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1.
来自华北克拉通山东省中生代镁铁质岩石及地幔包体的橄榄石氧同位素组成显示,早白垩世岩石圈地幔主要受到了来自俯冲的华南陆壳不同组分的改造作用,包括镁铁质下地壳和长英质上地壳组分以及少量的海相沉积碳酸盐岩,而晚白垩世的岩石圈地幔则受到了来自俯冲的太平洋板块的改造。早白垩世受俯冲陆壳改造的岩石圈地幔橄榄石相对正常地幔高δ18O (6.0‰～7.2‰),而晚白垩世被俯冲洋壳改造的局部地幔则相对正常地幔低δ18O (4.1‰～5.3‰)。板块俯冲作用是导致华北克拉通岩石圈地幔破坏的重要深部机制,三叠纪华南陆壳深俯冲导致了华北克拉通地幔强烈富集相容组分而转变为易熔的岩石圈,早白垩世大规模幔源岩浆的侵位很可能与俯冲大陆板片的整体断离或拆离作用相关;晚中生代以来的太平洋俯冲作用则引发了岩石圈地幔的置换和增生作用,形成了目前新、老地幔共存的格局。 相似文献
2.
侏罗纪地壳转动与中国东部岩石圈转型 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
对中国东部侏罗纪时期地壳增厚和岩石圈显著变薄的现象,提出一个新的形成机制假说.基于古地磁和地质学的证据认为,鄂霍次克板块朝西和伊佐奈岐板块朝西北方向运移、俯冲和碰撞,造成西伯利亚东部边缘的强烈构造变形,使东亚大陆地壳产生20°～30°的逆时针转动,形成东亚大陆北部地壳朝西运移,而东亚大陆南部(中国东部)地壳相对向东运移.这种滑移作用使中国东部发生强烈的构造-岩浆活动、地壳增厚,同时也使中国大陆东部的上地壳从大陆型岩石圈地幔滑移到大洋型岩石圈地幔之上,出现岩石圈类型的转变和厚度显著变薄的现象.看来,中国东部岩石圈变薄并不是深部地幔羽或大陆伸展作用的结果. 相似文献
3.
通过分析盆地区大陆伸展模型参数、火成岩地球化学特征时空演化、岩石圈分层伸展几何学和运动学、应力场-变形场的匹配和演化,文章对渤海湾盆地晚中生代以来伸展断陷的动力学过程进行了系统讨论。晚中生代,盆地北、西部以变质核杂岩模式伸展,南、东部以宽裂陷模式伸展;在岩石圈伸展过程中,地壳变形方式为简单剪切,岩石圈地幔变形方式为纯剪切;盆地处于洋壳俯冲背景下弧后伸展区,盆地及西、北部隆起区岩石圈地幔为EM1型,而南、东部隆起区受扬子板块俯冲改造成类似EM2型;盆地变形的力源为板块相对运动产生的引张力,以及郯庐断裂的走滑作用。新生代,渤海湾盆地以窄裂陷模式伸展,地壳和岩石圈地幔变形方式均为纯剪,但岩石圈地幔伸展强度大于地壳;盆地处于大陆内裂谷环境,软流圈地幔上涌并改造岩石圈地幔,且盆地裂陷的力源以软流圈地幔上涌产生的引张力为主。 相似文献
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早白垩世时期华北克拉通的演化为探索大陆再造提供了典型案例，强烈地壳伸展、岩石圈减薄及克拉通破坏的机理及动力学长期以来一直是争议的焦点。早白垩世岩石圈伸展形成了包括辽南和五莲变质核杂岩在内的地壳伸展构造组合，同时伴随着巨量壳- 幔岩浆活动性，这些构造- 岩浆活动是克拉通岩石圈壳- 幔耦合拆离与解耦拆离作用的结果，可以用克拉通岩石圈壳- 幔拆离模型(parallel extension tectonics)解释。与此同时，具有相似特点(时间、几何学、运动学和动力学)的构造- 岩浆活动遍布包含东北亚、中国华北和华南及俄罗斯远东地区等在内的整个欧亚大陆东部地区，反映在统一构造环境中发展和演化的本质，而华北克拉通成为早白垩世欧亚大陆东部地区岩石圈伸展的典型案例。广布的早白垩世伸展构造东侧紧邻古太平洋板块俯冲作用形成的陆缘增生杂岩带，构成独特的古太平洋型活动大陆边缘。这种大陆边缘保留和记录了与现今西太平洋型和安第斯型活动大陆边缘全然不一致的构造特点，包含增生杂岩(海沟增生楔处)与面状伸展构造域两个构造要素，但缺乏典型的大规模岩浆弧的存在。地幔分层对流对于古太平洋- 欧亚大陆间洋陆相互作用、大陆岩石圈伸展、克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏提供了重要动力来源，而板块边缘力起着重要的辅助作用。 相似文献
