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1.
奇尔古斯套组硅质岩SiO2含量较高,Al2O3、TiO2含量变化较大,反映出较多的外来物质的加入;Si/ (Al+Fe+Mn)、Al/ (Al+ Fe+ Mn)、MnO/TiO2、Al2 O3/(Al2 O3+ Fe3 O2)值较高,反映其为生物化学成因,形成于大陆边缘环境;Fe2O3/TiO2对Al2O3/(Al2 O3+ Fe2O3)图解同样说明其形成于大陆边缘环境.REE较高,HREE富集不明显,北美页岩标准化后的稀土配分模式曲线较为平坦,向左倾斜不明显,(La/Ce)shale值较低,δCeshale值较高,无明显Ce负异常,反映奇尔古斯套组硅质岩属生物化学成因硅质岩,形成于大陆边缘环境; (La/Ce)shale对Al2 O3/(Al2 O3+Fe2 O3)图解亦说明其形成于大陆边缘环境.微量元素中Hf含量高,而Be、Li、Nb、Rb、Sr、Ta、Th、U、V、Zr含量低;Ba元素含量低;Co、Ni贫富相当,Co/Ni值较高,U/Th值低,说明奇尔古斯套组硅质岩属于正常的生物化学成因的硅质岩. 相似文献
2.
甘肃北山地区红山铁矿区硅质岩与铁矿体紧密伴生,且有些硅质岩本身就是铁矿石。常量元素分析表明:硅质岩普遍具有高Si、高Fe、低Al特征,K2O含量普遍高于Na2O,且Fe/Ti值为57.14～218.74,(Fe+Mn)/Ti值为57.54～224.16,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值为0.05～0.14,均符合热水沉积硅质岩的特征,但存在少量陆源物质介入。稀土微量元素分析表明:硅质岩大部分微量元素相对于克拉克值亏损,稀土元素总量低,经北美页岩标准化后,Ce异常明显或微明显,Eu呈现明显的正异常,重稀土相对轻稀土富集;δCe值为0.93～1.05,平均为0.99;La/Ce值为0.43～0.49,平均为0.44,更接近于大陆边缘硅质岩的特征。综合以上地球化学特征,硅质岩具有明显的热水沉积成因属性,同时有陆源组分的加入,进而得出红山铁矿为与热水沉积成因有关的铁矿床,当时形成环境为大陆边缘环境。 相似文献
3.
硅质岩是若尔盖铀矿田碳硅泥岩型铀矿的重要含矿岩石之一。研究表明,硅质岩w(SiO2)平均值为95.72%,几乎不含陆源泥质沉积物,其Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)均值为0.21,Al-Fe-Mn三角图和Al2O3-SiO2成因标准模式图均表明其成因具有热水沉积特征;MnO/TiO2平均值为5.23,反映硅质岩可能形成于深海盆地环境;MgO/Al2O3平均值高达0.94,表明其形成于高盐度的海水沉积环境。在微量元素特征上,Th/U比值、Sr/Ba比值均远小于1,稀土元素北美页岩标准化配分曲线呈左倾型,大多数硅质岩具有负Ce异常和正Eu异常,均表现为明显的热水成因。硅质岩、石英脉的δ30Si值为-0.1‰~+0.5‰,亦显示为热水成因。综合研究表明,若尔盖碳硅泥岩型铀矿田含矿岩系中的硅质岩属热水成因,其铀平均含量达10.96×10-6,而钍平均含量仅有0.53×10-6,Th/U仅为0.06,属富铀的沉积建造;硅质岩的高铀含量和极低的Th/U值对铀的成矿十分有利,由热水沉积作用所形成的硅质岩系为后期铀的成矿奠定了良好的物质基础。 相似文献
4.
折腰山矿区含铁硅质岩赋存于含矿岩系与上部岩系间的沉积间断界面。含铁硅质岩矿物主要由细晶石英和赤铁矿组成,二者含量占90%以上,含少量的绢云母、钠长石、绿泥石等。该含铁硅质岩具有低的TiO2、A12O3和高的成矿元素(Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn)含量特征。Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值具有热水沉积岩特征。在Fe-Mn-Al三角图解、Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)×10三角图解和Zr-Cr图解中,该区含铁硅质岩均落在热水沉积岩区域中,含铁硅质岩的稀土元素总量很低,其北美页岩标准化配分模式为右倾曲线,具有弱的负Eu异常或正Eu异常和负Ce异常。部分样品MnO/TiO2值偏小,U/Th值偏大,Al2O3含量较高,出现负Eu异常,表明该矿区含铁硅质岩也有正常沉积硅质岩成分的加入。结合含铁硅质岩的地质产状、含矿岩系(石英角斑质凝灰岩)和含矿石英的稀土元素特征,认为含铁硅质岩的物源主要为石英角斑质凝灰岩,属于与火山作用有关的非生物成因类型,是该铜多金属矿田重要的找矿标志。 相似文献
5.
