有毒赤潮藻及其毒素的危害与检测   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

杜伟  陆斗定 《海洋学研究》2008,26(2):89-97

海洋中可引发赤潮的藻类约有300种,其中有毒赤潮藻为80种左右。现已知道的赤潮藻主要毒素有麻痹性贝毒、腹泻性贝毒、记忆缺失性贝毒、神经性贝毒、西加鱼度和溶血性毒素,前5种毒素的结构已经基本得到证实。有毒赤潮藻的毒素可以在海洋生物体内积累,人类误食含有藻毒素的食品时可能中毒,严重者还可能死亡。海洋有毒赤潮藻及其毒素的检测已经成为当今全球赤潮研究和监测的重要内容之一,可以通过形态学分类方法、分子生物学技术(遗传探针)和免疫学检测技术对有毒赤潮藻进行检测;可以通过生物学、物理化学检测方法和神经受体结合、免疫学检测技术对赤潮藻毒素进行检测。  相似文献   

Experimental studies on the role of planktivorous fishes in the elimination ofMicrocystis bloom from Donghu Lake using enclosure method     

Xie Ping 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1996,14(3):193-204

The hypertrophic subtropic Donghu Lake's dense water bloom (of mainlyMicrocystis, Anabaena andOscillatoria) that occurred annually from the beginning of the 1970s, has disappeared since 1985. The influence of planktivorous fishes (silver and bighead carps) on the water bloom was studied for three years using the enclosure method. The enclosures stocked densely with bighead and/or silver carp were free of water bloom during the experimental period. The water bloom that appeared in the fish-free enclosures was completely eliminated in 10–20 days by introduction of silver and/or bighead carp(grass carp was not effective in controlling water bloom). This study showed clearly that grazing pressure by planktivorous fishes is a key factor in eliminating water bloom from the lake. This work was supported by FEBL (State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China) funds and by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No., 3937014).  相似文献   

Sesquiterpenoids in sediments of a hypersaline lagoon: A possible algal origin     

V. O. Elias  A. M. A. De Barros  A. B. de Barros  B. R. T. Simoneit  J. N. Cardoso 《Organic Geochemistry》1997,26(11-12)

Core samples were collected in Lagoa Vermelha, a hypersaline lagoon located about 100 km east of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The sediment composition is predominantly carbonate in amounts up to 93%. Analysis of δ¹³C of the total organic matter in the sediments showed that marine organic matter predominates throughout the core (δ¹³C ranges from −15.84 to −22.64‰ vs. PDB). Organic carbon contents (TOC) ranged from 0.81 to 13.28%. A series of cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids can be recognized in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data. Essentially the same components are present in all the samples, with variations only in their relative abundances. The most abundant compounds are α- and β-cubebene, α- and β-cedrene, cadinenes (different isomers), α-curcumene and calamenene, with minor amounts of calarene, humulene, calacorene and cadalene. Since this lagoon is surrounded by dunes with only minor vegetation typical of this environment (grasses, small non-resinous shrubs and no forest) with no potential source for sesquiterpenoids, a terrestrial origin for these compounds is excluded and an algal origin is more consistent with the locale and the recognition of sesquiterpenoids (including cadinol) in microbial mats from the lagoon. Only the natural product precursor sesquiterpenoids are present in the microbial mats with no detectable diagenetic derivatives (e.g. calamenene and cadalene). This indicates that the compounds in the mats are from recent input and those found in the sediments are most likely derived from former algal biomass in this lagoon, a fact confirmed by the recognition of a series of diagenetic aromatic components in the sediments. Surface sediments contain n-alkanes with no even-to-odd predominance indicating that microbial activity is higher in shallower sediments. Moreover, mass fragmentograms (m/z 191) of biomarkers revealed the presence of 17α(H),21β(H)-hopanes, the mature isomers, together with their ββ precursors and low amounts of the intermediates with the βα configuration (moretanes). This indicates a contribution of mature organic matter to these immature sediments.  相似文献   

地表喀斯特沉积中藻类作用的观察研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

张捷 《地理研究》1992,11(2):26-33

本文通过对我国,南斯拉夫及英国的一些典型地表喀斯特沉积样品的微观观察(偏光显微镜及扫描电镜观察),并综合前人成果,讨论了多种陆相淡水碳酸盐沉积物(石灰华、藻微礁、钙壳核、荒漠叠层石及钙结壳等)沉积过程中藻类(蓝藻、硅藻、绿藻、红藻及轮藻的)钙化作用(充填、结壳及代换作用)、捕获和粘结作用、同化作用和分泌作用,并提出了一种地表喀斯特沉积中新的藻类作用的可能类型——构架作用(shoring effect)。  相似文献   

