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1.
大兴安岭北部诺敏河地区碱长花岗岩锆石呈自形—半自形短柱状—板状,具有结构清晰的振荡生长环带和较高的Th/U比值(1.10～2.18),指示其为典型岩浆成因锆石。LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究显示岩石形成于早石炭世杜内期(352.9±3.3 Ma)。岩石地球化学研究显示,岩石属于准铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性岩石,富硅(SiO_2=73.25%～77.01%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=7.72%～9.48%)、富铁(Fe_2O_3=2.06%～2.97%,Fe_2O_3+FeO=2.32%～3.33%),贫镁(MgO=0.08%～0.26%)。根据强烈亏损Sr、Eu、Ba、Ti、P等元素,REE分布曲线为右倾式海鸥型和明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.26～0.31)的岩石地球化学特征,判断碱长花岗岩属于A型花岗岩。锆石~(176)Yb/~(177)Hf值为0.03778～0.133612,~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf值为0.001095～0.004155,~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值为0.282824～0.282863。对应的锆石U-Pb年龄计算出锆石ε_(Hf)(t)=8.9～10.6,一阶段Hf模式年龄为t_(DM1)=560～658 Ma,两阶段Hf模式年龄t_(DM2 )=815～974 Ma,指示其源于新元古代源岩的部分熔融。与额尔古纳地块早石炭世A型花岗岩的对比表明,在兴蒙造山带东北部古亚洲洋盆的闭合发生在早石炭世;结合内蒙古中部地区古亚洲洋盆闭合时代为晚石炭世,表明古亚洲洋盆的闭合是东早西晚的"剪刀状"发展过程。 相似文献
2.
盖吉夏铜多金属矿床位于香格里拉地区格咱斑岩带红山-普朗铜多金属成矿亚带北段,铜多金属矿化与石英二长闪长玢岩紧密相关。石英二长闪长玢岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为216.6±2.3Ma (MSWD=1.9),与区域上普朗、松诺、地苏嘎、雪鸡坪、春都等含矿斑岩体年龄一致。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值分布范围为-1.55～3.27,平均为1.57,分布较集中;单阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM1))变化范围为733～918Ma,平均为795Ma,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))为923～1178Ma,平均为1015Ma,揭示其源区可能为亏损地幔或新生壳源物质。岩石SiO_2为61.08%～69.55%,Na_2O+K_2O为7.22%～7.82%,Na_2O/K_2O为0.87～1.87,具高钾钙碱性准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.75-1.34)特征,岩石富集轻稀土元素[(La/Yb) N=13.35-24.85]和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Pb等),相对亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(Ti、Nb、P等),且具有高Sr(400×10~(-6)),低Y(18×10~(-6))、Yb(1.9×10~(-6))及高Sr/Y、La/Nb等特点,显示出正常弧岩浆系列钙碱性岩石特征,说明含矿石英二长闪长玢岩与岛弧环境密切相关。这种特征的花岗岩可能为盖吉夏的Cu成矿作用提供了重要的物质来源。 相似文献
3.
湘东丫江桥岩体时代与成因:来自LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年代学、地球化学和Lu- Hf同位素制约 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
丫江桥岩体是湘东地区重要的成矿花岗岩,为精确厘定丫江桥岩体侵位时代、查明岩石成因,本文对丫江桥岩体中粗粒和中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和原位锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析。获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为213.0±1.2Ma(n=12,MSWD=0.67)和212.1±1.2Ma(n=14,MSWD=0.09);岩石SiO_2含量为70.39%～72.88%和73.19%～74.85%;K_2O+Na_2O值为6.94%～7.95%和7.58%～7.96%;K_2O/Na_2O比值为1.25～1.70和1.45～1.58,A/CNK比值为1.05～1.07和1.07～1.09。稀土元素配分模式右倾,轻、重稀土分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值为13.76～24.52和7.12～11.01;负Eu异常,δEu值为0.34～0.61和0.26～0.33。富集Rb、K、Pb等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Eu和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-7.01～-0.90和-6.38～+6.85,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))为13.1～16.9Ga和12.7～16.6Ga。上述结果表明黑云母二长花岗岩为印支晚期岩浆活动产物,属弱过铝质花岗岩,岩浆主要来源于中元古界地壳物质重熔,可能有少量地幔物质参与。结合前人研究成果认为,黑云母二长花岗岩形成于后碰撞伸展的构造背景下,地壳减薄和压力降低以及地幔物质上涌的共同作用,导致地壳部分熔融形成花岗质岩浆,岩浆侵位冷却结晶,形成花岗岩体。 相似文献
4.
