共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 64 毫秒
1.
汞在地壳、岩石和疏松沉积物中的分布 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
20世纪80年代以来分析测试技术取得了突破性的进展,积累了汞在岩石和疏松沉积物大量可靠的分析数据,发现引用20世纪70年代前发表的有关汞的地壳丰度及岩石和沉积物中的平均含量作为衡量标准已不适宜.本文根据近20年来发表的有关汞在地壳、岩石和疏松沉积物中含量的文献,结合作者在地壳元素丰度研究中积累的大量岩石中汞含量的可靠数据以及IGCP360"全球地球化学基准"计划获得的国外沉积物中汞含量的可靠数据,综合给出了汞在地壳、出露岩石地壳的丰度分别为7 ng/g和13 ng/g,岩石、火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩的平均含量分别为12.5 ng/g、6.9 ng/g、22.6 ng/g和8.6 ng/g,大陆疏松沉积物、水系沉积物、泛滥平原沉积物、土壤和浅海沉积物的平均含量分别为60 ng/g、60 ng/g、60 ng/g、65 ng/g和25ng/g. 相似文献
2.
贵阳市土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
以贵阳市区土壤为对象,研究不同功能区土壤中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd)污染的特征,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价了土壤中重金属的潜在生态危害。结果表明,贵阳市城区土壤重金属含量差异较大,变化幅度均高于35%。产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Cd,已达到中度生态危害水平,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr显示轻度生态危害水平。贵阳市潜在生态危害综合指数(RI=90.86),表明土壤重金属污染达轻度生态危害。不同功能区潜在生态危害程度的顺序依次是工业区>公园>交通区>郊区耕地>居民区。 相似文献
3.
武汉市湖泊汞污染现状研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
对武汉市远郊区、城乡结合部和市区三种环境中6个湖泊沉积物和鲢鱼肌肉中的汞污染特征进行了调查采样,采用原子荧光光谱仪进行了汞含量的测定.结果表明:与环境背景值相比,各湖泊沉积物均不同程度地遭受了汞污染,且汞污染表现出由市区向远郊呈减弱的趋势;在沉积柱垂直方向上,市区湖泊表层汞污染严重,向深层汞含量迅速降低,郊区湖泊沉积柱的汞含量基本上变化不大;沉积物中汞的赋存形态研究表明,汞在各湖泊中主要以惰性残渣态形式出现,反映了以飘尘和悬浮物颗粒形式输入为主的特点;湖泊鲢鱼肌肉中汞含量与沉积物中汞含量的变化规律一致,城区湖泊鲢鱼肌肉中的汞含量大大高于郊区湖泊,但鲢鱼肌肉中的汞含量尚未超出国家标准,属安全范围. 相似文献
4.
刘家峡水库西南部水域表层沉积物重金属污染评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究刘家峡水库西南部水域表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况，对采集的55个表层沉积物样品中的6种重金属元素Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量进行测试，其平均含量分别为77.03μg/g、0.16μg/g、33.53μg/g、32.09μg/g、291.77μg/g、22.44μg/g。在研究表层沉积物重金属含量空间分布的基础上，运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法，综合判断水库的受污染程度并对其潜在生态风险进行评估。6种元素的地累积指数排序依次为：Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni > Pb > Cr；潜在生态风险系数排序依次为：Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cr；各区域重金属污染程度或潜在生态风险水平依次为黄河主河道 > 大夏河河口 > 黄河横剖面。综合4种方法的评价结果，认为对刘家峡水库西南部表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价贡献率较高的重金属污染因子是Zn、Cu和Cd；综合相关性分析与主成分分析，认为研究区沉积物重金属污染主要来源于两个方面：（1） Zn、Cu主要来源于生活污染或工业污染；（2） Cd主要来源于工农业活动产生的污染。 相似文献
5.
达则错位于班怒构造带的次级盆地中,湖水最深为36 m,平均深度为20.8 m。湖表水体矿化度17.27~20.27 g/L,平均为19.46 g/L,水化学类型为(CO3+HCO3)·SO4-Na型,属弱度碳酸盐型咸水湖;在垂向上,由浅及深矿化度略有增加,水化学类型不变。湖表水体铀浓度264~324μg/L,平均铀浓度为286μg/L,8 m、18 m和28 m深度铀浓度平均值分别为288μg/L、290μg/L和300μg/L。湖底沉积物铀含量为2.31~4.08μg/g,平均铀含量为3.16μg/g,略高于我国东海大陆架海底沉积物的铀含量。达则错湖水的铀元素来自于周边岩体和地层,通过河水迁移到湖泊中。在河口混合带,铀酰离子部分吸附于悬浮物上,到湖区以碳酸铀酰的形式存在于水体中,沉淀于湖底的悬浮物铀含量没有明显增加。 相似文献
6.