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根据地球物理资料的分析得到,除了东北吉辽地区太平洋板块向大陆俯冲外,当今中国东部其他地区大陆下都没有俯冲太平洋板块的证据。中生代以来中国东部发生的岩石圈巨变不是太平洋板块向中国大陆的俯冲所造成,而是由于软流圈物质上涌形成蘑菇云构造对岩石圈地幔的改造而引发的重大地质事件。软流圈物质的上涌使岩石圈地幔成为新生地幔与残剩地幔并存的结构,岩石圈被激活,稳定的克拉通地壳褶皱变形,地壳减薄,地震频发,岩浆活动活跃,地面沉降,并形成广袤的西太平洋边缘海。但是岩石圈厚度并未减薄,只是由于岩石圈地幔形成了蘑菇云结构使它的速度降低,与周遍地区的岩石圈结构产生明显差别。蘑菇云地幔发育的地区覆盖整个东南亚西太平洋地区。包括中国东北的中东部、华北的东部、华南的东南缘、马来半岛、印尼、菲律宾、日本海、黄海、东海、南海,加罗林盆地和菲律宾海盆。与这个东南亚西太平洋低速岩石圈地幔相对应,还存在一个巨大的大地椭球面正异常,它应是核幔边界的质量过剩所引起。它与印度洋—西藏地区核幔边界质量亏损引起的负大地椭球面异常孪生,并形成一个控制中国大陆构造的深层动力系统,这个动力系统产生的时代可能为中生代或晚古生代。它们之间的地幔环流造成了东南亚西太平洋岩石圈巨变,并驱动印度板块的北移和青藏高原的隆升。 相似文献
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本文总结和回顾了过去几年来本研究团队在华南陆块东部(主要是东南沿海地区)开展的火成岩岩石地球化学研究进展,并重点探讨了晚中生代(白垩纪)岩浆作用的深部动力学过程,取得了以下主要认识:(1)华南晚中生代镁铁质岩浆作用记录了古太平洋板块从俯冲到后撤-撕裂的深部动力学过程,其地幔源区的富集组分从进俯冲时期的板片上覆沉积物逐渐过渡到后撤-撕裂阶段的下部镁铁质洋壳;(2)长英质火山岩的地壳源区从俯冲阶段的低温(700～810℃)含水下地壳转变为后撤-撕裂阶段的高温(790～860℃)贫水陆壳;(3)东南沿海地区晚中生代经历了强烈的弧地壳增生和置换作用,形成了具有“等同位素效应”的双峰式侵入杂岩体。我们提出的板片俯冲-后撤-撕裂模式同样适用于解释华南陆块东部早中生代构造-岩浆演化的深部的动力学机制。 相似文献
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《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2016,(6)
本文简要综述了古太平洋构造演化历史和中国东北及邻区构造单元,总结了中国东北及邻区白垩纪岩浆活动的时空分布规律及岩石组合特征,认为中国东北额尔古纳-兴安-松辽-佳木斯地块145~88Ma岩浆活动显著,从西向东由老变新,特征岩石组合为软流圈地幔来源玄武质岩石,以及Ⅰ型和A型花岗岩类;88~65Ma岩浆活动较弱,仅少量OIB型玄武岩。完达山-锡霍特-阿林-延边地区白垩纪岩浆活动也具有从西向东由老变新的规律,特征岩石组合为高镁安山岩、埃达克岩、I型及S型花岗岩等中酸性岩石。上述岩浆活动分别形成于弧后(板内)及大陆弧。中国东北早白垩世大陆弧具有弧后伸展,与年老大洋岩石圈的俯冲有关,是现代地球上少见的俯冲类型;晚白垩世中晚期,弧后发生构造挤压,与智利型大陆边缘相似。 相似文献
