Conservation,contraception and controversy: Supporting human rights to enable sustainable fisheries in Madagascar     

《Global Environmental Change》2019

Environmental NGOs are increasingly called upon to respect human rights when undertaking conservation programs. Evaluating a family planning program running alongside marine management measures in Madagascar, we find that family planning services provided by an environmental NGO can support women’s reproductive rights. Family planning services allow the option of smaller families, and give more time to work, increased income and better health. These benefits do not translate into increased support for, or participation in, marine management, however, and women who are able to work more are typically fishing more. We identify patriarchal norms as a key factor preventing the family planning programme from manifesting in improved resource stewardship, limiting opportunities for women to participate fully in resource management meetings and diversify their livelihood outside traditional tasks, including fishing. We propose that a successful human rights-based approach must be more comprehensive, targeting multiple rights and challenging existing institutions and power structures.  相似文献   

东北黑土水土流失特点   总被引：39，自引：4，他引：35  

张晓平  梁爱珍  申艳  李文凤  张学林  王玉玺  解运杰  刘凤飞  杨学明 《地理科学》2006,26(6):687-692

东北黑土区是中国的主要粮食生产基地。黑土水土流失和肥力退化一直是东北农业持续发展必须面对的问题。文章以黑土为对象,分析了水土流失的方式和特点。黑土流失面积虽大,但侵蚀的土壤物质大部分没有进入河道,而是在黑土景观的低洼部位堆积下来,形成侵蚀和堆积共存的土壤物质再分布景观特征。合理的农业管理措施,如等高耕作和保护性耕作可以在很大程度上控制黑土侵蚀,保持和恢复黑土肥力。  相似文献   

北京市郊区传统村落价值评价及可持续利用模式探讨——以北京市门头沟区传统村落的调查研究为例   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

王云才  郭焕成  杨丽 《地理科学》2006,26(6):735-742

北京市西部门头沟区保留有许多传统村落,这些传统村落经过历史的积淀而具有典型的地域特征和深厚的文化底蕴,成为京西独特的景观旅游资源。在深入系统调查的基础上,结合悠久性、完整性、乡土性、协调性、典型性对传统村落的价值特征进行了综合评价,将传统村落划分为遗产性村落、特色性村落和保护性村落三种类型。在探讨传统村落可持续利用机制的基础上总结了传统村落可持续利用的6种模式。  相似文献   

世界自然遗产事业发展潜势分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张忍顺  张祥国  蒋姣芳  葛云健 《地理与地理信息科学》2006,22(1):57-61

世界遗产(以下简称遗产)的申报和保护在策略、重点与工作方式上出现许多新的趋向。《凯恩斯决议》的修订突出对生态、地质演进及生物多样性价值的重视,并提高人们对自然遗产的认识水平,有助于完善自然遗产地的覆盖范围和世界遗产名录平衡性问题。这将加快自然类遗产的申报,尤其是涉及水圈的自然遗产,如海洋、淡水、山地及与此有关的生物多样性的自然遗产地的保护成为热点。国际协作使得跨国自然遗产的联合申报成为必然趋势。随着遗产保护地由点向线、面的扩展,绿色廊道遗产的建设将促进自然遗产事业的发展。  相似文献   

基于卫-卫跟踪观测技术利用能量守恒法恢复地球重力场的数值模拟研究   总被引：21，自引：5，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文

郑伟  邵成刚  罗俊  许厚泽 《地球物理学报》2006,49(3):712-717

根据卫－卫跟踪观测技术的测量原理,基于能量守恒法建立了一种新的双星相互跟踪和三星相互跟踪的卫星观测方程. 通过数值模拟,采用预处理共轭梯度法恢复120阶地球重力场. 模拟结果表明：第一,双星相互跟踪恢复地球重力场的精度和美国喷气动力实验室公布的EIGEN GRACE02S的结果相符合;第二,三星相互跟踪恢复地球重力场的精度较双星提高约2倍.  相似文献   

基于SWAT模型的森林分布不连续流域水源涵养量多时间尺度分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

林峰  陈兴伟  姚文艺  方艺辉  邓海军  吴杰峰  林炳青 《地理学报》2020,75(5):1065-1078

为解决森林分布不连续流域森林水源涵养功能及其多时间尺度特征的定量评价问题,根据分布式水文模型（SWAT）的特点,提出了反映森林斑块空间分布的水文响应单元划分方法,以及基于水量平衡法的森林不连续分布流域森林水源涵养量计算公式。以东南沿海的晋江流域为例,构建了2006年土地利用条件下的日时间步长SWAT模型,统计分析了2002—2010年降水条件下森林水源涵养量的时空变化规律。结果表明：① 构建的晋江流域SWAT模型精度较高,面积阈值为零生成的水文响应单元比较准确地反映流域森林斑块分布,提出的森林水源涵养量计算公式适用于森林空间分布不连续流域森林水源涵养量的多时间尺度分析,为流域森林水源涵养功能评价提供了一个新的方法。② 晋江流域森林水源年涵养量271.41~565.25 mm;月涵养量-29.15~154.59 mm;日尺度的极端降水期皆为正值,极端枯水期都为负值。表明年际之间不存在森林水源涵养的蓄丰补枯调节作用,但在年内的部分月份得到体现,而日尺度的森林蓄丰补枯功能充分发挥。从而揭示了不同时间尺度森林水源涵养量及其蓄丰补枯功能的差异。  相似文献   

