Zur Paläomorphologie im Jungvariszikum des Saarlandes     

Dipl.-Geol. Hans Becker  Privatdozent Dr. Gottfried Kneuper  Dipl. Geol. Albrecht Schall 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1968,58(1):128-144

Zusammenfassung Während des Oberkarbons befand sich das Rheinische Schiefergebirge im Endstadium der Faltung und im Aufstieg. Zur gleichen Zeit entwickelte sich im Saarland ein intramontanes Becken, das die Schuttmassen des aufsteigenden Gebirges aufnahm. Es kam zur Ablagerung von limnischen Sedimenten in dem flachen Saar-Nahe-Becken. Die paläomorphologische Gestaltung des Gebietes ist aus dem Faziesbild der Sedimente ablesbar.

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During the Upper Carboniferous the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge was in the final stage of folding and in the act of uplift. At the same time an intrageosyncline developed in the Saarland, which took up the detritus of the uplifting Northern mountains. Limnic sediments deposited in the flat Saar-Nahe-Basin. The paleomorphological development of the region can be recognized.

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Résumé Pendant le Carbonifère supérieur le massif schisteux rhénan se trouvait dans la phase finale de plissement et de surrection. En même temps se formait une dépression interne recevant les masses d'érosion de la montagne bordiére septentrionale. Des sédiments limniques se déposaient dans la dépression peu profonde de la Sarre-Nahe. Les faciès des sédiments nous montrent la topographie paléomorphologique du territoire.

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Wir danken der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für die Förderung der Untersuchungen.  相似文献   

The European-Mediterranean Earthquake Catalogue (EMEC) for the last millennium   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  

Gottfried Grünthal  Rutger Wahlstr?m 《Journal of Seismology》2012,16(3):535-570

The catalogue by Grünthal et al. (J Seismol 13:517?C541, 2009a) of earthquakes in central, northern, and north-western Europe with M _w????3.5 (CENEC) has been expanded to cover also southern Europe and the Mediterranean area. It has also been extended in time (1000?C2006). Due to the strongly increased seismicity in the new area, the threshold for events south of the latitude 44°N has here been set at M _w????4.0, keeping the lower threshold in the northern catalogue part. This part has been updated with data from new and revised national and regional catalogues. The new Euro-Mediterranean Earthquake Catalogue (EMEC) is based on data from some 80 domestic catalogues and data files and over 100 special studies. Available original M _w and M ₀ data have been introduced. The analysis largely followed the lines of the Grünthal et al. (J Seismol 13:517?C541, 2009a) study, i.e., fake and duplicate events were identified and removed, polygons were specified within each of which one or more of the catalogues or data files have validity, and existing magnitudes and intensities were converted to M _w. Algorithms to compute M _w are based on relations provided locally, or more commonly on those derived by Grünthal et al. (J Seismol 13:517?C541, 2009a) or in the present study. The homogeneity of EMEC with respect to M _w for the different constituents was investigated and improved where feasible. EMEC contains entries of some 45,000 earthquakes. For each event, the date, time, location (including focal depth if available), intensity I ₀ (if given in the original catalogue), magnitude M _w (with uncertainty when given), and source (catalogue or special study) are presented. Besides the main EMEC catalogue, large events before year 1000 in the SE part of the investigated area and fake events, respectively, are given in separate lists.  相似文献   

The comparison of macroseismic intensity scales   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

Roger M. W. Musson  Gottfried Grünthal  Max Stucchi 《Journal of Seismology》2010,14(2):413-428

The number of different macroseismic scales that have been used to express earthquake shaking in the course of the last 200 years is not known; it may reach three figures. The number of important scales that have been widely adopted is much smaller, perhaps about eight, not counting minor variants. Where data sets exist that are expressed in different scales, it is often necessary to establish some sort of equivalence between them, although best practice would be to reassign intensity values rather than convert them. This is particularly true because difference between workers in assigning intensity is often greater than differences between the scales themselves, particularly in cases where one scale may not be very well defined. The extent to which a scale guides the user to arrive at a correct assessment of the intensity is a measure of the quality of the scale. There are a number of reasons why one should prefer one scale to another for routine use, and some of these tend in different directions. If a scale has many tests (diagnostics) for each degree, it is more likely that the scale can be applied in any case that comes to hand, but if the diagnostics are so numerous that they include ones that do not accurately indicate any one intensity level, then the use of the scale will tend to produce false values. The purpose of this paper is chiefly to discuss in a general way the principles involved in the analysis of intensity scales. Conversions from different scales to the European Macroseismic Scale are discussed.  相似文献   

Espace: European System for Particle and Astrophysical Cyber Education     

Peter Habison  Christian Gottfried  Heinz Oberhummer 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2000,273(1-4):163-170

The paper describes the European System for Particle and AstrophysicalCyber Education (ESPACE). After a general introduction to the projectand its ideas the contents of the multimedia teaching and learning systemare presented. It is followed by a discussion about the didactical aspectsof modern multimedia technology related to the project. Finally themultimedia and programming structures are explained and futureperspectives are given.  相似文献   

The 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model: key components and results   总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6  

Jochen Woessner  Danciu Laurentiu  Domenico Giardini  Helen Crowley  Fabrice Cotton  Gottfried Grünthal  Gianluca Valensise  Ronald Arvidsson  Roberto Basili  Mine Betül Demircioglu  Stefan Hiemer  Carlo Meletti  Roger W. Musson  Andrea N. Rovida  Karin Sesetyan  Massimiliano Stucchi  The SHARE Consortium 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2015,13(12):3553-3596

