共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Keith Hartley 《GeoJournal》1995,37(2):277-282
Abtract The environmental impacts of defence is a neglected and under-researched area for economists. This article presents a conceptual approach outlining some of the economic issues involved in the environmental impacts of defence spending and the activities of the armed forces. It reviews the economics and politics of externalities and then considers beneficial and harmful externalities and concludes by identifying some of the environmental costs of disarmanent. 相似文献
2.
矿产勘查活动往往会带来一定的生态环境影响,如何评估这些影响是当前矿产勘查所面临的迫切问题之一。本研究以广东省金矿资源最为集中的粤西金矿带为例,采用生态系统服务价值核算方法,利用单位面积生态环境价值,结合植被恢复时间和矿产资源潜力,量化评估粤西金矿带内的四个主要已知矿区勘查活动生态环境影响,进一步推测量化评估金矿带内其他具有类似成矿地质条件的预测单元勘查活动生态环境影响。评估结果表明：（1）粤西金矿带勘查活动生态环境影响成本较低,相对于其矿产资源潜力带来的社会经济效益而言,微乎其微;（2）广东省粤西金矿带下一步勘查工作方向仍应重点集中在金牛A类预测区、新洲A类预测区与高村A类预测区等资源潜力大、单位资源量生态环境成本低的区域;（3）本研究提出的勘查活动生态环境影响量化评估方法具有易操作、适用性广等特点,可用于其他地理环境下的勘查活动生态环境影响量化评估。 相似文献
3.
多年冻土地区金刚石矿的环境问题--以Yakutia 西北部Anabar矿为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
V.N. Makarov 《冰川冻土》2004,26(Z1):257-262
Placer diamond mining in the Anabar area involves various operations that cause long-term (nearly a quarter of a century) environmental impacts. The long history of mining activities, the technology used to mine the placers, as well as the poor assimilative capacity of the natural systems can result in serious environmental impacts in the area. The primary geochemical processes in the diamond-bearing area are affected by the occurrence of permafrost and relict ice, the lengthy duration of ice cover in water bodies, and the widespread development of cryogenic processes. This promotes physical migration of contaminants, cryogenic metamorphization of waters, and long-term accumulation of organic contaminants in low-temperature, reduction and sedimentation barriers. In this paper, some environmental and geochemical effects of diamond mining in the Arctic area are discussed. 相似文献
4.
首先从累积影响的概念和分类两方面对累积影响的内涵进行了总结,回顾了累积影响概念产生、发展的过程,提出了定义累积影响必须包括的核心内容;对国内外累积影响的研究现状进行了概括:国外对累积影响的研究开展得较早,但仍然存在累积影响定义不一致、方法定量性差、结论没有公信力等问题。国内于20世纪90年代开始对累积影响进行研究,主要集中于方法研究,对定义和实例探讨较少;对一些具有代表性的累积影响分析方法进行归类,并指出了各种方法的适用条件;特别对累积影响在水利学科中应用的情况进行了介绍,并指出了流域梯级开发背景下累积影响分析的特点;最后提出了累积影响研究的几点趋向。 相似文献
5.
A. M. Martínez-Graña J. L. Goy y Goy Irene De Bustamante Gutiérrez C. Zazo Cardeña 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(1):39-51
A new procedure is proposed for joint strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment using simultaneous characterizations in the protected natural area studied to analyse the importance and extent of the impact of human activities within this area on the various natural resources. GIS techniques were used to define territorial models, including environmental information criteria in thematic layers to facilitate environmental diagnosis in the early planning stages in the areas of concern or of higher quality for conservation at different working levels (municipal, district, provincial or national). Traditional conventional environmental impact assessment methods were improved, using spatial analysis to compare scenarios based on the spatial and temporal variability of the impacts identified and their evaluation. This method was applied to the natural space of Las Batuecas-S. de Francia and Quilamas, where in an initial stage the different anthropogenic activities (landfills, etc.) with the potential to cause direct (sewage waters, etc.) or indirect (leachate, etc.) impacts were identified, using checklists and double-entry matrices to analyse actions likely to cause impacts, developing the cartography and identifying environmental impacts potentially damaging to the natural environment. Next, thematic and interpretive mappings were drawn up (surface water quality, aquifer vulnerability to pollution and vulnerability to municipal solid waste) to assess the effects upon resources (water, soil, air, etc.). Finally, by overlapping the impact identification and vulnerability mappings (municipal solid waste, pollution of aquifers and surface water quality) the impact characterization mapping was obtained, showing the absorption capacity of the different sectors to help the responsible bodies set out preventive and/or corrective measures. The essence of this paper is, in methodological terms, its use of two methods simultaneously (strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment) in a protected natural area, allowing it to be extrapolated to any area where territorial management and planning studies need to be carried out. 相似文献
6.
