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61.
A significant practical problem with the pilot point method is to choose the location of the pilot points. We present a method that is intended to relieve the modeler from much of this responsibility. The basic idea is that a very large number of pilot points are distributed more or less uniformly over the model area. Singular value decomposition (SVD) of the (possibly weighted) sensitivity matrix of the pilot point based model produces eigenvectors of which we pick a small number corresponding to significant eigenvalues. Super parameters are defined as factors through which parameter combinations corresponding to the chosen eigenvectors are multiplied to obtain the pilot point values. The model can thus be transformed from having many-pilot-point parameters to having a few super parameters that can be estimated by nonlinear regression on the basis of the available observations. (This technique can be used for any highly parameterized groundwater model, not only for models parameterized by the pilot point method.) 相似文献
62.
Development of groundwater modeling for the Azraq Basin, Jordan 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
The three-dimensional groundwater flow model MODFLOW was applied to simulate water level change in the complex multi-aquifer
systems (the Upper and Middle Aquifers) of the Azraq basin. The model was calibrated by matching observed and simulated drawdown
for steady and transient states over the period 1970–1992. Drawdown data for the period 1993–1997 were used to test the model's
ability to predict the response of the aquifers. The model performed well in representing the water level contours of the
Upper and Middle Aquifers for steady state calibration. Agreement between the observed and simulated drawdowns was obtained
for transient state calibration. To predict the aquifer system responses for the period of 1997–2025, four different pumping
schemes (scenarios) have been investigated. The first scenario (present pumping rate) reveals that there will be approximately
a 25 m drop in the water level at the well-field area in 2025. However, the worst scenario (pumping rate at 1.5 times the
present rate) reveals an approximate 39 m drop in the water level at the well-field area in 2025. The safe yield for the Upper
Aquifer System was found to be about 25 million cubic meters (MCM) yearly.
Received: 24 June 1999 · Accepted: 30 November 1999 相似文献
63.
64.
Calibrating the GOCE accelerations with star sensor data and a global gravity field model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A reliable and accurate gradiometer calibration is essential for the scientific return of the gravity field and steady-state
ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) mission. This paper describes a new method for external calibration of the GOCE gradiometer
accelerations. A global gravity field model in combination with star sensor quaternions is used to compute reference differential
accelerations, which may be used to estimate various combinations of gradiometer scale factors, internal gradiometer misalignments
and misalignments between star sensor and gradiometer. In many aspects, the new method is complementary to the GOCE in-flight
calibration. In contrast to the in-flight calibration, which requires a satellite-shaking phase, the new method uses data
from the nominal measurement phases. The results of a simulation study show that gradiometer scale factors can be estimated
on a weekly basis with accuracies better than 2 × 10−3 for the ultrasensitive and 10−2 for the less sensitive axes, which is compatible with the requirements of the gravity gradient error. Based on a 58-day data
set, scale factors are found that can reduce the errors of the in-flight-calibrated measurements. The elements of the complete
inverse calibration matrix, representing both the internal gradiometer misalignments and scale factors, can be estimated with
accuracies in general better than 10−3. 相似文献
65.