中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

黄麟  翟俊  祝萍  郑瑜晗 《地理学报》2020,75(11):2396-2407

中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm²,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm²,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。  相似文献   

人类世可持续发展背景下的远程耦合框架及其应用   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

孙晶  刘建国  杨新军  赵福强  覃驭楚  姚莹莹  王放  伦飞  王洁晶  秦波  刘涛  张丛林  黄宝荣  程叶青  石金莲  张劲松  唐华俊  杨鹏  吴文斌 《地理学报》2020,75(11):2408-2416

在全球一体化进程不断加深的背景下,国家与地区之间的联系日益紧密,产生了一系列跨国家、跨地区、多尺度的社会—经济—环境影响,远程耦合（Telecoupling,社会、经济、环境的远距离相互作用）科学概念和综合框架的提出为解决上述问题提供了新方法和新途径。为更好促进远程耦合综合框架的正确使用和规范推广,本文系统解析了远程耦合综合框架,厘清各组成部分的定义和功能,梳理了框架的应用现状;通过对3个中国典型案例的阐释,展示了远程耦合综合框架的使用方法、结果分析及由此得出的科学意义和政策价值;最后描述了远程耦合综合框架使用中需要重点关注的问题,并对其应用前景进行了展望。远程耦合综合框架的推广应用有助于以跨国家、跨地区、多尺度的视角,重新审视多个人类与自然耦合系统的相互作用,揭示隐藏的远距离地理空间作用的科学价值,服务于有关政策的制定和实施,促进全球社会、经济、环境的可持续发展。  相似文献   

陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘文超  刘纪远  匡文慧 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(3):401-422

This paper looks at the Green for Grain Project in northern Shaanxi Province.Based on remote sensing monitoring data,this study analyzes the locations of arable land in northern Shaanxi in the years 2000,2010 and 2013 as well as spatio-temporal changes over that period,and then incorporates data on the distribution of terraced fields to improve the input parameters of a RUSLE model and simulate and generate raster data on soil erosion for northern Shaanxi at different stages with a accuracy verification.Finally,combined with the dataset of farmland change,compared and analyzed the characteristics of soil erosion change in the converted farmland to forest(grassland)and the unconverted farmland in northern Shaanxi,so as to determine the project’s impact on soil erosion over time across the region.The results show that between 2000 and 2010,the soil erosion modulus of repurposed farmland in northern Shaanxi decreased 22.7 t/ha,equivalent to 47.08%of the soil erosion modulus of repurposed farmland in 2000.In the same period,the soil erosion modulus of non-repurposed farmland fell 10.99 t/ha,equivalent to 28.6%of the soil erosion modulus of non-repurposed farmland in 2000.The soil erosion modulus for all types of land in northern Shaanxi decreased by an average of 14.51 t/ha between 2000 and 2010,equivalent to 41.87%of the soil erosion modulus for the entire region in 2000.This suggests that the Green for Grain Project effectively reduced the soil erosion modulus,thus helping to protect the soil.In particular,arable land that was turned into forest and grassland reduced erosion most noticeably and contributed most to soil conservation.Nevertheless,in the period 2010 to 2013,which was a period of consolidation of the Green for Grain Project,the soil erosion modulus and change in volume of soil erosion in northern Shaanxi were significantly lower than in the previous decade.  相似文献   

Political ecology of tiger conservation in India: Adverse effects of banning customary practices in a protected area     

Nitin D. Rai  Tor A. Benjaminsen  Siddhartha Krishnan  C. Madegowda 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(1):124-139

Protected areas have had significant impacts on local communities primarily through the physical removal of people. In some instances, people continue to live within protected areas due to the inability of the state to evict them. The restrictions on livelihoods placed on people living inside protected areas lead to in situ displacement. We show how conservation enclosures in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve have produced a class of people that the state ‘lets die’ by banning customary practices such as fire use, hunting and harvesting of forest produce. Using longitudinal ethnographic, socio‐economic and ecological data, we demonstrate that conservation policy has alienated indigenous forest dwellers from their agricultural and forest‐land. The outcomes of conservation policy include dispossession through increased crop losses, reduced income from agriculture and forest produce, as well as a forest that is dominated by weeds due to fire suppression. The ban on hunting in particular has increased wildlife densities, which has enabled the state to accumulate revenues through the establishment of wildlife tourism facilities. All in all, centralized protected area governance has changed the relationships among people, forest and the state in a way that has produced adverse effects for both livelihoods and the ecosystem.  相似文献