我国北方干旱化研究——面向国家需求的全球变化科学问题 总被引：44，自引：0，他引：44
近几十年来 ,全球环境变化已经成为国际社会关注的焦点。中国也面临一系列与此相关的重大生存环境问题。其中最为突出的是北方地区的干旱化。其主要表现为 :降水量减少 ,雪线高度抬升 ,湖泊萎缩 ,河网干枯 (特别如黄河断流 ) ,土地荒漠化 ,生态系统退化等等。这些问题已经成为国民经济发展的严重障碍。北方干旱化是怎样形成的 ?其未来发展趋势如何 ?将对中国的生存环境和社会经济可持续发展产生什么影响 ,应采取什么对策 ?政府和公众迫切要求回答这些与社会发展和人民生活密切相关的重大问题。文中分析了北方干旱化问题的性质 ,提出了面对国家需求应解决的关键科学问题和主要研究内容 ,简要介绍了在国家重点基础研究规划项目的支持下 ,近年来的主要研究进展 ,其中包括北方地区不同时间尺度干湿变化的规律和干旱化的证据 ,全球增暖和人类活动 (主要是水土资源的利用 )对干旱化的影响 ,主要生态系统对干旱化的响应和适应以及组织有序人类活动 ,改善生态环境 ,缓解干旱化影响的虚拟试验的结果等。 相似文献
7.
J. Nouri S. Toutounchian 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2004,1(2):109-117
Application of environmental management system (EMS) in urban environment provides a city with orderliness, regularity, quietness and freshness environment. Besides, it contributes sustainable development and optimization in life level index of the city. If the whole urban districts design and establish an environmental management system ISO 14001, the development will be faster and more sustainable. Municipality of Tehran, District 22 has been found and started an activity under the command of Sterling Council of Iran Urbanization and Architecture in order to regenerate the urbanization concealed concepts and also to control and organize the excessive constructions in west and northwest of Tehran since 2000. As a result of human undergoing development activities, the process of urbanization during many years has caused various environmental impacts. Thus, decision makers and managers considered urban sustainable development as a main strategy. District-22, has taken the required steps in providing sustainable development, safety and health of the organization and citizens in the related district. Environmental policy and commitment of top management (Mayor of the District-22) are to keep environmental conservation, in a well organized manner. In this study, dominant environmental aspects, impacts and legal requirements of the related activities and services are identified. Subsequently, environmental objectives and targets and also environmental management programs have been determined. Besides, training, internal and external communication, operational control, emergency preparedness and responsibility, obligations to follow environmental rules and achieving certification of ISO 14001; 1996 standard are the most important highlights at this study. The planning process, establishing and the method of operation has also been studied. 相似文献
8.
9.
黑色页岩的资源功能和环境效应 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
利用ICP—MS等分析技术对典型黑色页岩的微量元素及P、S等组分进行了分析,探讨了黑色页岩的化学特征、风化机制和微量元素富集特征,阐明了黑色页岩的资源功能和环境效应。结果表明,黑色页岩不但富含多种矿产资源,产有大型、超大型多金属矿床,而且可用作复合化肥以改良土壤。同时,黑色页岩因风化分解释放CO2、产生酸性矿排水、释出重金属元素等而可能对环境产生严重影响,引起环境问题。开发利用黑色页岩不但要充分认识其资源功能特征,拓宽其应用途径,而且要特别注意其可能引发的环境问题。 相似文献
10.
