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1.
长期施肥对土壤颗粒粘粒矿物组成及其演变特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在湖北省武穴市长期定位试验的基础上,取不同施肥处理(施氮磷钾处理/NPK,氮磷钾-秸秆配施处理/NPKS)和荒地(HD)的土样,分离其耕层土壤(0～20 cm)不同粒级(2000 nm与450～2000、100～450和25～100 nm三个粒级)的土壤颗粒,并分析各粒级颗粒中粘粒矿物组合和氧化物的差异,揭示不同施肥措施下农田土壤颗粒中粘粒矿物的变化特征。结果表明,不同施肥处理土壤粘粒矿物的组成一致,均以高岭石为主,并都含有蛭石、HIV(1.4 nm过渡矿物)和伊利石,且随颗粒粒径减小矿物从2:1型向1:1型过渡;与荒地土壤相比,施氮磷钾处理中伊利石和蛭石减少,HIV增加,而氮磷钾-秸秆配施处理中则是伊利石减少,蛭石和HIV增加。随粒径减小,3种土壤颗粒中SiO_2和Fe_2O_3含量逐渐降低,Al_2O_3含量逐渐增加,其中各粒级颗粒的硅铝率和硅铁铝率也逐渐降低;与荒地土壤比,施氮磷钾和氮磷钾-秸秆配施处理各粒级颗粒的元素组成无明显变化,而硅铝率和硅铁铝率却有明显提高。3种土壤颗粒中游离态铁、铝含量的顺序为HDNPKSNPK,与铁游离度的变化规律一致,但非晶形铁、铝含量和铁的活化度变化不明显。各形态铁、铝氧化物的含量均随粒径减小而逐渐增大,与铁的游离度和活化度的变化规律一致。 相似文献
2.
以山东棕壤剖面和广东红壤剖面为研究对象,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和基于Rietveld技术的全谱拟合定量分析土壤中的矿物组成、在剖面上的含量变化并研究粘土矿物之间的相互转化关系,揭示气候对土壤成壤机制的约束。结果表明,2个剖面中的矿物组成不同:山东棕壤中非粘土矿物有长石、石英、方解石及少量的铁铝氧化物和闪石类矿物,粘土矿物有伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石,且粘土矿物含量伊利石>绿泥石≈蒙脱石>高岭石;广东红壤的矿物组成为石英、赤铁矿、针铁矿、三水铝石、高岭石、伊利石和蛭石,其中高岭石>伊利石>蛭石。此外,两地的土壤中均含有少量的非晶质物质。山东气候干冷,以物理风化为主,化学风化较弱,原生闪石类原生硅酸盐矿物和易被溶蚀的方解石等仍有存留;广东气候湿热,化学风化强烈,存在明显的脱硅富铝作用,铁铝氧化物富集。3)利用定量结果计算的化学风化指数与矿物的变化是一致的。 相似文献
3.
以我国7个不同气候带下的森林土壤为研究对象,从不同温度及降水对森林土壤的影响方面入手,通过野外取样和室内分析相结合的方法,测定其阳离子交换量、土壤颗粒组成、化学组成特征情况,进行选择性溶解分析,并使用X射线衍射分析方法,分析不同森林土壤粘粒矿物XRD物相特征,深入探讨在不同气候带下、受不同温度及降水影响的森林土壤的粘粒矿物的组成特点及含量变化.结果 表明,7种供试森林土壤除雾灵山外,其他森林土壤粘粒含量均达到30％以上,雾灵山为壤土,西双版纳为砂质粘壤土,其他森林土壤为粘壤土.7种供试森林土壤粘粒化学组成以SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3为主,Sa值大小顺序为蛟河＞漠河＞太白山＞雾灵山＞天童山＞西双版纳＞黄连山.由北到南随着温度及降水的增加,森林土壤的Sa值、Saf值呈逐渐减少的趋势,土壤风化程度增加.寒温带漠河、中温带蛟河、暖温带雾灵山、北亚热带太白山的粘粒矿物以2:1型伊利石为主,中亚热带天童山、南亚热带黄连山、热带西双版纳的粘粒矿物以1:1型高岭石为主.随着温度及降水的升高,伊利石含量呈现逐渐减少的趋势,蒙脱石有所下降,高岭石有所上升,供试土壤粘粒矿物随着气候的变化表现出一定的规律性. 相似文献
4.