Johannes Bouman Sietse Rispens Thomas Gruber Radboud Koop Ernst Schrama Pieter Visser Carl Christian Tscherning Martin Veicherts 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(7):659-678
One of the products derived from the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) observations are the
gravity gradients. These gravity gradients are provided in the gradiometer reference frame (GRF) and are calibrated in-flight
using satellite shaking and star sensor data. To use these gravity gradients for application in Earth scienes and gravity
field analysis, additional preprocessing needs to be done, including corrections for temporal gravity field signals to isolate
the static gravity field part, screening for outliers, calibration by comparison with existing external gravity field information
and error assessment. The temporal gravity gradient corrections consist of tidal and nontidal corrections. These are all generally
below the gravity gradient error level, which is predicted to show a 1/f behaviour for low frequencies. In the outlier detection, the 1/f error is compensated for by subtracting a local median from the data, while the data error is assessed using the median absolute
deviation. The local median acts as a high-pass filter and it is robust as is the median absolute deviation. Three different
methods have been implemented for the calibration of the gravity gradients. All three methods use a high-pass filter to compensate
for the 1/f gravity gradient error. The baseline method uses state-of-the-art global gravity field models and the most accurate results
are obtained if star sensor misalignments are estimated along with the calibration parameters. A second calibration method
uses GOCE GPS data to estimate a low-degree gravity field model as well as gravity gradient scale factors. Both methods allow
to estimate gravity gradient scale factors down to the 10−3 level. The third calibration method uses high accurate terrestrial gravity data in selected regions to validate the gravity
gradient scale factors, focussing on the measurement band. Gravity gradient scale factors may be estimated down to the 10−2 level with this method. 相似文献
66.
吴盛殷 《中国天文和天体物理学报》1996,(2)
从过去6年里MPIfR的VLBI校准数据中挑出有20次以上记录的15个样本源进行了初步分析,结果表明在研究活动星系核(AGN)的变化中,这些以及由其它射电望远镜或系统所积累的类似校准数据是很有用的. 相似文献
67.
梅雨锋云系内对流回波与层状回波的研究 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
本文利用1998年“淮河流域能量与水分循环试验(HUBEX)”所获得的大量雷达资料及遥测雨量计计资料,细致分析了淮河流域梅雨锋云系的结构,根据层状云和对流云在雷达回波图中的不同特征,本文提出用松散系数D(反映云系结构疏松程度)来区分大范围云带中的降水云类型,同529张PPI资料统计表明,若D>0.17则说明该区结构松散,降水属于层状云降水,D≤0.17时,云区是对流性降水,由于梅雨锋水具有明显的不均匀结构特征,其中锋面对流云带和强下挂回波带是造成强降水的主要原因,在用地面雨量资料和雷达资料对地面降水进行短时(3小时以内)校正时,针对不同的降水类型采用不同的Z-R关系比用同一种Z-R关系的校正精度大约提高4%。 相似文献
68.
This paper proposes a new orientation to address the problem of hydrological model calibration in ungauged basin. Satellite radar altimetric observations of river water level at basin outlet are used to calibrate the model, as a surrogate of streamflow data. To shift the calibration objective, the hydrological model is coupled with a hydraulic model describing the relation between streamflow and water stage. The methodology is illustrated by a case study in the Upper Mississippi Basin using TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite data. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) is employed for model calibration and uncertainty analysis. We found that even without any streamflow information for regulating model behavior, the calibrated hydrological model can make fairly reasonable streamflow estimation. In order to illustrate the degree of additional uncertainty associated with shifting calibration objective and identifying its sources, the posterior distributions of hydrological parameters derived from calibration based on T/P data, streamflow data and T/P data with fixed hydraulic parameters are compared. The results show that the main source is the model parameter uncertainty. And the contribution of remote sensing data uncertainty is minor. Furthermore, the influence of removing high error satellite observations on streamflow estimation is also examined. Under the precondition of sufficient temporal coverage of calibration data, such data screening can eliminate some unrealistic parameter sets from the behavioral group. The study contributes to improve streamflow estimation in ungauged basin and evaluate the value of remote sensing in hydrological modeling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
69.
70.
A new regression method for non-linear near-infrared spectroscopic data is proposed.The technique isbased on a model which is linear in the principal components and simple functions(squares and products)of them.Added variable plots are used to determine which squares and products to incorporate into themodel.The regression coefficients are estimated by a Stein estimate which shrinks towards the estimatedetermined by the first several principal components and the selected non-linear terms.The technique isnot computationally intensive and is appropriate for routine predictions of chemical concentrations.Themethod is tested on three data sets and in all cases gives more accurate predictions than does linearprincipal components regression. 相似文献