《地质科技情报》2020,(2)
湖北宜昌地区在寒武系水井沱组取得页岩气重大突破后,中扬子地区下寒武统富有机质页岩受到了更加广泛的关注。为了查明这套富有机质页岩的成因及其与下伏硅质岩之间的内在联系,系统采集了鄂西宜昌地区鄂宜地2井岩家河组和湘西桃源、张家界地区留茶坡组-牛蹄塘组的硅质岩,利用主量元素和稀土元素数据分析了硅质岩成因,并探讨了不同地区、不同沉积模式及其对下寒武统富有机质页岩形成的意义。结果表明:①鄂宜地2井岩家河组硅质岩的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.30～0.68,在Al-Fe-Mn三角判别图和Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)图解上集中分布在沉积成因区;稀土元素Eu异常不明显,配分曲线为平坦模式,且(La/Yb)_N介于1.01～1.81,指示岩家河组硅质岩为沉积成因。②湘西桃源和张家界地区的硅质岩明显分为两种成因。留茶坡组硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.03～0.19,在Al-Fe-Mn三角图上靠近Fe一端,稀土元素表现明显的Eu正异常,且配分曲线以重稀土元素相对富集的左倾斜为主,指示明显的热液成因;牛蹄塘组硅质岩则表现相反,指示沉积成因。③埃迪卡拉纪末期,湘西斜坡地区靠近热液喷流中心,因此留茶坡组硅质岩以热液成因为主,而宜昌地区位于局限台地附近,富硅热液因受到阻隔而无法进入,因此硅质岩为沉积成因;至寒武纪早期,随着气候变暖、海平面上升,湘西和鄂西地区海水连通,因此该时期硅质岩均为沉积成因。埃迪卡拉纪末期的热液活动为海洋生物的繁盛提供了大量的磷等无机营养元素,对下寒武统水井沱组/牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩的形成具有重要的意义。沉积成因的硅质页岩相很可能是页岩气的有利相带,这或许能为页岩气勘探提供一个新的思路。 相似文献
6.
青海昆仑河地区温泉沟脑多金属矿位于东昆仑南坡俯冲增生杂岩带中,是近年来新发现的一处矿点.在考察该矿区过程中,首次在含矿硅质岩中发现了闪石类矿物,且与褐铁矿化或赤铁矿化关系密切.矿区内硅质岩表现出明显的条带状、纹层状构造,并具有典型的热水沉积岩组合——层状硅质岩和重晶石岩组合.硅质岩的岩石地球化学分析表明,5件样品Fe/Ti均大于20,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)均小于0.35,稀土元素表现出总量低以及北美页岩标准化模式水平或向左倾斜,为典型的热水沉积产物.硅质岩Ce负异常不明显(平均0.90),Lan/Ybn值介于0.31～1.66之间,平均值为1.02,均与大陆边缘地区的范围接近,说明温泉沟脑矿区硅质岩形环境靠近大陆边缘.角闪石矿物学及成分分析表明,氧化物平均含量w(Al2O3)= 0.574％,w(FeOT)= 25.67％,相应的AlⅣ= 0.011,Fe3+=2.067.根据 NaB＞1.50,(Mg+Fe2++Mn2+)＞2.50,以及(Na+K)A＜0.50,Mg/(Fe2++Mg)＜0.50,AlⅣ＜Fe3+,判断该角闪石属于钠闪石.根据钠闪石产出特征及成因分析,认为其形成与后期流体活动有关.钠闪石与褐铁矿化或赤铁矿化几乎相伴产出,结合两者形成的氧化还原环境可以表明该硅质岩中的铁矿化并非前人认为的同生沉积作用形成,可能为后期热液作用产物. 相似文献
7.
山东东部灵山岛地区发育一套火山碎屑岩、硅质岩、火山碎屑岩夹火山弹的特殊沉积层,为查明这套地层中硅质岩的形成原因及其大地构造背景,对硅质岩进行岩相学和地球化学分析。结果表明,研究区SiO2平均含量为70. 08%,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、δEu、Ba/Sr、Ni/Co及地球化学示踪投影指示其为热水成因;Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、MnO/TiO2、V/Cr、Ni/Co、Th/Sc、U/Th、δCe、(La/Ce)N表明其形成于大陆边缘环境;K2O/Na2O、Al2O3/TiO2、SiO2/Al2O3、SiO2/MgO、Ni/Co值暗示其形成与火山作用有关。研究区硅质岩应为热水成因,且形成过程中受到陆源物质和火山作用的双重影响,形成于大陆边缘裂谷沉积环境。 相似文献
8.