There is an increasing concern that the current management practices for many coastal regions are unsustainable. Very few
countries have planned to deal with the exacerbation of environmental decline in the face of sea level rise. It is therefore
necessary to assess socioeconomic and environmental impacts of sea level rises to better understand the vulnerability of coastal
zones, as part of devising adaptive and integrated management principles. This paper presents a systematic approach by which
relevant stakeholders can be actively engaged in prioritising flood impact issues and deriving information for quantification
of impacts for adaptation measures and demonstrates the approach through implementation in the Gippsland coastal region. As
outcomes of the project, we have identified key issues of concern for this region for flood impacts and constructed synthetic
response functions for quantification of impacts of floods on some of the key issues in the region. The analysis also showed
that stakeholders consider that some of the issues are not likely to be significantly affected by floods and thus may not
require adaptation measures. The analysis did not provide high agreement on some issues. Different approaches are required
to assess the importance of these issues and to establish impact response functions for them. 相似文献
11.
Ludimila de Oliveira de Amorim Thomas Vincent Gloaguen Brenner Biasi Silva Samile Raiza Carvalho Matos 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(1):42
The highly increasing demand for sand in Northeastern Brazil, due to governmental economic incentive focused to this region, has necessitated the opening of new extraction mines, generally without adequate environmental control. This study aimed to assess several sand extraction activities in the Recôncavo territory, Bahia state—area with high variability in sedimentary deposits—by evaluating the quality of the sand and the extraction impacts according to the geological basement. The methodology consisted of field research, using satellite images and maps for characterization, application of the environmental and economic impact checklists, and analysis of organic matter, particle size distribution, and salt content in 35 samples from different sand mines. The sands were classified as white sand (from Neossols/weathered aeolian sandstones), brown sand (from mature soils), and river sand. A strong relation between the geological origin and sand type and quality was established. Although the river sand appears to be the best option for extraction with regards to sand quality and low environmental impacts, the white sand derived from Jurassic sandstones is intensively extracted due to easy access, availability of wide deposits, and visual quality and homogeneity. However, the white sand has an inadequate particle distribution due to its poor gradation (aeolian selection of fine particle) and high environmental impacts due to its location in wet tropical ecosystem dominated by the Atlantic forest and the erosion of sandy soils. We demonstrated that the knowledge of lithology is fundamental for mapping new potential sand mines and minimizing the generated impacts. 相似文献
12.
Caetano Luiz Beber Rafael da Rosa Couto Paulo Emílio Lovato Jean-Philippe Guillemin Bernard Nicolardot Ricardo Bergamo Schenato Jucinei José Comin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(14):532
The green revolution laid the foundations of modern agriculture, by using science and technology to produce more from same resources. The pesticides contributed to agricultural output in the last decades; however, their use has resulted in environmental pollution, health problems, soil and water contamination and negative impact on biota. The impacts of agricultural activities to the environment depended on the practices adopted during the production process. Measurement tools to assess the impacts of those practices are necessary to improve agricultural systems and must be evaluated in different ecosystems. Different soils, climates and crops impose many phytosanitary arrangements. This complex network and the fact that most of the indicators and measurement tools are developed for temperate climates makes it difficult to quantify the environmental impacts under subtropical regions. The I-Phy index is a predictive indicator that assesses the risks of pesticide usage in agriculture and identifies as to which practices generate the main environmental impacts of pesticides. The objective of this study was to test the suitability of the I-Phy index for subtropical conditions and, if suitable, compare the pesticide risk between two regions. Five crops were assessed under three different cropping systems: no-tillage, minimal tillage and conventional tillage. The I-Phy index was sensitive in both regions and capable of identifying that no-tillage generally presented risks of environmental pollution slightly lower than the other tillage systems. The results of I-Phy index showed that high environmental vulnerability of the fields and the numerous applications of active ingredients with high risks resulted in high risks of general contamination. The application of I-Phy on these two case studies showed the indicator can be useful as a support tool to farmers, research and extension institutions pursuing management practices with lower impact on the environment. 相似文献
13.
人类活动对北京东灵山山顶草甸植被的影响及草甸植被的保育对策 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
通过对北京东灵山海拔 1500 m以上草甸植被资源的调查，共获得41个面积为 4 m×4 m的样方资料。将不同草甸群落按照人类活动的影响作用进行归类，并对各个草甸群落的生境和群落特征进行分析，结果表明：①东灵山山顶草甸植被以人类活动影响下形成的次生草甸群落为主，原生性草甸仅分布在海拔 2000 m以上的山顶及其邻近地段；②种类组成最丰富的草甸群落位于海拔1510～1900m的地段，这是自然条件和人类活动共同作用的结果；③旅游活动的影响已经使山顶原生性草甸受到威胁，局部地段草甸植被退化严重；④限制马匹活动，适时、适度提高缆车票价，在草甸分布地段部分拆除并制止新建饭店、旅馆，实行旅游功能分区规划和管理，有针对性地开展草甸承载力研究等，是现阶段草甸植被保育的重要措施。 相似文献
14.
