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通过大量的地震现象总结和地震过程的热力学分析,得知地震的共性主要有:具分带性及与断裂相关性,有多震层,震区深部常有高导低速层,与水关系密切,主震时短具突变性,部分动植物生长异常,地形地貌变化,出现地球化学、地球物理、气象等异常。这些特征总体又分为两方面:一是与断裂相关,断裂的形成又是岩石性质与力两个因素作用的结果;二是与水相关。主要从断裂降压与水相变两个方面研究,进一步完善岩石圈中断裂降压与水二级相变时临界奇性耦合触发地震的机制,在此基础上提出了水的临界奇异性致震说。(1)由于脆、韧性断裂(或带)降压和聚水,致使地壳和上地幔局部区域的压力下降和温度上升,使温度和压力同时达到水的临界值,从而引发水的二级相变。(2)在临界点处的水二级相变时,物理化学性质发生奇异性突变,特别是水对固相溶解行为的奇异突变行为,使得地壳和上地幔局部的力学性质突变减弱;同时,二级相变时水CV的突变趋于无穷大,据Mie-Grüneisen公式热压(即热应力)趋于无穷大。断裂降压,造成岩石圈局部温压同时达到水的临界值,水发生二级相变,从而至少在以上两方面的作用下,引发局部水热爆炸而触发地震。(3)地震震级与水发生二级相变时的断裂局部聚水量呈正相关。(4)水临界奇异性会导致许多物理化学性质突变,是地震时各种地球化学、地球物理、动植物生长、气象等异常的根源,也是地震监测的主要指标。(5)初步讨论了地震与热液成矿、油气形成等地质作用之间的关联。(6)这个地震成因理论主要用于壳内强震机制解释。 相似文献
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空间模式的广义自相似性分析与矿产资源评价 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：17
尺度不变性(scale invariance)包括自相似性(各向同性)、自仿射性(成层结构)、广义自相似性(各向异性标度不变性),是由各种地质过程和地质事件所产生的地质特征和模式的本质属性．尺度不变性可用分形和多重分形模型来表征．这些尺度特征的定量化可为刻画地质空问模式和模式识别提供有力的工具．例如。热液矿床的群聚现象可以用局部分形特征(局部奇异性)来刻画．通过在特征空问中(如频率空问)识别空问模式的广义自相似性．可以将空间混合模式进行分解或异常的识别．介绍了几种相关的分形模型和方法。包括度量空问模式广义尺度独立性(GSI)的线性模型;基于广义尺度独立性的异常分解S—A方法;度量空问模式的局部奇异性方法;以及如何利用分形特征预测未发现矿床的2种方法．有些方法已应用于许多矿产资源评价实例中．给出了对加拿大Nova Scotia省西南部湖泊沉积物样品中的4种元素As、Pb、Zn和Cu的地球化学数据处理分析结果。证明了局部奇异性分析和S—A异常分解方法对地球化学异常的增强和分离的有效性．研究表明：由S—A方法分解的异常往往具有多重分形的特点,而且普遍具有局部奇异性．研究区内具有明显奇异性的地区(元素含量富集区)是金矿异常区域。它们与金矿成矿作用和已知矿床的赋存密切相关． 相似文献
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地质异常的奇异性度量与隐伏源致矿异常识别 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
以个旧锡多金属矿床为例,研究了致矿地质异常的非线性特征.从异常地质事件和成矿作用的奇异性出发,定量分析了地质异常的奇异性、不连续性、非平稳性、混沌性、自相似性、临界性等非线性特征.在此基础上,详细介绍了局部奇异性分析原理和方法,论述了奇异性指数对隐伏源异常的识别能力.结果表明,奇异性分析方法在个旧地区水系沉积物地球化学数据处理和隐伏源地球化学异常识别和圈定应用中是有效的.分析结果一定程度上消除了隐伏源深度的影响,所圈定的局部地球化学异常不仅在个旧东区较好地对应了已发现的大型锡矿床的分布,而且在其他低缓地球化学异常区也圈定了多处局部异常,为进一步开展锡矿勘查提供了重要靶区.奇异性理论和方法有望为深部矿产预测、隐伏矿预测、覆盖区矿产预测等特殊环境开展矿产预测提供了新的实用性理论和方法技术. 相似文献
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水的临界奇异性及其对热液铀成矿作用的意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水是地质流体的主体,随着温压条件的变化会发生相变,许多物理化学性质也随之改变.特别是水具有临界奇异性,这对热液成矿作用有巨大的影响.本文介绍了水的相变种类及特征,研究了岩石圈中水可能存在的相变,以等压热容为例研究了水的临界奇异性,指出:(1)当温压同时趋近于临界常数时,水的临界奇异性最明显;(2)在岩石圈中温压受地温线控制,只有在热液作用、中酸性岩浆活动及断裂作用同时出现时,才可能使上地壳中某一区域同时达到温压的临界值;(3)对于热液成矿作用而言,水的临界奇异性的意义至少包括溶解度发生急剧变化和产生瞬时高压,这些变化可导致成矿物质沉淀和断裂的产生. 相似文献
