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1.
重庆地区岩溶地下河水溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素特征 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
稳定碳同位素是指示岩溶动力系统碳来源及转化的重要指标。为揭示重庆地区岩溶地下水中溶解无机碳基本特征和碳来源,本文对该地区63条岩溶地下河水样进行了水化学和碳同位素分析。研究结果表明,重庆地区地下河水溶解无机碳主要表现形式为HCO3-,雨季由于稀释作用其浓度低于旱季。重庆岩溶地下河水δ13C-DIC（V-PDB）旱季变化范围为-15.34 ‰～-5.89 ‰,雨季变化范围为-17.40 ‰～-4.23 ‰。根据δ13C同位素质量平衡方法,计算得到重庆地下河旱季碳酸盐岩溶蚀对DIC贡献为45.1 % ～79.7 %,雨季平均为34.6 %～82.1 % 。计算结果表明,在人类活动不断增强的情况下,岩溶水体DIC通量中碳酸盐岩溶解来源的DIC和其参与岩溶地下水δ13C值的形成并不一定是岩溶作用理论方程中所计算的50 %,而是有一定的变化范围。因此在计算岩溶作用碳汇时,建议通过δ13C值扣除碳酸盐岩溶蚀形成DIC的通量后再来推算岩溶作用形成的碳汇量。 相似文献
2.
天然水溶解无机碳（DIC）碳同位素组成（δ13CDIC）分析是研究碳元素循环及相关生物地球化学过程的重要手段之一。近年来,激光光谱技术的发展为碳同位素比值测定提供了一种新的方法。文中阐述了一种总有机碳仪—激光光谱同位素仪联用在线测定水中DIC含量及δ13CDIC值的技术方法。该方法具有较高的测试精度,DIC含量测试结果相对标准偏差能控制在1%以内,δ13CDIC值精度优于±0.1‰（1σ）。不同类型岩溶水δ13CDIC值的测试结果与质谱仪法结果接近,差值总体≤0.3‰,表明该测试技术具有较高的准确度。由于吸收光谱信号与目标气体浓度有关,较低的CO2浓度会影响激光光谱仪的稳定性,在测试时需要根据DIC浓度控制样品进样量,最好采用多标样法来校准仪器测量值。激光光谱技术因其具有低成本、测试快速可靠,且仪器小巧便携等特点,在岩溶水溶解无机碳碳同位素分析中具有较大应用前景。 相似文献
3.
为研究河流非岩溶区断面和岩溶区断面生物地球化学昼夜变化过程、特征及影响因素,探讨水生生物对岩溶区河水碳汇作用的影响,于2016年10月30日-2016年11月1日,在广西桂林漓江干流非岩溶区的峡背和岩溶区的省里设置两个监测点同时开展了为期48小时的高分辨率在线监测和高频率取样工作,研究其水文参数(电导率(EC)、水温(T)、pH以及Ca2+、HCO-3、NO-3等离子和溶解无机碳同位素(δ13CDIC)等水化学参数的昼夜变化规律,并分析其影响因素。发现:（1）峡背和省里两断面水化学类型为HCO3－Ca型,但水文地球化学昼夜变化过程不同:省里断面的物理化学参数昼夜变化显著,T、pH、DO、SIC白天上升夜间下降,Ca2+、HCO-3的质量浓度和EC、p (CO2)白天降低、夜晚上升;而峡背断面理化指标昼夜变幅小,这与峡背断面处于岩溶区与非岩溶区交界处,非岩溶河流汇入、生物量较小等环境特征有关。（2）省里断面营养元素(NO-3、SO42-、Cl-、Na+)昼夜变化过程主要受水生植物同化作用控制,呈现白天降低、夜间升高的变化规律。（3）峡背断面和省里断面TOC 与DOC白天上升、夜间下降,最高日变化幅度可达79%和61%,利用端元混合模型计算得出省里断面和峡背断面内源有机碳占总有机碳的比例分别为91.99%和88.39%,省里断面和峡背断面水生植物光合作用利用HCO-3作为无机碳源的比例为67.42%～99.75%和57.76%～69.78%,平均值分别为79.54%和63.13%。（4）省里断面溶解无机碳(DIC)变化范围为67.1～115.9 mg·L-1,平均值为96.5 mg·L-1,呈现白天下降夜间上升的变化。δ13CDIC变化范围-7.8‰～-9.9‰,平均值为-8.9‰,表现为白天偏重、晚上偏轻的动态变化,两者呈显著的负相关关系(相关系数为-0.79)。研究表明省里断面水生植物光合作用和呼吸作用以及钙沉降是控制DIC昼夜变化的主导因素。通过估算监测期间省里断面光合作用DIC转化速率平均值为1.2×10-5 mmol·L-1·S-1,Ca2+离子的沉积速率平均值为0.18×10-5mmol·L-1·S-1。因此,岩溶区河段水生生物光合作用及其固碳能力较非岩溶区河段明显增强。 相似文献
4.