麻城龟峰山古杜鹃花期滚动预报方法探讨   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

刘中新  朱慧丽  李建平  张维 《气象科技》2016,44(1):130-135

利用麻城龟峰山杜鹃花海3个不同海拔高度和临近区域自动站连续2年观测的气温和物候资料,结合前期物候资料,统计不同高度、不同时段和不同要素的气象条件,结果表明:杜鹃花开放的临界温度为日平均气温稳定通过10℃,达到盛花期物候标准的积温指标为:1月1日起至盛花期前一日≥0℃活动积温大于等于730℃;3月1日起至盛花期前一日≥10℃活动积温大于等于450℃,对两项积温按不同高度、不同时间段进行垂直递减率计算并作相关分析,两因子与花期的线性相关显著。以两项积温作预报因子,建立从3月底到4月底,每隔5天一次的不同时段共7个花期预报方程。利用积温指标结合预报方程,可对杜鹃花期进行滚动预报和精细化预报,预报效果与实况基本吻合,误差较小。  相似文献   

东亚边缘海区浮游植物春华的纬向与年际变化   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

陈诚  毛志华  韩国奇  朱乾坤  龚芳  王天愚 《海洋学报(英文版)》2016,35(12):81-88

Combined studies of latitudinal and interannual variations of annual phytoplankton bloom peak in East Asian marginal seas(17°–58°N, including the northern South China Sea(SCS), Kuroshio waters, the Sea of Japan and the Okhotsk Sea) are rarely. Based on satellite-retrieved ten-year(2003–2012) median timing of the annual Chlorophyll a concentration(Chl a) climax, here we report that this annual spring bloom peak generally delays from the SCS in January to the Okhotsk Sea in June at a rate of(21.20±2.86) km/d(decadal median±SD). Spring bloom is dominant feature of the phytoplankton annual cycle over these regions, except for the SCS which features winter bloom. The fluctuation of the annual peak timing is mainly within ±48 d departured from the decadal median peak date, therefore this period(the decadal median peak date ±48 d) is defined as annual spring bloom period. As sea surface temperature rises, earlier spring bloom peak timing but decreasing averaged Chl a biomass in the spring bloom period due to insufficient light is evident in the Okhotsk Sea from 2003 to 2012. For the rest of three study domains, there are no significant interannual variance trend of the peak timing and the averaged Chl a biomass. Furthermore this change of spring phytoplankton bloom timing and magnitude in the Okhotsk Sea challenges previous prediction that ocean warming would enhance algal productivity at high latitudes.  相似文献   

绿潮生物学机制研究   总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1  

王广策  王辉  高山  郇丽  王旭雷  顾文辉  解修俊  张建恒  孙松  于仁成  何培民  郑阵兵  林阿朋  牛建峰  王立军  张宝玉  沈颂东  卢山 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(4):789-808

绿潮发生机制极其复杂,但其核心机理是绿潮暴发时漂浮"藻席"中的浒苔快速形成巨大生物量,涉及浒苔生物学过程对环境的响应及其生理生化基础。为此,本文在已有研究报道的基础上,对浒苔生活史研究进行了充分的理论补遗;分析了漂浮"藻席"中浒苔生长与繁殖过程,认为该过程是绿潮生物量形成的关键;阐述了浒苔孢子囊形成是对富营养化背景下海水溶解无机氮(DIN)中硝态氮高占比的响应,认为一氧化氮分子可促进浒苔营养细胞向孢子囊的转化;解析了浒苔细胞对逆境因子的响应途径与机制。基于已有的研究成果,本文对浒苔引发绿潮的生物学过程进行了理论推定。人为或自然因素使固着浒苔处于漂浮状态,形成小规模"藻席";富营养化背景下海水DIN中硝态氮占比的升高赋予了浒苔巨大的繁殖潜能,漂浮过程溶解无机碳(DIC)"充裕"和"不足"两个阶段的交替以及食藻动物啃食产生的藻片段使孢子囊形成比例大幅提升;孢子原位萌发等使释放的孢子在"藻席"中获得了附着基,个体数目随之指数增长;结合漂浮浒苔的高生长速率,"藻席"规模不断扩大,短时间内形成巨大生物量。同时,本文还对今后的绿潮研究提出一些建议,认为啃食动物在浒苔生物量消长过程中发挥重要作用,在漂浮"藻席"系统中扮演着"生态引擎"的功能,同时系统阐明浒苔孢子的原位萌发等现象的生物学机理应该是未来绿潮的重要研究内容。  相似文献   

Reproductive ecology of the dominant dinoflagellate, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceratium fusus</Emphasis>, in coastal area of Sagami Bay,Japan     