为探讨新疆开都河流域水不同介质的来源及分布特征,检测了开都河流域水、土壤和表层沉积物样品中20种有机氯农药(OCPs)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量。结果显示,OCPs和PAHs在水中的含量分别为42.5~62.5ng/L和29.4~454.3ng/L,在土壤中的含量分别为8.8~12.4ng/g和6.6~128.2ng/g,在表层沉积物中的含量分别为6.6~13.7ng/g和20.8~491.0ng/g。空间分布上,开都河中游污染相对严重的土壤对应的周边河流沉积物也具有较高浓度的污染物,这种分布明显受人类活动影响,沿河道上游呈递增趋势,但总体上低于入湖口沉积物中的含量,表明博斯腾湖蓄积了来自周边的污染物。来源分析表明,开都河流域的六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)主要是历史残留,而入湖口区水体和表层沉积物中新的DDTs,可能与湖泊沉积物被扰动引起的再悬浮释放有关。PAHs以低分子量组分为主,其高含量主要来自于木柴、煤等中低温燃烧。风险评价结果表明,开都河流域土壤和沉积物中的OCPs和PAHs不存在显著的生态风险。 相似文献
7.
以金矿开发影响的黄河二级支流太峪水系沉积物为研究对象,沿河采集16个表层沉积物样品,分层采集垂向剖面10件水库沉积物样品,测定了样品中重金属元素Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu和Zn的含量,采用Hakanson潜在生态指数法和Tomlinson污染负荷指数法评价重金属元素污染程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明,矿业活动是太峪水系沉积物重金属元素污染的主要因素;变异系数、富集系数和最高污染系数均反映Hg、Pb、Cd是太峪水系沉积物的特征污染重金属元素,Cr和As的质量分数接近地区背景值;太峪水系表层沉积物受到重金属元素的极强污染,山区段污染较山外更严重;整个流域的Hg、Pb、Cd具有很强的潜在生态危害,Cr、As、Zn的潜在生态危害轻微;太峪水系沉积物垂向各层沉积物都受到重金属元素的极强污染,生态问题以Hg、Pb、Cd的潜在生态危害为主,其污染和生态危害程度都高于流向上的沉积物。潜在生态危害指数评价突出了不同元素的毒性和危害程度,而污染负荷指数法侧重于样本空间上的污染程度,二者互补使用有利于实际问题的全面评价。 相似文献
8.
通过贵阳市红枫湖多目标地球化学调查,发现红枫湖湖泊沉积物pH值为7.3～7.5,属中偏碱性环境。沉积物具有富营养化趋势明显,C、Corg、N、S、F、P等含量较高且富集度大,存在As、Cd、Hg等重金属安全隐患,其中As含量为（34.6～52）×10-6,平均值40.8×10-6,超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准的特点。按每月一次对湖水水质进行一年期观测,发现湖水pH值为7.5～8,属中偏碱性环境,湖水总N长期超标。湖泊沉积物地球化学环境极可能对湖水水质产生影响,因此通过湖泊沉积物和水体的综合研究,可以为贵阳市重要水源地生态环境保护提供科学建议。 相似文献
9.
贵州万山废弃矿区小流域系统沉积物及悬浮物重金属的空间分布特征 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
废弃矿山虽已不再开采,但废弃矿坑、旧冶炼场地、埋填的尾矿坝受雨水淋滤仍可通过地表径流对下游地区造成污染。研究废弃矿山水系沉积物及悬浮物中重金属的沿河道分布及相互关系具有重要的现实意义。本文以贵州万山汞矿区下溪河小流域系统作为研究区域,对沉积物及悬浮物中重金属元素进行初步调查,为监测和污染耕地进行修复提供基础资料。通过湿法消解的前处理方法,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱和原子荧光光谱法测定了沉积物及悬浮物样品中Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Zn、Co含量,查明污染现状及空间分布特征,以获取矿区污染物向下游迁移、扩散的信息。结果表明:沉积物中Hg含量范围为0.10～16.0μg/g(干重),平均值为5.79μg/g,是《国家土壤环境质量标准》二级土壤Hg限值的几十倍;Cd在部分站点超标;Ni、Cu、Co含量平均值均不超标;Hg和Cd的变异系数较大,显示空间分布不均的特征。沉积物中Hg为高潜在生态风险级别。研究区沉积物及悬浮物中的Hg浓度与河段的水动力条件有关,最大值出现在河道宽阔、水流平缓的站点。由于万山汞矿早已停止开采和冶炼,本研究提出,自然条件下废弃矿区的风化淋滤引起颗粒物输送是造成河流下游Hg和Cd污染的原因。 相似文献
10.
对珠江口伶仃洋海底表层沉积物中重金属的分布规律进行了研究，并利用瑞典科学家Lars Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的生态危害程度进行了评价。研究结果表明，珠江口伶仃洋西岸附近的海底表层沉积物的重金属含量大于伶仃洋东岸附近的海底表层沉积物的重金属含量，重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的含量总体上表现为由西北向东南逐渐减小。生态危害评价结果显示，研究区内除4个站位为生态危害中等外，其余47个站位为生态危害轻微，海底表层沉积物重金属的污染程度顺序为Cd〉Hg〉Cu〉As〉Pb〉Cr〉Zn． 相似文献
11.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
12.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
13.
14.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
15.
16.
Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
17.
Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
18.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
19.
20.
滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献