定量评价硫酸对岩溶碳汇效应的影响有助于提高岩石风化碳汇通量估算精度, 对当前全球气候变化研究意义重大.选取受酸雨影响的桂林岩溶区为研究对象, 在枯水期对研究区14个岩溶大泉和15条地下河水化学成分和碳同位素进行了测试分析, 结果表明: 岩溶大泉和地下河中阳离子以Mg2+和Ca2+为主, 阴离子以HCO3-为主, 分别占阳离子和阴离子组成的90%以上, SO42-含量较低, 其含量范围为0.004~0.213mmol/L; 所占阴离子组成比例为0.12%~6.11%;δ13CDIC、[Ca2++Mg2+]/[HCO3-]更偏向于碳酸溶解端元, 离硫酸溶解端元距离远, 证实硫酸参与碳酸盐岩的溶解对地下水无机碳(dissolved inorganic carbon, 简称DIC)及δ13CDIC的影响有限; 与Sr2+/Ca2+值一样, δ13CDIC主要受径流条件控制, 其大小可以反映地下水径流条件的强弱.利用化学计量关系计算出由硫酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩的平均比例为22.64%, 产生的DIC(HCO3-H2SO4)占总DIC的平均比例为13.04%, 碳酸产生的DIC(HCO3-H2CO3)占地下水总DIC的比例为86.96%, 其中来源于土壤大气中的HCO3-比例为43.48%.因此, 扣除硫酸对地下水中DIC的贡献后, 岩溶碳汇效应将减少13.04%. 相似文献
5.
溶解无机碳及其同位素组成特征对初期水库过程的响应——以新建水库(洪家渡)为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
水坝拦截引起的生物地球化学影响越来越引起人们的重视.本文以我国西南喀斯特地区新建的洪家渡水库为例,详细分析了该水库入库水体、出库水体和水库坝前水体的溶解无机碳含量(DIC)及其同位素组成(δ13CDIC)特征.结果表明:河流经水库作用后水体无机碳体系发生显著变化.洪家渡水库入库水体DIC和δ13CDIC值的年均分别为2.14 mmol/L和-6.6‰,库区表层水体为2.12 mmol/L和-6.5‰,出库水体为2.22 mmol/L及-8.6‰.总体上,入库水体DIC含量低于出库水体,而溶解无机碳同位素组成却比出库水体偏正.就全年平均而言,出库水体的DIC浓度比入库水体和库区表层水体中分别高出3.7%和4.7%;同时,其DIC的同位素组成相对更偏负,出库水体中δ13CDIC值比入库水体和库区表层水体分别偏负30.3%和32.3%.在垂直剖面上,水体中DIC含量随着深度的增加而增高,δ13CDIC值随水深的增加而偏负.由于水库为底层泄水,使得出库水体中DIC含量增高,而δ13CDIC值偏负.河流受水坝拦截后,水化学特征发生显著改变,逐渐向湖沼型方向演化. 相似文献
6.