Seung Ho Baek  Shinji Shimode  Tomohiko Kikuchi 《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(1):35-45

The seasonal abundance of the dominant dinoflagellate, Ceratium fusus, was investigated from January 2000 to December 2003 in a coastal region of Sagami Bay, Japan. The growth of this species was also examined under laboratory conditions. In Sagami Bay, C. fusus increased significantly from April to September, and decreased from November to February, though it was found at all times through out the observation period. C. fusus increased markedly in September 2001 and August 2003 after heavy rainfalls that produced pycnoclines. Rapid growth was observed over a salinity range of 24 to 30, with the highest specific rate of 0.59 d⁻¹ measured under the following conditions: salinity 27, temperature 24°C, photon irradiance 600 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹. The growth rate of C. fusus increased with increasing irradiance from 58 to 216 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹, plateauing between 216 and 796 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ under all temperature and salinity treatments (except at a temperature of 12°C). Both field and laboratory experiments indicated that C. fusus has the ability to grow under wide ranges of water temperatures (14–28°C), salinities (20–34), and photon irradiance (50–800 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹); it is also able to grow at low nutrient concentrations. This physiological flexibility ensures that populations persist when bloom conditions come to an end.  相似文献   

Phosphorus metabolism in anthropogenically transformed lagoon ecosystems: The Comacchio lagoons (Ferrara, Italy)     

Yuri I. Sorokin  Franco Dallocchio  Fernando Gelli  Luciano Pregnolato 《Journal of Sea Research》1996,35(4):243-250

Inorganic phosphorus dynamics were investigated with the use of ³²P in the hypertrophic Comacchio lagoons (NE Adriatic) during an extremely dense, quasi-permanent bloom of picocyanobacteria. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) in waters of the blooming lagoons were usually near the detection limit (0.01 μmoles·dm⁻³). DIP uptake rates by microplankton at near-ambient concentrations (0.01 to 0.1 μmoles·dm⁻³) were in the range of 9.6 to 16.1 nmoles P·dm⁻³·min⁻¹, and turnover times were 1.5 to 3 min. The turnover time was >40 h in the eutrophic coastal waters of the adjacent Adriatic Sea. The uptake rate of DIP depended on its initial concentration. In water samples artificially enriched with DIP, the uptake rate rose to its maximum of 0.10 to 0.13 μmoles P·dm⁻³·min⁻¹ (or 6 to 7 μmoles·dm⁻³·h⁻¹) when the initial concentration of DIP was elevated to 10 to 20 μmoles·dm⁻³. The potential capacity of microplankton in the water samples to consume and retain DIP was estimated at 25 μmoles·dm⁻³. Specific features are discussed of phosphorus metabolism in the anthropogenically transformed lagoon ecosystem with an anomalous food web with few animals.  相似文献   

福建福宁湾表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊分布与多样性研究     

王朝晖  郑虎  王文婷  谢昌良  暨双辉  张宇宁 《海洋与湖沼》2022,53(6):1396-1404

孢囊是甲藻生活史中特殊的休眠阶段,被认为是赤潮发生的种源。于2018年4月采集了福建福宁湾海域表层沉积物,对沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分布规律进行了研究,重点揭示有毒有害甲藻孢囊的分布;同时测定了沉积物中生源要素含量,以揭示孢囊分布与生源要素的关系。共鉴定甲藻孢囊25种,其中别什藻(Biecheleria tirezensis)孢囊占据优势。孢囊的种类多样性指数(H'')偏低,为2.06~2.34;均匀度指数(J)为0.71~0.81。孢囊密度介于178.6~386.3 cysts/g (以干重计,下同),平均为286.0cysts/g。孢囊密度高值区位于水深较深、沉积物颗粒较细的长表岛外海域,而低值区则位于长表岛至海尾角的近岸海域。值得注意的是,研究分析鉴定出9种有毒有害甲藻的孢囊,包括麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)原因种奥氏亚历山大藻(Alexandrium ostenfeldii)和链状/塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella/tamarense)孢囊复合体、goniodomine A原因种平野亚历山大藻(Alexandrium hiranoi)、虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin,YTX)原因种具刺膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spinifera)和网状原角藻(Protoceratium reticulatum)、产生鱼毒素的哈曼褐多沟藻(Pheopolykrikos hartmannii)以及赤潮藻类Barrufeta bravensis、锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella acuminata)和垂裂莱万藻(Levanderina fissa),其中Barrufeta bravensis、Gonyaulax spinifera和Scrippsiella acuminata的孢囊分布广泛且密度较高,需引起关注。  相似文献