东北沟钼矿是辽宁宽甸地区近些年发现的大型隐爆角砾岩型钼矿床。文章首次对东北沟钼矿床赋矿围岩二长花岗岩进行LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,主量元素、微量元素和Hf同位素地球化学研究,锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,二长花岗岩形成年龄为(129.4±0.3)Ma(MSWD=0.83),为燕山期构造岩浆活动产物。地球化学成分上,岩石具有富硅(SiO_2=62.21%~83.21%)、高钾(K_2O/Na_2O=3.35~20.27)和富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5.82%~12.23%)的特点,属于钾玄岩系列。岩石富集轻稀土元素(LREE/HREE=10.26~24.21),亏损重稀土元素,具有弱负铕异常(δEu=0.63~1.07),富集大离子亲石元素(如K、Rb、Pb)和不相容元素(如Th、U)的特征,相对亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、P、Ti)。锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,东北沟钼矿二长花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)值为介于-12.4~-8.5,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))介于442~1610 Ma,反映岩浆源区可能来源于中元古界古老地壳的再熔融。结合区域构造演化,成岩成矿构造背景为早白垩世古太平洋板块向欧亚之下俯冲,岩石圈减薄的构造环境。 相似文献
5.
上黑龙江盆地虎拉林金矿床位于兴蒙造山带东段大兴安岭北部额尔古纳微地块北缘,夹持于蒙古鄂霍茨克缝合带与得尔布干断裂之间,其矿体主要赋存于隐爆角砾岩中,与早白垩世岩浆活动形成的花岗斑岩、石英斑岩关系密切。本文采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法,获得花岗斑岩岩体结晶年龄为141.7±1.1 Ma(MSWD=0.086)、石英斑岩(2件)岩体结晶年龄为144.9±0.56Ma(MSWD=0.580)和142.6±0.74 Ma(MSWD=0.077),两者均为早白垩世岩浆活动产物。两岩体锆石ε_(Hf)(t)分别介于-4.14～0.16、-2.25～1.37,且大部分数据位于球粒陨石演化线之下,两阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))分别为987.08～1259.04 Ma、908.38～1138.56 Ma。岩石地球化学特征显示,花岗斑岩w(SiO_2)为66.21%～66.70%,w(Al_2O_3)为15.18%～15.45%,w(Na_2O+K_2O)为7.56%～8.17%,铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.03～1.06,显示弱过铝质高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩序列;石英斑岩w(SiO_2)为66.34%～68.25%,w(Al_2O_3)为13.77%～15.05%,w(Na_2O+K_2O)为6.76%～9.06%,在SiO_2-K_2O图解中,落入钾玄岩序列范围内。花岗斑岩、石英斑岩ΣREE分别为71.07×10~(-6)～97.92×10~(-6)、135.53×10~(-6)～156.15×10~(-6),(La/Yb)_N分别为24.87～26.81、31.33～40.62,均表现轻稀土(LREE)相对富集、重稀土(HREE)相对亏损的右倾曲线特征,且轻、重稀土分馏明显;δEu分别为0.65～0.88、0.41～0.50,后者较前者铕负异常明显;两岩体均相对富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、LREE及U等不相容元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素(HFSEs)。岩石成因类型判别图显示上黑龙江盆地虎拉林早白垩世侵入岩为Ⅰ型花岗岩,形成于蒙古-中朝大陆与西伯利亚大陆后碰撞环境,由挤压转为伸展的构造背景下,可能是蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带陆陆碰撞期间加厚古老地壳拆沉、部分熔融,并受到幔源物质或新生地壳熔融混染的产物,进而限制了蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋至少在144.9Ma以前已经完全闭合。 相似文献
6.