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电离层残差对掩星反演温度精度的影响          下载免费PDF全文

柳聪亮  Gottfried Kirchengast  Kefei Zhang  谭志祥  Johannes Fritzer  孙越强 《地球物理学报》2014,57(8):2404-2414

本文以MSIS90大气模式和3D NeUoG电离层模式为大气背景,用三维射线追踪法模拟研究了太阳活动强度、地方时、掩星平面方位角对弯曲角电离层残差和温度电离层残差的影响,以及电离层残差对全球日平均温度的影响.结果表明：电离层残差是平流层顶部（35~50 km）和中间层底部（50~70 km）掩星大气温度反演的主要误差.在太阳活动活跃期,电离层残差对单一掩星事件的平流层顶部平均温度的影响可达1.8 K,中间层底部平均温度的影响可达7 K;对全球日平均温度的影响在平流层顶可达-0.6 K,在70 km高度处可达1.2 K.发展新的电离层改正方法或电离层残差修正算法对提高掩星大气反演精度和全球气候监测意义重大.  相似文献   

The Representation of Tropospheric Water Vapor Over Low-Latitude Oceans in (Re-)analysis: Errors,Impacts, and the Ability to Exploit Current and Prospective Observations     

Robert Pincus  Anton Beljaars  Stefan A. Buehler  Gottfried Kirchengast  Florian Ladstaedter  Jeffrey S. Whitaker 《Surveys in Geophysics》2017,38(6):1399-1423

This paper addresses the representation of lower tropospheric water vapor in the meteorological analyses—fully detailed estimates of atmospheric state—providing the wide temporal and spatial coverage used in many process studies. Analyses are produced in a cycle combining short forecasts from initial conditions with data assimilation that optimally estimates the state of the atmosphere from the previous forecasts and new observations, providing initial conditions for the next set of forecasts. Estimates of water vapor are among the less certain aspects of the state because the quantity poses special challenges for data assimilation while being particularly sensitive to the details of model parameterizations. Over remote tropical oceans observations of water vapor come from two sources: passive observations at microwave or infrared wavelengths that provide relatively strong constraints over large areas on column-integrated moisture but relatively coarse vertical resolution, and occultations of Global Positioning System provide much higher accuracy and vertical resolution but are relatively spatially coarse. Over low-latitude oceans, experiences with two systems suggest that current analyses reproduce much of the large-scale variability in integrated water vapor but have systematic errors in the representation of the boundary layer with compensating errors in the free troposphere; these errors introduce errors of order 10% in radiative heating rates through the free troposphere. New observations, such as might be obtained by future observing systems, improve the estimates of water vapor but this improvement is lost relatively quickly, suggesting that exploiting better observations will require targeted improvements to global forecast models.  相似文献   

Kohlenstoffumsatz durch Respiration in der Ilm (Thüringen,Deutschland)     

G. Proft 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1998,26(6):355-361

Carbon Turnover by Respiration in the River Ilm (Thuringia, Germany) In the river Ilm, the organic carbon content of water and sediments was analyzed inclusively the C turnover by CO₂-respiration with IR-measurement. A comparison of the unpolluted rhithral (headwater) with the polluted epipotamal (lower course) gives downstream an increase of DOC and CO₂-respiration of 50...100 mg/(m³ · h) C. In the headwater region, the respiration of the sediments is dominant, in the underflow the respiration of the water. Permeable sand and gravel beds are important for the degradation of the organic load. The sediments of the river are covered with a biofilm of 1...2 g/m² C_org. A turnover of the C_org. content from 20...400 days is calculated by the respiration measurements.  相似文献   

Seismic source zone characterization for the seismic hazard assessment project PEGASOS by the Expert Group 2 (EG1b)   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Martin Burkhard  Gottfried Grünthal 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2009,102(1):149-188

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LIBS analysis of geomaterials: Geochemical fingerprinting for the rapid analysis and discrimination of minerals     

Russell S. Harmon  Jeremiah Remus  Nancy J. McMillan  Catherine McManus  Leslie Collins  Jennifer L. Gottfried Jr.  Frank C. DeLucia  Andrzej W. Miziolek 《Applied Geochemistry》2009

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a simple atomic emission spectroscopy technique capable of real-time, essentially non-destructive determination of the elemental composition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas). LIBS, which is presently undergoing rapid research and development as a technology for geochemical analysis, has attractive potential as a field tool for rapid man-portable and/or stand-off chemical analysis. In LIBS, a pulsed laser beam is focused such that energy absorption produces a high-temperature microplasma at the sample surface resulting in the dissociation and ionization of small amounts of material, with both continuum and atomic/ionic emission generated by the plasma during cooling. A broadband spectrometer-detector is used to spectrally and temporally resolve the light from the plasma and record the intensity of elemental emission lines. Because the technique is simultaneously sensitive to all elements, a single laser shot can be used to track the spectral intensity of specific elements or record the broadband LIBS emission spectra, which are unique chemical ‘fingerprints’ of a material. In this study, a broad spectrum of geological materials was analyzed using a commercial bench-top LIBS system with broadband detection from ∼200 to 965 nm, with multiple single-shot spectra acquired. The subsequent use of statistical signal processing approaches to rapidly identify and classify samples highlights the potential of LIBS for ‘geochemical fingerprinting’ in a variety of geochemical, mineralogical, and environmental applications that would benefit from either real-time or in-field chemical analysis.  相似文献