《矿物学报》2013,(3)
东北黑土的成土母质主要是第四纪沉积物,在对红土母质和黄土母质上发育的两种东北黑土剖面土壤进行小于2μm粘粒的化学组成和XRD衍射分析基础上,研究这两种母质上发育的东北黑土的粘粒矿物组成。结果表明红土母质上发育的东北黑土风化脱硅作用较强,以1—1型或2—1型粘粒矿物为主,主要含有伊利石、蛭石、高岭石,上层土壤粘粒中含有少量绿泥石,母质层含有大量的蒙脱石,不含有绿泥石。在成土过程中,伊利石大量存在,少量绿泥石逐渐形成,蒙脱石向蛭石转化;黄土母质上发育的东北黑土以2—1型粘粒矿物为主,主要含有伊利石、蛭石、高岭石、少量的绿泥石,母质层粘粒中含有长石,经过脱硅作用逐渐消失,有些土壤的母质层粘粒中也含有蒙脱石,粘粒矿物分布相对均匀,矿物间的转化和演化相对简单。 相似文献
5.
在湖南南县长期紫云英-双季稻轮作试验的基础上,选择单施紫云英（MV）、单施化肥（F100）和紫云英配施全量化肥（MV+F100）处理,研究不同施肥处理下土壤大团聚体（>250μm）、小团聚体（53～250μm）、粉黏粒（2～53μm）及<2μm团聚体的黏粒组分（100～2000、25～100 nm）中矿物的类型、含量和分布特征。结果表明,不同处理各粒级团聚体黏粒组分中的矿物组成相似,主要以伊利石和高岭石为主,包含少量蛭石和1.4nm过渡矿物。MV和MV+F100处理中,相比于<2μm团聚体,大团聚体、小团聚体及粉黏粒中100～2000 nm组分高岭石含量有所降低,蛭石含量增加。与MV相比,MV+F100处理明显增加了<2μm团聚体颗粒中伊利石的相对含量,以及各粒级团聚体颗粒中蛭石的相对含量。随着各团聚体黏粒组分由100～2000nm减小至25～100nm,黏粒矿物的类型减少,伊利石的相对含量显著提高,高岭石含量降低且结晶度变差。与F100相比,MV+F100处理中各粒级团聚体100～2000 nm颗粒的硅铝率明显降低,出现脱硅富铝化现象。 相似文献
6.
以松嫩平原内的前郭和大安两地苏打盐渍土表层土壤为供试土壤,采用Rigaku RIX 2000型荧光光谱仪和XRD—7000衍射仪,对土壤黏粒矿物组成进行了分析。结果表明:表层土壤黏粒(2μm)化学组成均以SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Fe2O3为主,其SiO_2/Al_2O_3 4,土壤风化脱硅作用较弱;土壤黏粒以2∶1型层状铝硅酸盐矿物为主,含有蒙脱石、伊利石—蒙脱石混层矿物、伊利石、伊利石—白云母混层矿物、蛭石、1∶1型层状铝硅酸盐高岭石以及少量2∶1∶1型绿泥石和石英及1.42 nm间层矿物。苏打盐渍土处于风化脱K作用阶段,土壤中混层及间层矿物较多,以蛭石—绿泥石、蒙脱石—绿泥石过渡矿物为主,为二八面体白云母和二八面体蒙脱石混层矿物。水田利用可使土壤黏粒中绿泥石增加,改善苏打盐渍土不良的结构。 相似文献
7.
岩溶地质高背景区土壤中普遍存在的铁锰结核对重金属的赋存状态和有效性有重要影响。选择广西贵港覃塘岩溶地质高背景区富含铁锰结核的表层土壤(0~20 cm)为研究对象,筛分出不同粒径的铁锰结核(10~120目)和细粒径土壤(<120目)样品进行化学分析,针对以下三个方面开展研究:(1)重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)在铁锰结核和细粒径土壤中的分布分配规律和铁氧化物矿物的组成;(2)铁氧化物矿物对富含铁锰结核的土壤中Cd等重金属富集的影响;(3)重金属在富含铁锰结核的土壤中的赋存机制。研究发现,铁锰结核中的Fe和Mn以及Cd等重金属含量随着粒径的增大而不断增加,说明Cd等重金属元素更倾向于在大粒径铁锰结核中富集;土壤中Cd等重金属总量的约90%赋存在结核中,表明研究区土壤中重金属主要以结核形式赋存;富含铁锰结核的土壤中赤铁矿和针铁矿的平均含量分别为0.61%和4.94%,且结核粒径越大,针铁矿和赤铁矿含量越高;除Hg外,Cd等重金属含量与针铁矿和赤铁矿的含量均呈现极显著正相关,与赤铁矿的相关性稍优于针铁矿,表明铁氧化物矿物与富含铁锰结核土壤中的Cd等重金属元素富集密切相关。铁锰结核的存在既能促进Cd等重金属在土壤中的富集,又能降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性,研究结果为解释岩溶地质高背景区土壤Cd等重金属元素高含量、低生物有效性提供了理论依据。 相似文献
8.