内蒙古东乌旗达亚纳钨-钼矿是近年来正在勘查的一个规模有望达中型的新矿床,矿床位于兴蒙造山带中西部,矿床类型为典型的石英脉型黑钨-钼矿,黑钨矿石英脉以近于直立(75°)的平直脉体产出在黑云母花岗岩内或岩体与地层的外接触带,并向下尖灭于岩体内部,主要的矿化蚀变类型有云英岩化、钾长石化、钠长石化、硅化等。伴随黑钨矿化共生大量的辉钼矿,辉钼矿化多产出在黑钨矿石英脉两侧或石英脉内。本文在系统研究矿床地质特征的基础上,对成矿岩体——黑云母花岗岩进行了高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及地球化学分析,U-Pb测年结果显示,两件黑云母花岗岩样品(DYN-19、DYN-30)有着一致的U-Pb谐和年龄,分别为134±1Ma(MSWD=0.41)、135±1Ma(MSWD=0.52)。地球化学特征显示,岩体富硅、富碱,SiO_2平均74.43%,Na_2O+K_2O平均8.33%,Na_2O/K_2O平均0.73,明显富钾,属高钾钙碱性系列;Al_2O_3平均为12.72%,铝饱和指数A/CNK全部近1.0,为准铝质到弱过铝质花岗岩类,相对贫Mg;稀土总量较低,ΣREE变化于63.68×10~(-6)~91.11×10~(-6),表现为右倾稀土元素配分模式,弱富集轻稀土,并具有明显的负铕异常,高场强元素Th、U、Nd、Hf明显富集,而Ba、Sr、P、Ti、Nb显著亏损;为壳源重熔型花岗岩的地球化学特征。锆石Hf同位素分析显示,~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值0.28295~0.28302,ε_(Hf)(t)值+6.4~+8.8,二阶段模式年龄值408~540Ma,年轻的二阶段模式年龄和不大的ε_(Hf)(t)正值,指示了其岩浆源区可能为新生下地壳。同时对矿区7件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析测试,获得等时线年龄为133±3Ma,MSWD值为2.2。可见成岩年龄和成矿年龄在误差范围内具有一致性,为同一期地质作用的产物,即成岩成矿时代为早白垩世,属燕山期构造岩浆活动的产物。 相似文献
7.
藏南亚东地区早古生代花岗质片麻岩的成因与构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
早古生代的花岗质片麻岩产出在青藏高原南部亚东地区的高喜马拉雅结晶岩系中。岩石学研究表明,这些岩石主要由斜长石、钾长石、石英和黑云母组成,普遍发育片麻状构造。它们的SiO_2含量为68.04%~76.55%,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.04~1.14,属钙性-钙碱性弱过铝-过铝质岩石。它们的稀土总量较高,轻稀土富集,Eu负异常,富集大离子亲石元素Rb,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等高场强元素。三个样品获得的岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄分别为491Ma、512Ma和501Ma,代表花岗质片麻岩的原岩年龄。它们的锆石εHf(t)值分别为-8.1~+0.1、-5.9~-2.1和-4.8~+6.7,对应的二阶段模式年龄分别为1440~1959Ma、1585~1826Ma和1028~1762Ma。本研究表明,亚东地区的早古生代花岗岩包括I型和S型花岗岩。I型花岗岩以K_2O/Na_2O1、弱过铝质和刚玉标准矿物分子数1为特征,具较高且正的锆石εHf(t)值,或相对集中的负的εHf(t)值。I型花岗岩显示岩浆弧花岗岩的特征。S型花岗岩以K_2O/Na_2O1、过铝质和刚玉标准矿物分子数1为特征,锆石εHf(t)值均为低的负值,且变化范围较大。本文和现有的研究成果表明,I型和S型花岗岩在喜马拉雅地体广泛存在,这为冈瓦纳超大陆北缘经历了早古生代的安第斯型造山作用提供了重要证据。 相似文献
8.
