情况。结果显示递增型降雨对边坡的稳定性尤为不利,均匀型降雨次之,递减型降雨影响最小。其次,将降雨过程划分为前期降雨+当期降雨,并确定了前期降雨对于当期降雨的有效时间为6 d。最后,论文结合可靠度理论,选取失效概率Pf=10%作为预警指标,通过把前期降雨引入降雨强度-降雨历时关系曲线并作为第三坐标轴,最终将该曲线扩展成为前期降雨(A)-当期降雨(I)-降雨历时(D)曲面(A-I-D阈值曲面),研究结果对于降雨型边坡的预警预报具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
17.
2011年贵州省望谟县打易镇的大范围浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷泥石流提供了研究这类泥石流地形和降雨条件的机会。在地质条件一致和小区域内的降雨条件基本一致的情况下,地形条件就是这些泥石流暴发与否的唯一决定因素。对比一些重要的地形因素与泥石流暴发的关系,得出了由流域面积、沟床纵比降和25°~45°山坡坡度面积比组成的泥石流综合地形因子T。在地形因子T的基础上,研究获得了由前期降雨量、1 h降雨强度、年平均降雨量等组成的降雨因子R。由地形因子T和降雨因子R获得的临界条件P可以判断该区域的泥石流暴发。由于研究工作部分基于泥石流的形成机理,研究成果还可用于其他区域的泥石流形成预测,为泥石流的预测预报提供了一个较好的方法。 相似文献
18.
The effect of antecedent rainfall on slope stability 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
H. Rahardjo X. W. Li D. G. Toll E. C. Leong 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2001,19(3-4):371-399
A case study is presented in order to identify the effect of antecedent rainfall on slope stability for Singapore. A storm in February 1995 (during which 95 mm of rain fell in 2
h) caused more than twenty shallow landslides on the Nanyang Technological University Campus. Details of the location, size and morphology of the landslides are presented. The antecedent rainfall during the five days preceding the event was significant in causing these landslides since other rainfall events of similar magnitude (but with less antecedent rainfall) did not cause landslides. To further understand the effect of antecedent rainfall, numerical modelling of one of the slope failures is presented. The changes in pore-water pressure due to different rainfall patterns were simulated and these were used to calculate the changes in factor of safety of the slope. The results demonstrate that antecedent rainfall does play an important role in slope stability. 相似文献