鄂尔多斯盆地渭北东部奥陶系岩溶地下水的补给环境 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用环境同位素方法对渭北东部奥陶系岩溶地下水补给环境进行了研究。认为研究区奥陶系岩溶地下水为统一地下岩溶水系统。其西部碳酸岩裸露区为地下水直接补给区,地表水在裸露区的渗漏补给是本区主要补给方式。碳酸岩浅埋区为岩溶水的间接补给区,碳酸岩中—深埋区为径流和排泄区。本区氘的等值线图指示洛河以东至黄河地段有一“缺口”,岩溶水向区外有排泄,氘剩余与氚值关系的研究证实这一地段可能存在地下分水岭。对氚和~(14)C的研究表明,区内奥陶系岩溶地下水为混合水,其老水和新水所占比例在补给区和排泄区不同,西部平均老水所占比例为24.73‰,表明西部岩溶露头区吸收降水和地表水能力较强,东南部排泄区老水所占比例为85.6‰,表明此处为岩溶水的径流排泄区。 相似文献
7.
应用环境同位素方法对渭北东部奥陶系岩溶地下水补给环境进行了研究。认为研究区奥陶系岩溶地下水为统一地下岩溶水系统。其西部碳酸岩裸露区为地下水直接补给区,地表水在裸露区的渗漏补给是本区主要补给方式。碳酸岩浅埋区为岩溶水的间接补给区,碳酸岩中-深埋区为径流和排泄区。本区氘的等值线图指示洛河以东至黄河地段有一"缺口",岩溶水向区外有排泄,氘剩余与氚值关系的研究证实这一地段可能存在地下分水岭。对氚和 14 C的研究表明,区内奥陶系岩溶地下水为混合水,其老水和新水所占比例在补给区和排泄区不同,西部平均老水所占比例为24．73‰,表明西部岩溶露头区吸收降水和地表水能力较强,东南部排泄区老水所占比例为 85．6‰,表明此处为岩溶水的径流排泄区。 相似文献
8.
云南白水台钙华池出入口水化学和δ13CDIC昼夜变化的影响因素及水生光合作用影响比例的计算 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
钙华是岩溶区常见的次生化学沉积物,也是陆地气候环境信息的高分辨率载体之一。它的形成常常与水生植物有关,后者的新陈代谢过程可能会改变水中溶解无机碳(DIC)的同位素组成,进而影响钙华的碳同位素值。然而在古环境重建中,水生植物引起微环境变化所造成的影响常常被研究者忽视。本研究选取了白水台两个具有丰富沉水植物的钙华水池,对水池入口、出口的水化学和DIC的碳同位素组成(δ13CDIC)进行了高分辨率的昼夜观测和取样分析。结果显示,在低浓度DIC水体（S1-3）补给水池时,水池出口与入口之间的δ13CDIC的变化很小,主要反映的是出口δ13CDIC继承入口δ13CDIC,反映了滞后效应对水体δ13CDIC的控制;而在高浓度DIC水体（S1-1）补给水池时,水池出口与入口之间的δ13CDIC的变化主要受脱气作用控制。通过对水生光合作用影响比例的计算发现,由于库效应的存在,水生植物的光合作用对δ13CDIC的影响很小。 相似文献
9.