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山西五台地区位于华北陆台中部,是山西省内重要的金矿成矿区域,地质条件复杂,近年来找矿突破较小。在矿产预测中,可以结合证据权快速筛选地质变量,求取权重,计算地质奇异性指数,提取局部地质弱异常;利用灰色理论只需少量信息进行预测的特点,圈定找矿靶区,寻找突破。应用证据权-奇异性-灰色理论方法圈定了研究区预测靶区,靶区内通过已知矿床的验证,提取了4个一级靶区,1个二级靶区,确定了该区域金矿找矿突破口,明确了证据权-奇异性-灰色理论关联分析预测法在矿产预测评价中的重要应用价值和独特的应用效果。 相似文献
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普通克立格方法是一种广泛应用于各种地质领域的线性插值方法。在普通克立格方法实际应用中,有时会出现方程无解的问题,而这些问题的出现往往与协方差函数的选取以及取样点的空间分布有关。这里通过对协方差函数的严格正定性分析,以及对取样点的空间分布对协方差阵奇异性的影响分析,试图拓展对普通克立格方法奇异性分析的各种思路,从而让人们在普通克立格方法的实际应用中找到奇异性无解的原因,有意识地避免可能发生的奇异性无解问题。 相似文献
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多重分形与地质统计学方法在粤北刘家山地区矿化指示中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解地球化学元素在岩石等介质中的局部富集和贫化规律,采用多重分形和地质统计学方法来分析其空间自相关性及奇异性,多重分形方法通过多重分形模型来刻画,地质统计学方法通过变异函数来实现。应用这两种方法处理粤北刘家山地区1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学各元素数据表明,地球化学数据的局部奇异性在该区可反映铅锌铜矿化蚀变带等局部成矿有利部位。为进一步研究异常与奇异性区的关系采用分形滤波技术(S-A法)对该区成矿主元素Pb、Zn进行分析,发现由S-A法分解得到的异常区与奇异性区一致,并且得出由S-A法分解的异常具有局部奇异性的结论。研究区内具有明显奇异性的地区也即元素富集区域是铅锌矿异常区域,它们与铅锌矿成矿作用和已知矿床的赋存密切相关, 这也为该地区元素的成矿潜力评价提供了重要的线索。 相似文献
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以新疆东天山黄山—镜儿泉镍铜成矿带为例,采用奇异性填图技术识别复杂背景下隐蔽的可能矿致异常.结果表明:使用原始镍元素数据形成的地球化学图在吐哈盆地具有较高的浓度值,构造岩浆岩带大部分为中等规模或较弱;而使用奇异性填图技术计算的奇异值在吐哈盆地奇异性较弱,而构造岩浆岩带的奇异性显著.经地质分析认为:吐哈盆地高的元素值可能... 相似文献
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东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。 相似文献
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The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献
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郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。 相似文献
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Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
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某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。 相似文献
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Jiayu Rong Michael Melchin S. Henry Williams Tatyana N. Koren Jacques Verniers 《《幕》》2008,31(3):315-318
The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs. 相似文献
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Dean S. Oliver 《Mathematical Geology》1998,30(7):911-933
In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix. 相似文献
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Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
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Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base. 相似文献