《矿产与地质》2017,(1)
通过野外地质调查和系统的岩石化学、主量元素、微量元素以及稀土元素等研究,探讨了藏南地区三叠系涅如组含放射虫硅质岩的地球化学特征及其沉积环境。研究区的硅质岩呈黑色、灰黑色或灰褐色薄层状或透镜状产出,具有较低的SiO_2含量,对研究区的硅质岩的主量元素运用了Fe-Mn-Al三角成因判别图、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值、K_2O/Na_2O比值、Si/(Si+Al+Fe)比值、100×(Al_2O_3/SiO_2)-100×(Fe_2O_3/SiO_2)、Al_2O_3/(100-SiO_2)-Fe_2O_3/(100-SiO_2)及Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)-Fe_2O_3/TiO_2图解等,显示硅质岩为具有生物成因的非热水或弱热水的大陆边缘沉积环境;硅质岩的稀土元素ΣREE变化较大,通过对硅质岩的稀土元素北美页岩标准化和球粒陨石标准模式图对比、Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)-LaN/CeN图解及特征指数Ce/Ce*和LaN/CeN分析研究,显示硅质岩为大陆边缘、大陆边缘—深海的过渡环境;对硅质岩的微量元素运用了U/Th及Ni/Co比值,显示了非热水沉积物的环境特征。综合研究分析岩石化学、主量元素、微量元素以及稀土元素等因素及生物特征,可以得出研究区的硅质岩具有生物特征的非热水的大陆边缘沉积环境。 相似文献
9.
本文对四川省若尔盖县北部-甘肃省迭部县中-下志留统[兰多维列统(Llandovery)-温洛克统(Wenlock)]富有机碳硅质岩进行了无机化学研究,目的是探讨其成因及形成环境,并建立研究区硅质岩形成及相关元素富集模式。主要对1个钻孔、2个剖面共28件硅质岩的岩相学、扫描电镜、主量、微量、稀土元素、有机碳及Si、O稳定同位素特征进行了研究。(1)岩相学、扫描电镜分析,Fe/Ti、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)(0.08~0.79)均值0.31、(Fe+Mn)/Ti,(La/Yb)N(0.12~1.41)均值0.54、δEu(0.81~3.36)均值1.55、∑REE(7.59~253.48)均值82.90,Si同位素(-0.2‰~2.1‰)均值0.66‰、O同位素(13.5‰~21.8‰)均值19.53‰、同位素对成岩温度的反演,显示硅质岩为热水沉积成因,并伴有生物作用(Si、O稳定同位素显示),益哇硅质岩形成时陆源物质供给适量,导致与碳酸盐相关生物繁盛,少量样品受陆源物质影响显著。(2)岩相学、扫描电镜分析,MnO_2/TiO_2、Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、Al/(Al+Fe)(0.08~0.80)均值0.33、Th/U、V(28.6×10~(-6)~2261×10~(-6))均值454.42×10~(-6)、Ti/V,δCe(0.65~1.58)均值1.01、(La/Ce)N(0.60~1.314)均值0.97、有机碳(TOC)-微量元素二元图解,显示研究区硅质岩形成于大陆边缘的热水喷流导致海底局部水动力较强的缺氧环境[特别是δCe、(La/Ce)N、稀土配分模式],部分硅质岩由于富集热液元素导致其具有洋脊、大洋盆地硅质岩的特征。结合前人研究成果,认为研究区硅质岩形成于扬子板块北缘(古商丹洋南缘)热水喷流系统发育(导致海底水动能较强的)、缺氧状态的陆缘拉张裂陷环境,这种环境有利于U、V、Mo、Cu、Ni等变价元素的富集,扬子板块北缘早古生代(寒武纪-志留纪)黑色页岩系产自扩张的大陆边缘缺氧-还原环境。 相似文献
10.
折腰山矿区含铁硅质岩赋存于含矿岩系与上部岩系间的沉积间断界面。含铁硅质岩矿物主要由细晶石英和赤铁矿组成,二者含量占90%以上,含少量的绢云母、钠长石、绿泥石等。该含铁硅质岩具有低的TiO2、A12O3和高的成矿元素（Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量特征。Al/（Al＋Fe＋Mn）值具有热水沉积岩特征。在Fe-Mn-Al三角图解、Fe-Mn-（Cu＋Co＋Ni）×10三角图解和Zr-Cr图解中,该区含铁硅质岩均落在热水沉积岩区域中,含铁硅质岩的稀土元素总量很低,其北美页岩标准化配分模式为右倾曲线,具有弱的负Eu异常或正Eu异常和负Ce异常。部分样品MnO/TiO2值偏小,U/Th值偏大,Al2O3含量较高,出现负Eu异常,表明该矿区含铁硅质岩也有正常沉积硅质岩成分的加入。结合含铁硅质岩的地质产状、含矿岩系（石英角斑质凝灰岩）和含矿石英的稀土元素特征,认为含铁硅质岩的物源主要为石英角斑质凝灰岩,属于与火山作用有关的非生物成因类型,是该铜多金属矿田重要的找矿标志。 相似文献
11.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
12.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献