Nonnative species cause economic and ecological impacts in habitats they invade, but there is little information on how they spread and become abundant. This is especially true for nonnative species in native Zostera marina eelgrass beds in coastal British Columbia, Canada, which play a vital role in estuarine ecosystems. We tested how nonnative species richness and abundance were related to both arrival vectors and environmental factors in northeast Pacific eelgrass. Using correlation tests and generalized linear models, we examined how nonnative macroinvertebrates (benthic, epifaunal, and large mobile) and some algae species were related to arrival vectors (shipping and aquaculture) and environmental factors (climate variables, human population density, and native richness and abundance). We found 12 nonnative species, 50 % with known negative impacts within eelgrass habitats. For benthic organisms, both nonnative richness and abundance were strongly correlated with shellfish aquaculture activities, and not with shipping activity. For epifaunal nonnative richness and abundance, neither vector was significantly correlated. Climate (temperature and salinity) helped explain nonnative richness but not abundance; there was no relationship of nonnative richness or abundance to native species richness and abundance or population density. Results suggest that aquaculture activities are responsible for many primary introductions of benthic nonnative species, and that temperature and salinity tolerances are responsible for post-introduction invasion success. While aquaculture and shipping vectors are becoming increasingly regulated to prevent further international spread of nonnative species, it will be important when managing nonnatives to consider secondary spread from intraregional transport through local shellfish aquaculture and shipping. 相似文献
15.
Environmental economic geography: A sympathetic critique 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Gavin Bridge 《Geoforum》2008,39(1):76-81
In this article I examine the objectives and substantive claims of a body of work that has come to be known as ‘environmental economic geography’ (EEG). I characterize this loose grouping of research activities as a topical contrivance: often what unites EEG researchers is simply a desire to apply the theories and methods of economic geography to environmental issues. The article explores an alternative rationale for doing EEG: the development of a distinctive intellectual project out of the encounter between economic geography and environment. Such a project extends beyond an assessment of the environmental impacts of economic activity, to examine the ways in which many ‘economic’ processes are environmentally constituted. 相似文献
16.
17.
旅游业的环境影响综合评价与对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
旅游业对自然环境有正反两方面的影响。反面影响包括对水体和大气环境的影响,对动植物的影响,对土壤和沙丘的侵蚀,以及影响审美。正面影响包括建立自然保护区,保护海洋、植被、湿地,促进连际土地开发和教育民众。促进旅游业永续发展的对策有：对旅游业进行选择;对旅游区进行环境规划;对旅游业的环境影响进行实验追踪,建立综合性模式研究旅游业的累积环境影响。 相似文献
18.
19.
The focus of this research was to determine if abandoned mines constitute a major environmental hazard in the Black Hills. Many abandoned gold mines in the Black Hills contribute acid and heavy metals to streams. In some areas of sulfide mineralization local impacts are severe, but in most areas the impacts are small because most ore deposits consist of small quartz veins with few sulfides. Pegmatite mines appear to have negligible effects on water due to the insoluble nature of pegmatite minerals. Uranium mines in the southern Black Hills contribute some radioactivity to surface water, but the impact is limited because of the dry climate and lack of runoff in that area. 相似文献
20.
Potentially contaminating activities such as mining and waste disposal, which require environmental hydrogeologic monitoring, may be located in or above fault zones. Two case studies of ground water monitoring at waste disposal sites in California illustrate the effect such fault zones may have on water tables. A fault gouge area in the Garlock fault zone has a potentiometric surface (a conceptual surface plotted using water elevations in monitoring wells and springs) which intersects the ground surface. The planar Kern Bluff fault produces a stepped water tabel. It is suggested that due to geologic and other environmental similarities, studies of environmental impacts of projects along the Ataca fault zone and Pocuro fault zone in Chile may encounter similar hydrogeologic phenomena. 相似文献