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中国大陆岩石圈壳幔韧性剪切带系统 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
众多地震测深剖面的地质构造解析显示,大陆岩石圈存在既有显著差异又有密切联系的两套断裂系统,即以地壳表层脆性剪切带为主的浅层断裂系统和以切割莫霍界面的壳幔韧性剪切带为主的深部断裂系统。根据地震测深速度结构特征,结合深部构造岩石地球化学的综合研究,将切割莫霍界面或壳幔过渡带的壳幔韧性剪切带划分为三类(俯冲带、缝合带和剪切带)五型(大陆岩石圈边缘海沟俯冲带、大陆岩石圈碰撞缝合带、挤压型壳幔韧性剪切带、伸展型壳幔韧性剪切带和走滑型壳幔韧性剪切带)。建立起中国大陆岩石圈构造变形由地壳表层向深部扩展以及由壳幔过渡带向地壳中上部扩展的岩石圈双向扩展模式。壳幔韧性剪切带既是无机成因天然气等深部流体的通道,又是地震活动区的发震构造之一,因此研究大陆岩石圈壳幔韧性剪切带具有重要学术价值和实际意义。 相似文献
9.
了解华南各岩石圈块体壳幔结构和各向异性方面的差异是揭示华南深部构造演化的基础。本文利用布设于华南的两条宽频地震测线观测数据,采用多种地震学方法对华南的地壳上地幔结构和各向异性进行了研究。接收函数结果表明,华南地区地壳厚度和岩石圈厚度都较薄,地壳厚度自东南沿海向西北内陆增厚,扬子克拉通的泊松比(波速比)低于华夏块体,表明扬子克拉通地壳较华夏块体更偏长英质。约北纬29°以北的扬子克拉通地幔转换带厚度明显增厚,可能是由地幔转换带底部停滞的冷的古太平洋板片或中生代克拉通碰撞残留造成的。层析成像结果显示华南上地幔具有很强的横向差异性,上地幔中的强烈低速异常体可能对应了晚中生代发生广泛岩浆作用时的岩浆房和岩浆通道。台湾下方的上地幔存在南北横向差异明显的高速异常,分别对应台湾南部向东俯冲的欧亚板块及台湾北部向北俯冲的菲律宾海板块。俯冲的欧亚板块在台湾南部是连续的,而在台湾中北部,由于与菲律宾海板块的相互作用,俯冲的欧亚板块被折断。剪切波分裂结果显示,以江绍断裂为界,华夏块体与扬子克拉通的岩石圈地幔各向异性存在明显的横向变化,表明两者的构造演化过程有显著差异。 相似文献
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延吉地区古新世埃达克岩成因的岩浆混合证据 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文通过年代学、矿物学、主量元素、微量元素和同位素的研究,指出延吉地区古新世富镁埃达克岩起源于被俯冲板片熔体交代的地幔楔。单斜辉石和角闪石斑晶所显示的反环带结构为幔源富镁埃达克熔体于壳源中酸性岩浆混合的结果,而非前人普遍认为的熔体—地幔的反应产物;其地球化学特征表现出的岩浆演化趋势可以很好地用地壳混染/AFC过程来解释。延吉古新世埃达克岩形成于俯冲后岩石圈伸展作用背景,与太平洋板块的俯冲后撤作用有关。因此,我们认为富镁埃达克岩的形成不必强调同期洋脊的俯冲作用,只要早先或同时有俯冲板片熔体交代,在合适的p-t条件下交代地幔并发生熔融作用,就能形成这一类岩石。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
12.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
18.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献