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根据岩石圈的流变习性,可以将中国岩石圈分成3层,即:弹性上地壳、塑性下地壳和岩石圈地幔.它们的构造各不相同,并且各层间呈现复杂的关系.在新疆地区,上地壳推覆叠置形成以三山四盆为特点的盆山构造,驮伏在一系列东西走向的条带状背型构造与向型构造的下地壳之上.在强烈隆升中的西藏地区,它的周边是差异隆升,但它的腹部地区的弹性上地壳完整未遭破坏.这是因为它的腹部的下地壳和岩石圈地幔发生局部熔融,上地壳被局部熔融的下地壳和岩石圈地幔顶托,以液压的方式整体抬升.华北地区,则是软流圈上升破坏了岩石圈地幔,形成新生地幔与残留地幔并存的蘑菇云岩石圈地幔构造.并由于软流圈的上升,使地壳拉张减薄形成裂谷盆地.中国大陆下除了东北吉辽地区太平洋板块向大陆俯冲外,东部其他地区都没有发现太平洋板块俯冲的证据.中生代以来中国东部发生的岩石圈巨变不是太平洋板块向中国大陆的俯冲而造成的,而是软流圈物质上涌的结果.因此,中国大陆当今的构造动力,是西部由印度板块俯冲推挤和东部东亚-西太平洋软流圈上升构成的二元系统.这两个动力系统的分界是南北地震带.在南北地震带以西整体处在压缩环境中:南北地震带以东,则处在拉张环境中.正是由于应力场由压缩转变成拉张产生的剪应力造成了南北地震带.华北地区所以成为地震活动地区是因为它的岩石圈地幔已被强烈的改造成为蘑菇云构造.热流上升,弹性层急剧减薄,弹性极限下降所致. 相似文献
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华北东部橄榄岩与岩石圈减薄中的地幔伸展和侵蚀置换作用 总被引：24，自引：3，他引：24
对比分析了华北不同时代捕虏体橄榄岩及其南部超高压地质体橄榄岩的矿物化学。具古老难熔岩石圈地幔特征的橄榄岩是古生代金伯利岩捕虏体和早中生代苏鲁变质带地质体的主要岩石类型。具这一性质的橄榄岩也构成了河南鹤壁上新世玄武岩捕虏体的主体部分,并可以在辽宁阜新晚中生代玄武岩中被发现。具饱满岩石圈地幔性质的橄榄岩则是阜新晚中生代火山岩、特别是郯庐断裂带(山旺)及其附近地区(栖霞)中新世玄武岩捕虏体的主要类型。从华北东部已有的捕虏体橄榄岩及地质体橄榄岩所表现出的新生饱满与古老难熔地幔的时、空分布特点,即有些地区捕虏体橄榄岩表现出不同性质地幔共存现象(如阜新、鹤壁)或橄榄石Mg#呈渐变关系看:克拉通岩石圈地幔因扬子板块俯冲所引起的早期(如早中生代)地幔伸展、和晚中生代—渐新世因太平洋俯冲所引起的热扰动的软流圈物质上涌对古老地幔产生强烈的侵蚀作用(引起岩石圈的巨大减薄);中新世以来的软流圈热沉降作用出现新生岩石圈地幔并表现为岩石圈的小幅增厚,从而实现地幔置换过程和华北东部岩石圈的整体减薄过程。岩石圈幔内薄弱带及岩石圈深断裂(如郯庐断裂带)起了软流圈物质侵蚀古老岩石圈地幔的通道作用并导引着深部物质运移和不规则减薄作用等。个别地区(如阜新)强烈的软流圈上涌于晚中生代就已经开始,显示地幔置换作用的强烈不均一性。 相似文献
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中国东部岩石圈减薄研究中的几个问题 总被引：198，自引：26，他引：198
中国东部岩石圈减薄是近 10年来国内外研究的热门课题 ,但关于岩石圈减薄的具体时间、机制及其构造控制因素 ,多有争论。根据目前的研究资料 ,文中对上述问题进行了全面的讨论。初步认为该岩石圈减薄发生在晚中生代 ,且在 12 0～ 130Ma的早白垩世达到高潮。综合分析认为 ,岩石圈的减薄与东侧太平洋板块的俯冲有关 ,即大洋板块的俯冲作用导致岩石圈加厚 ,进而发生岩石圈拆沉。Os同位素资料显示 ,由地幔橄榄岩包体所反映的新生代岩石圈地幔具有年轻性质 ,与古生代时的岩石圈地幔截然不同。因此笔者认为 ,中国东部现今的岩石圈地幔并不是减薄后的残留 ,它表明中生代时 ,岩石圈地幔和部分下地壳一起通过拆沉作用而沉入软流圈地幔 ,由此而导致软流圈地幔与地壳的直接接触。幔源岩浆的底侵及软流圈对地壳的直接加热作用 ,使上覆地壳发生大规模的岩浆和成矿作用 ,并导致中国东部中生代时期伸展构造的广泛发育。 相似文献
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中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式 :“蘑菇云”模型 总被引：90，自引：19，他引：71
从地幔类型、地球物理资料、岩石学研究成果 3方面讨论了中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式 ,认为古老岩石圈地幔物质以亏损玄武质组分的橄榄岩为主 ,岩石密度低 ,具上浮性质 ,是克拉通稳定的主要原因 ,不可能发生因重力诱发的拆沉作用。白垩纪晚期—新生代地幔成分为饱满的二辉橄榄岩 ,地温高 ,明显有别于古老地幔。该热地幔物质呈“蘑菇云”状上涌 ,蘑菇云之间仍有古老地幔的残留体 ,二者多数呈陡边界接触 ,这是东部地幔演化的主要样式。与此同时岩石圈伸展导致岩石圈减薄。中生代中国东部绝大部分地区地温很高、地壳厚度大 ,但许多问题尚待研究。古老岩石圈地幔中的低速、低阻物质为流体和低熔程度的熔体 ,它们呈脉状、透镜状 ;新生代地幔中的该物质为含熔体的软流圈物质 ,它们呈多个蘑菇云状 ;中生代地幔中的低速物质可能为大量的玄武质熔体 ,呈蘑菇云平流层状。中生代壳幔相互作用明显 ,克拉通稳定时期及新生代时期层圈之间相互作用的活跃带位于岩石圈与软流圈之间。 相似文献