河南铝土矿矿物成因及其演化序列 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[摘 要]豫西铝土矿是我国喀斯特型铝土矿的典型代表。本文选取豫西典型的喀斯特型铝土矿为研究对象,通过XRD 分析、扫描电镜-能谱分析、电子探针分析和差热分析多种手段,探测铝土矿的物质组成及其赋存状态,并且分析其矿物成因,总结矿物演化序列。研究显示,豫西铝土矿的主要矿物成分包括硬水铝石、伊利石、锐钛矿、高岭石、针铁矿、赤铁矿、金红石等。硬水铝石主体为简单结晶成因。伊利石主体为风化过程中产物,部分为后期硬水铝石硅质交代的结果。锐钛矿和硬水铝石同期结晶形成于还原环境下。大部分高岭石形成于陆源期风化阶段,少部分为后期硬水铝石硅化转变形成。针铁矿和赤铁矿形成于两个阶段,第一阶段为成矿前风化作用形成的铁质风化壳;第二阶段为铝土矿成岩晚期出现了一期铁质流体活动形成了大量的赤铁矿和针铁矿。重砂矿物金红石和锆石等主要是母岩风化作用的残留物。豫西铝土矿中矿物形成演化可归纳为如下五个阶段:陆源期、同生期、成矿期、成矿后期和表生期。 相似文献
9.
铝土矿是生产金属铝的主要来源,用途广泛。利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜–能谱、X射线衍射、红外及差热分析等手段,研究晋中南石炭系铝土矿矿物特征,分析主要矿物成因。结果表明,铝土矿中所含矿物主要是硬水铝石和高岭石,少量伊利石、绿泥石、赤铁矿、菱铁矿、针铁矿、锐钛矿、金红石、石英、钾长石及方解石等。硬水铝石分隐晶–微晶碎屑、它形粒状晶体、短柱–鳞片状晶体3种类型,差热曲线吸热峰温度偏低,晶胞参数均值a为0.441 546 nm,b为0.945 445 nm,c为0.285 250 nm。硬水铝石主要由高岭石脱硅转变而成,少量为结晶成因。高岭石形成于温暖潮湿气候的风化过程中,部分为复硅化产物。锐钛矿形成于低温低压、TiO2供应充足的环境中。赤铁矿由含水氧化铁矿物风化脱水形成,少部分为成矿早期沼泽相或海相沉积。石英、钾长石及一些重矿物为陆源碎屑来源。 相似文献
10.
十红滩砂岩型铀矿床是我国大型层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿床之一。层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿含矿砂层在含氧含铀水的渗入径流过程中,由于水介质性状的变化,在与砂体发生水岩作用时形成了完全氧化带、不完全氧化带、还原带和原生带等不同地球化学亚带及其相对应的蚀变矿物群,即完全氧化带为褐铁矿(针铁矿、水针铁矿)、伊利石、蒙脱石、少量黄钾铁矾的蚀变矿物群;不完全氧化带为褐铁矿(针铁矿、水针铁矿)、黄钾铁矾、蒙脱石、伊利石、少量绿泥石、高岭石的蚀变矿物群;还原带为沥青铀矿、黄铁矿、高岭石、绿泥石、少量蒙脱石、伊蒙混层粘土、伊利石和碳酸盐等新生蚀变矿物群;原生带的新生蚀变矿物群以黄铁矿、绿泥石、高岭石为主,有时出现少量碳酸盐、蒙脱石和伊利石等。 相似文献
11.
Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
12.
Jiayu Rong Michael Melchin S. Henry Williams Tatyana N. Koren Jacques Verniers 《《幕》》2008,31(3):315-318
The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs. 相似文献
13.
Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
14.
Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base. 相似文献
15.
Fouad N. Ibrahim Dr. 《GeoJournal》1988,17(1):133-141
Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators. 相似文献
16.
东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。 相似文献
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郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。 相似文献
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The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献