桂林地区不同类型岩溶地下水中δ13CDIC、δ18O的特征及意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对桂林地区地下河水、岩溶大泉中的δ13CDIC、δ18O及Ca2+、Sr2+含量进行了测试分析。结果表明,地下河水的δ13CDIC值范围为–15.99‰～–12.29‰,平均值为(–14.03±1.15)‰;δ18O值范围为–6.63‰～–5.78‰,平均值为(–6.24±0.24)‰。岩溶大泉的δ13CDIC值范围为–15.26‰～–9.22‰,平均值为(–12.05±1.57)‰;δ18O值范围为–6.97‰～–3.19‰,平均值为(–5.68±0.97)‰。岩溶大泉的δ13CDIC值、δ18O值比地下河水的分别偏重1.98‰和0.56‰。通过分析发现,水的循环方式引起了不同类型地下水的同位素差异,地下河以管道流的形式进行循环,循环速度快,水岩作用时间短,碳酸盐岩碳的贡献相对较少;同时,出口处水所经历的蒸发作用时间也短,水的δ18O值偏轻。岩溶大泉以裂隙流的形式进行循环,循环速度慢,水岩作用时间长,碳酸盐岩碳的贡献相对较多;泉口处水所经历的蒸发作用时间也长,水的δ18O值偏重。Sr/Ca值与δ13CDIC值具有正相关关系,而与δ18O值的相关性差。这意味着δ13CDIC值与Sr/Ca值一样,可以在一定程度上反映出地下水的径流条件。 相似文献
10.
泉水是洪家渡盆地居民的重要饮用水源,近些年随着人类活动的增强,泉水水质呈恶化趋势。为查明泉水中污染物来源及其地球化学过程,采集15组具有代表性的水样分析水化学、溶解无机碳（dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC）碳同位素(δ13CDIC)特征。结果显示泉水组分以Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO-3为主,富集SO2-4,硫酸、硝酸与碳酸共同参与了研究区碳酸盐岩风化。泉水Na+、Cl-、K+和NO-3主要来源于肥料（如化肥、粪肥）和污水,SO2-4主要来源于煤层中硫化物氧化、雨水和污水。S01和S09泉因NO-3超标已不可直接饮用。泉水δ13CDIC值主要受碳酸盐岩溶解和土壤CO2的控制,但硫酸、硝酸参与碳酸盐岩风化使泉水δ13CDIC值偏正,且SO2-4、NO-3浓度上升;而硫酸盐细菌还原作用和反硝化作用及人为输入污染物中有机质的降解导致泉水δ13CDIC值偏负。诸多因素导致泉水δ13CDIC值在-17.72‰~-8.74‰之间,平均值为-11.58‰。研究证实δ13CDIC与水化学相结合是探讨碳的生物地球化学过程及示踪岩溶区地下水污染物来源行之有效的方法。 相似文献
11.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
12.
A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
Qiang Xu Xuanmei Fan Runqiu Huang Yueping Yin Shengshan Hou Xiujun Dong Minggao Tang 《Landslides》2010,7(1):75-87
On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing,
China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous
shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front
of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along
the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the
most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel
where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster
happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author
did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser
scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism
of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions
was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research
in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the
Wulong rockslide. 相似文献
13.
Joseph Clancy White 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1993,113(4):524-532
The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events. 相似文献
14.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
15.
Xiaoyu ZHAO Wuyi WANG Hairong LI Fujian FENG Lizhen WANG 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):80-81
Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg. 相似文献
16.
Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to... 相似文献
17.
L. I. Mashonkina A. B. Vinogradova D. A. Ptitsyn V. S. Khokhlova T. A. Chernetsova 《Astronomy Reports》2007,51(11):903-919
We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component. 相似文献
18.
Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream
sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations
exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic
enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing
arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these
disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch
as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted
an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters. 相似文献
19.
20.
日本北海道音调津的球状石墨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜等手段对日本北海道音调津球状石墨的成因、结构等进行研究,认为日本北海道音调津球状石墨中除了石墨外,还存在镍黄铁矿﹑黄铜矿﹑磁黄铁矿等金属硫化物矿物。通过透射电子显微镜观察发现音调津石墨中大部分是椭圆状石墨颗粒,高分辨晶格条纹主要是非晶态结构,但是同时也发现了结晶良好的石墨。高结晶度石墨的存在可能是在硫化物Fe-Ni-Cu的触媒作用下形成的。天然球状石墨的微结构和性状研究对天然石墨的形成和开发应用有重要意义,对新型碳材料的制备技术有重要科学意义。 相似文献