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克拉通大陆通常有古老、巨厚且难熔的岩石圈地幔。这种地幔高度亏损玄武质组分，有密度低、刚性程度高的特点，能长期漂浮于软流圈之上而稳定存在。中国东部大陆主要由华北和华南两个古老地块在古生代—早中生代沿中央造山带拼合形成，在晚中生代时强烈活化，表现为构造变形、盆地形成、岩浆活动、巨量成矿等，其深部原因是什么？在分析东部大陆形成过程和岩石圈地幔属性基础上发现:块体初始规模小且发育薄弱带，后期容易受改造；特别是显生宙以来中国大陆受周边多个构造域夹持，板块俯冲作用会引起软流圈物质扰动和上涌并沿薄弱带侵蚀和改造上覆岩石圈，使之发生有效减薄、明显再富集和最终地幔置换。改造和置换后的岩石圈地幔富含玄武质组分，有较高密度和较低刚性程度，容易发生变形和部分熔融，使克拉通大陆活化。因此，块体规模大小并发育薄弱带以及周边构造环境是大陆稳定性控制重要的内、外在因素；中国东部大陆岩石圈显生宙强烈活化和地幔置换是由于块体规模较小而且周边多体系俯冲作用等内、外在有利因素协同作用下的结果。 相似文献
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壳幔作用与花岗岩成因——以中国东南沿海为例 总被引：31，自引：3，他引：28
笔者在近年来的中国东南沿海花岗岩成因研究中,注意到下地壳之下的岩石圈地幔与下地壳之间必然有着十分密切的关系,认识到壳幔作用的重要形式是发生于壳－幔接口的玄武岩浆的底侵作用,它涉及地幔对地壳在“成分”和“热”两方面的贡献。研究表明,本区底侵作用十分发育,是中国东南大陆边缘陆壳演化的重要 过程。中国东南部中生代早期形成的花岗岩多为Ｓ－型花岗岩,它们主要是板块强烈挤压和导致地壳增厚,陆壳重熔形成的岩石。而且这期大规模花岗岩浆活动是与弧后拉张、岩石圈减薄 软流圈上涌作用直接有美．早期太平洋板块向欧亚大陆板块俯冲对大陆裂解起了诱导作用中国东南部晚中生代缝合带的年龄为100～11OMa,可能代表了晚中生代构造－岩浆作用由挤压,地壳增厚,陆壳重熔向扩张岩石圈减薄一双蜂式岩浆作用机制的转变年龄。 相似文献
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大陆克拉通是地球表面上相对稳定的构造单元。从地热学的角度考虑,克拉通岩石圈的稳定意味着地表热流等于对流地幔岩石圈底部提供的热流加上岩石圈内部由放射性衰变产生的热量。太古代稳定克拉通一般具有冷的地热特征,且处于热平衡状态。打破克拉通热平衡的因素有多种,如岩石圈地幔的放射性生热、来自深部的地幔柱、板块俯冲等。华北是全球古老克拉通遭受破坏最明显和最典型的地区,其破坏与中生代太平洋板块向东亚的深俯冲密切相关。古太平洋板块快速俯冲并停滞在地幔转换带脱水、形成宽约1 000 km的低粘大地幔楔,导致地幔对流增强。在活跃地幔对流的热侵蚀与橄榄岩-熔体相互作用共同作用下,华北克拉通在中生代期间迅速减薄。经过中生代加热减薄的华北克拉通岩石圈强度显著变弱,在俯冲板块后撤作用下,岩石圈拉张并进一步减薄,地表热流升高。华北克拉通破坏是一个漫长的历程,期间大地热流的演化特征呈现出由中生代以前的低值演化至新生代的高值再过渡到现今的中等状态（接近全球大陆平均值）。 相似文献
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东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。 相似文献
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The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献
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郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。 相似文献
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Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
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某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。 相似文献
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Jiayu Rong Michael Melchin S. Henry Williams Tatyana N. Koren Jacques Verniers 《《幕》》2008,31(3):315-318
The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs. 相似文献
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Dean S. Oliver 《Mathematical Geology》1998,30(7):911-933
In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix. 相似文献
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Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
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正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the 相似文献