地处中亚造山带核心部位的南蒙古东戈壁省广泛出露晚古生代花岗质岩石,对其开展精确的同位素定年和岩石成因研究对深入认识和理解中亚造山带古生代地壳演化特征具有重要的科学意义。本次研究在扎门乌德和乌兰巴德拉赫地区新识别出了2个早石炭世花岗岩(337 Ma和332 Ma)和2个晚石炭世花岗岩(320 Ma和306 Ma)。早石炭世花岗岩Si O_2(76.31%～77.79%)和K_2O+Na_2O (8.23%～8.59%)含量较一致,而晚石炭世花岗岩Si O_2(72.65%～76.22%)和K_2O+Na_2O(7.89%～8.67%)含量变化范围较早石炭世大。两期花岗岩均为弱过铝质I型花岗岩,其中U、Th、K、Zr、Hf等元素呈正异常,Sr、Ti等元素呈负异常。全岩Sr-Nd和锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果表明,早石炭世花岗岩具有正εNd(t)(+3.68～+4.09)和εHf(t)(+9.70～+14.90)值、较年轻的Nd二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2)=792～753 Ma)和Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(t~c_(DM)=721～393 Ma),暗示早石炭世花岗岩来源于受地幔作用影响下新生玄武质洋壳的部分熔融,反映了早石炭世地壳增生作用。与早石炭世花岗岩不同的是,晚石炭世花岗岩具有更高的εNd(t)(+1.17～+5.31)和εHf(t)(+13.68～+15.21)值,t_(DM2)=984～636 Ma,t~c_(DM)=442～344 Ma,说明其物质来源主要是幔源新生地壳物质,且有少量古老地壳物质参与。综合已有成果,认为石炭纪花岗岩记录了由早期的洋壳板片回撤导致区域拉张再到后期的碰撞后伸展环境的构造背景转换。 相似文献
9.
《地质通报》2020,(9)
对内蒙古白山岩浆弧内百合山石英闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、Hf同位素及岩石地球化学分析。结果显示,该岩体的形成年龄为350.8±1.5 Ma,岩浆锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值在5.28～9.88之间,模式年龄为724～1018 Ma。地球化学数据显示,百合山石英闪长岩为一套I型钙碱性系列岩石,富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=6.03%～6.96%),富钠(Na_2O/K_2O2),较低的Mg~#(35.48～39.78)、Ni(2.06×10~(-6)～5.54×10~(-6))和Cr(2.11×10~(-6)～7.93×10~(-6))含量。相对富集轻稀土元素,重稀土分馏不明显,较低的(La/Yb)_N值(4.28～5.60),无明显Eu异常,相对富集Rb、K、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素等,地球化学成分表明,石英闪长岩具有俯冲带成因的特征。石英闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和岩石成因证明了350 Ma石英闪长岩是晚古生代白山岩浆弧内首次发现的可以明确与红石山-百合山洋俯冲消减作用有关的最早的弧岩浆记录。表明红石山-百合山洋于约350 Ma之前就已经开始发生俯冲消减,比前人一般认为的俯冲开始的时间提前了22 Ma。 相似文献
10.
《地质通报》2020,(Z1)
对新疆温泉县别珍套山新元古代花岗岩开展了相关研究。获得了3个片麻状-眼球状花岗岩4件锆石样品年龄,其中206Pb/238U年龄值一致,大多集中在910～950 Ma之间。极少量继承锆石的年龄大于1000 Ma。这些花岗岩以特有的粗粒、巨大的眼球状片麻结构为特征。岩体具有高硅(≥70%)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O,6.5%～8.9%)且K2ONa2O的特征,表现出从钙碱性到钾玄岩演化的变化趋势。稀土元素特征表明其与碱性花岗岩相似。样品的微量元素蛛网图几乎完全相同,均明显亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti,富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,显示活动大陆边缘岩石特征。全岩Sr-Nd同位素特征表明具典型壳源花岗岩(S型花岗岩)的特征。Lu-Hf同位素特征表明单阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM1))为883～1351 Ma,平均为1133 Ma;二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))为891～1588 Ma,平均为1250 Ma,与锆石形成年龄较接近。新元古代早期(约9 Ga)片麻状花岗岩可能是与Rodinia超大陆会聚有关的格林维尔期造山作用、地壳增厚导致地壳物质部分熔融的产物。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
15.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
16.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献
19.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献